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Explaining higher-order correlations between elliptic and triangular flow
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Jean-Yves Ollitrault
Abstract:
The ALICE Collaboration has analyzed a number of cumulants mixing elliptic flow ($v_2$) and triangular flow ($v_3$), involving up to $8$ particles, in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. We unravel an unexpected simplicity in these complex mathematical quantities for collisions at fixed impact parameter. We show that as one increases the order in $v_2$, for a given order in $v_3$, the changes in the cumu…
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The ALICE Collaboration has analyzed a number of cumulants mixing elliptic flow ($v_2$) and triangular flow ($v_3$), involving up to $8$ particles, in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. We unravel an unexpected simplicity in these complex mathematical quantities for collisions at fixed impact parameter. We show that as one increases the order in $v_2$, for a given order in $v_3$, the changes in the cumulants are solely determined by the mean elliptic flow in the reaction plane, which originates from the almond-shaped geometry of the overlap area between the colliding nuclei. We derive simple analytic relations between cumulants of different orders on this basis. Some of these relations are in reasonable agreement with existing data. We postulate that agreement will be much improved if the analysis is repeated with a finer centrality binning and a larger pseudorapidity acceptance.
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Submitted 12 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Understanding the correlation between elliptic and triangular flow
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Jean-Yves Ollitrault
Abstract:
The relative correlation between the magnitudes of elliptic flow ($v_2$) and triangular flow ($v_3$) has been accurately measured in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC collider. As a function of the centrality of the collision, it changes sign and varies non-monotonically. We show that this is naturally explained by two combined effects. The first effect is a skewness in initial-state fluctuati…
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The relative correlation between the magnitudes of elliptic flow ($v_2$) and triangular flow ($v_3$) has been accurately measured in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC collider. As a function of the centrality of the collision, it changes sign and varies non-monotonically. We show that this is naturally explained by two combined effects. The first effect is a skewness in initial-state fluctuations, which is quantified by the correlation between the geometry-driven elliptic deformation in the reaction plane and the fluctuation-driven triangularity $\varepsilon_3$. We introduce an intensive measure of this skewness, which is generically of order unity and depends weakly on the system size and centrality. We evaluate its magnitude using Monte Carlo simulations of the initial state, which show that it is sensitive to the nucleon width. The second effect is the fluctuation of impact parameter relative to centrality classifiers used by experiment. The ATLAS collaboration uses two different centrality classifiers, the multiplicity $N_{ch}$ and the transverse energy $E_T$. We fit both sets of results for Pb+Pb collisions up to $\approx 40\%$ centrality with a single parameter, the intensive mixed skewness. Its value inferred from experiment agrees with theoretical expectations.
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Submitted 27 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Impact parameter dependence of anisotropic flow: Bayesian reconstruction in ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Rajeev S. Bhalerao,
Giuliano Giacalone,
Andreas Kirchner,
Jean-Yves Ollitrault
Abstract:
Peculiar phenomena have been observed in analyses of anisotropic flow ($v_n$) fluctuations in ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions: The fourth-order cumulant of the elliptic flow ($v_2$) distribution changes sign. In addition, the ATLAS collaboration has shown that cumulants of $v_n$ fluctuations of all orders depend significantly on the centrality estimator. We show that these peculiarities ar…
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Peculiar phenomena have been observed in analyses of anisotropic flow ($v_n$) fluctuations in ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions: The fourth-order cumulant of the elliptic flow ($v_2$) distribution changes sign. In addition, the ATLAS collaboration has shown that cumulants of $v_n$ fluctuations of all orders depend significantly on the centrality estimator. We show that these peculiarities are due to the fact that the impact parameter $b$ always spans a finite range for a fixed value of the centrality estimator. We provide a quantitative determination of this range through a simple Bayesian analysis. We obtain excellent fits of STAR and ATLAS data, with a few parameters, by assuming that the probability distribution of $v_n$ solely depends on $b$ at a given centrality. This probability distribution is almost Gaussian, and its parameters depend smoothly on $b$, in a way that is constrained by symmetry and scaling laws. We reconstruct, thus, the impact parameter dependence of the mean elliptic flow in the reaction plane in a model-independent manner, and assess the robustness of the extraction using Monte Carlo simulations of the collisions where the impact parameter is known. We argue that the non-Gaussianity of $v_n$ fluctuations gives direct information on the hydrodynamic response to initial anisotropies, ATLAS data being consistent with a smaller response for $n=4$ than for $n=2$ and $n=3$, in agreement with hydrodynamic calculations.
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Submitted 24 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Kaonic Hanbury-Brown-Twiss radii at 200 GeV and 5.02 TeV
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We use 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) to make predictions for kaon Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) radii in 200 GeV and 5.02 TeV heavy-ion collisions. Using previously determined aHydroQP parameters, we compute kaonic HBT radii and their ratios as a function of the mean transverse momentum of the pair $k_T$. We first consider Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV, finding good agreement b…
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We use 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) to make predictions for kaon Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) radii in 200 GeV and 5.02 TeV heavy-ion collisions. Using previously determined aHydroQP parameters, we compute kaonic HBT radii and their ratios as a function of the mean transverse momentum of the pair $k_T$. We first consider Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV, finding good agreement between aHydroQP predictions and experimental data up to $k_T \sim 0.8$ GeV. We then present predictions for kaonic HBT radii and their ratios in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. Our aHydroQP predictions do not exhibit a clear $k_T$ scaling of the pion and kaon source radii, however, an approximate transverse mass $m_T$ scaling is observed, particularly at 200 GeV.
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Submitted 28 April, 2023; v1 submitted 22 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Nonextensive hydrodynamics of boost-invariant plasmas
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Nasser Demir,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We use quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the non-conformal and non-extensive dynamics of a system undergoing boost-invariant Bjorken expansion. To introduce nonextensivity, we use an underlying Tsallis distribution with a time-dependent nonextensivity parameter $q$. By taking moments of the quasiparticle Boltzmann equation in the relaxation-time approximation, we obtain dynamical eq…
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We use quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the non-conformal and non-extensive dynamics of a system undergoing boost-invariant Bjorken expansion. To introduce nonextensivity, we use an underlying Tsallis distribution with a time-dependent nonextensivity parameter $q$. By taking moments of the quasiparticle Boltzmann equation in the relaxation-time approximation, we obtain dynamical equations which allow us to determine the time evolution of all microscopic parameters including $q$. We compare numerical solutions for bulk observables obtained using the nonextensive evolution with results obtained using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics with a Boltzmann distribution function ($q \rightarrow 1$). We show that the evolution of the temperature, pressure ratio, and scaled energy density, are quite insensitive to which distribution function is assumed. However, we find significant differences in the early-time evolution of the bulk pressure which are observed for even small deviations from the Boltzmann distribution function. Finally, we discuss the existence of non-conformal hydrodynamic attractors for the longitudinal and transverse pressures, the bulk and shear viscous corrections, and the nonextensivity parameter $q$.
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Submitted 28 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Bulk observables at 5.02 TeV using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We present comparisons between 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) predictions for a large set of bulk observables and experimental data collected in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. We make aHydroQP predictions for identified hadron spectra, identified hadron average transverse momentum, charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity, the kaon-to-pion ($K/π$) and prot…
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We present comparisons between 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) predictions for a large set of bulk observables and experimental data collected in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. We make aHydroQP predictions for identified hadron spectra, identified hadron average transverse momentum, charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity, the kaon-to-pion ($K/π$) and proton-to-pion ($p/π$) ratios, and integrated elliptic flow. We compare to data collected by the ALICE collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. We find that these bulk observables are quite well described by aHydroQP with an assumed initial central temperature of $T_0=630$ MeV at $τ_0 = 0.25$ fm/c and a constant specific shear viscosity of $η/s=0.159$ and a peak specific bulk viscosity of $ζ/s = 0.048$. In particular, we find that the momentum dependence of the kaon-to-pion ($K/π$) and proton-to-pion ($p/π$) ratios reported recently by the ALICE collaboration are extremely well described by aHydroQP in the most central collisions.
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Submitted 17 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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Pion interferometry at 200 GeV using anisotropic hydrodynamics
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
In this paper, we continue our phenomenological studies of heavy-ion collisions using 3+1d anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro). In previous works, we compared quasiparticle aHydro (aHydroQP) with ALICE 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb and RHIC 200 GeV Au-Au collision results. At both energies, the agreement was quite good between aHydroQP and the experimental data for many observables. In this work, we present compa…
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In this paper, we continue our phenomenological studies of heavy-ion collisions using 3+1d anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro). In previous works, we compared quasiparticle aHydro (aHydroQP) with ALICE 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb and RHIC 200 GeV Au-Au collision results. At both energies, the agreement was quite good between aHydroQP and the experimental data for many observables. In this work, we present comparisons of the Hanbury Brown--Twiss (HBT) radii and their ratios determined using pi+ pi+ pairs produced in 200 GeV Au-Au collisions. We first present comparisons with STAR results for the HBT radii and their ratios. We then present comparisons with PHENIX results for the HBT radii and their ratios. In both cases, we find reasonable agreement between aHydroQP predictions and available experimental results for the ratios of HBT radii. At the level of the radii themselves, in some cases quantitative differences on the order of 10-20% remain, which deserve further study.
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Submitted 8 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Fireball tomography from bottomonia elliptic flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
Authors:
Partha Pratim Bhaduri,
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Nicolas Borghini,
Amaresh Jaiswal,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We calculate the elliptic flow of bottomonia produced in Pb$\,+\,$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV. We consider temperature-dependent decay widths for the anisotropic escape of various bottomonium states and observe that the transverse momentum dependence of bottomonia elliptic flow provides a tomographic information about the QGP fireball at different stages of its evolution. For the…
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We calculate the elliptic flow of bottomonia produced in Pb$\,+\,$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV. We consider temperature-dependent decay widths for the anisotropic escape of various bottomonium states and observe that the transverse momentum dependence of bottomonia elliptic flow provides a tomographic information about the QGP fireball at different stages of its evolution. For the space-time evolution of the fireball, we employ simulation results from the 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamic model. We find that our results for transverse momentum dependence of bottomonia elliptic flow are in reasonable agreement with experimental results from the ALICE and CMS collaborations.
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Submitted 8 July, 2021; v1 submitted 8 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Anisotropic hydrodynamics for Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Dekrayat Almaalol,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
In this proceedings, we review the basics of quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). Thenwe present phenomenological comparisons between 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics and experimental data from RHIC experiments at 200 GeV Au-Au collisions. We show that 3+1d aHydroQP model is able to describe the experimental results quite well for the spectra, multiplicity, and elliptic…
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In this proceedings, we review the basics of quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). Thenwe present phenomenological comparisons between 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics and experimental data from RHIC experiments at 200 GeV Au-Au collisions. We show that 3+1d aHydroQP model is able to describe the experimental results quite well for the spectra, multiplicity, and elliptic flow for charged particles in different centrality classes.
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Submitted 5 November, 2018;
originally announced November 2018.
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Anisotropic hydrodynamics with number-conserving kernels
Authors:
D. Almaalol,
M. Alqahtani,
M. Strickland
Abstract:
We compare anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro) results obtained using the relaxation-time approximation (RTA) and leading-order (LO) scalar λφ^4 collisional kernels. We extend previous work by explicitly enforcing number conservation through the incorporation of a dynamical chemical potential (fugacity) in the underlying aHydro distribution function. We focus on the case of a transversally homogeno…
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We compare anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro) results obtained using the relaxation-time approximation (RTA) and leading-order (LO) scalar λφ^4 collisional kernels. We extend previous work by explicitly enforcing number conservation through the incorporation of a dynamical chemical potential (fugacity) in the underlying aHydro distribution function. We focus on the case of a transversally homogenous and boost-invariant system obeying classical statistics and compare the relevant moments of the two collisional kernels. We then compare the time evolution of the aHydro microscopic parameters and components of the energy-momentum tensor. We also determine the non-equilibrium attractor using both the RTA and LO conformal λφ^4 number-conserving kernels. We find that the aHydro dynamics receives quantitatively important corrections when enforcing number conservation, however, the aHydro attractor itself is not modified substantially.
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Submitted 21 August, 2018;
originally announced August 2018.
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Anisotropic hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions at LHC and RHIC
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Dekrayat Almaalol,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Radoslaw Ryblewski,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
In this proceedings contribution, we review 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). Then, we show some recent phenomenological comparisons between the aHydroQP model and some experimental results. We show comparisons between aHydroQP and Pb-Pb 2.76 TeV collisions from the ALICE collaboration and Au-Au 200 GeV collisions from RHIC experiments. We show that the quasiparticle anisotr…
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In this proceedings contribution, we review 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). Then, we show some recent phenomenological comparisons between the aHydroQP model and some experimental results. We show comparisons between aHydroQP and Pb-Pb 2.76 TeV collisions from the ALICE collaboration and Au-Au 200 GeV collisions from RHIC experiments. We show that the quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model is able to describe the experimental results for Pb-Pb and Au-Au collisions quite well for many observables such as the spectra, multiplicity, elliptic flow, and HBT radii in many centrality classes.
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Submitted 15 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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Anisotropic hydrodynamic modeling of 200 GeV Au-Au collisions
Authors:
Dekrayat Almaalol,
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We compare phenomenological results from 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) with experimental data collected in RHIC 200 GeV Au-Au collisions. We present comparisons of identified particle spectra in different centrality clases, charged particle multiplicity versus pseudorapidity, identified particle multiplicity versus centrality across a wide range of particle species, ident…
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We compare phenomenological results from 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) with experimental data collected in RHIC 200 GeV Au-Au collisions. We present comparisons of identified particle spectra in different centrality clases, charged particle multiplicity versus pseudorapidity, identified particle multiplicity versus centrality across a wide range of particle species, identified particle elliptic flow versus transverse momentum, and charged particle elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity. We use the same aHydroQP and hadronic production/feed down codes that were used previously to describe LHC 2.76 TeV data. The aHydroQP hydrodynamic model includes the effects of both shear and bulk viscosities in addition to an infinite number of transport coefficients computed self-consistently in the relaxation time approximation. To convert to the final state hadrons, we use anisotropic Cooper-Frye freeze-out performed on a fixed-energy-density hypersurface and compute the production/feed down using a customized version of Therminator 2. We find good agreement with many heavy-ion collision observables using only smooth Glauber initial conditions parameterized by an initial central temperature of T_0 = 455 MeV, a constant shear viscosity to entropy density ratio eta/s= 0.179, and a switching (freeze-out) temperature of T_FO=130 MeV.
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Submitted 11 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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Relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
In this paper we review recent progress in relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics. We begin with a pedagogical introduction to the topic which takes into account the advances in our understanding of this topic since its inception. We consider both conformal and non-conformal systems and demonstrate how one can implement a realistic equation of state using a quasiparticle approach. We then consider…
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In this paper we review recent progress in relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics. We begin with a pedagogical introduction to the topic which takes into account the advances in our understanding of this topic since its inception. We consider both conformal and non-conformal systems and demonstrate how one can implement a realistic equation of state using a quasiparticle approach. We then consider the inclusion of non-spheroidal (non-ellipsoidal) corrections to leading-order anisotropic hydrodynamics and present the findings of the resulting second-order viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics framework. We compare the results obtained in both the conformal and non-conformal cases with exact solutions to the Boltzmann equation and demonstrate that, in all known cases, anisotropic hydrodynamics best reproduces the exact solutions. Based on this success, we then discuss the phenomenological application of anisotropic hydrodynamics. Along these lines, we review techniques which can be used to convert a momentum-space anisotropic fluid into hadronic degrees of freedom by generalizing the original idea of Cooper-Frye freeze-out to momentum-space anisotropic systems. And, finally, we present phenomenological results of 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamic simulations and compare them to experimental data produced in 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. Our results indicate that anisotropic hydrodynamics provides a promising framework for describing the dynamics of the momentum-space anisotropic QGP created in heavy-ion collisions.
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Submitted 6 June, 2018; v1 submitted 8 December, 2017;
originally announced December 2017.
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Quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Radoslaw Ryblewski,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
In this proceedings contribution, we will review the basics of quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics. Then, we will present some recent phenomenological results of 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics and Pb-Pb $2.76$ TeV collisions from the ALICE collaboration. We show that 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model is able to describe the experimental results for Pb-Pb collisio…
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In this proceedings contribution, we will review the basics of quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics. Then, we will present some recent phenomenological results of 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics and Pb-Pb $2.76$ TeV collisions from the ALICE collaboration. We show that 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model is able to describe the experimental results for Pb-Pb collisions at $2.76$ TeV quite well for many observables such as the spectra, the elliptic flow, and HBT radii in many centrality classes.
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Submitted 20 November, 2017;
originally announced November 2017.
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Anisotropic hydrodynamic modeling of 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Radoslaw Ryblewski,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We compare phenomenological results from 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) with experimental data collected in LHC 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. In particular, we present comparisons of particle spectra, average transverse momentum, elliptic flow, and HBT radii. The aHydroQP model relies on the introduction of a single temperature-dependent quasiparticle mass which is fit to lat…
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We compare phenomenological results from 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) with experimental data collected in LHC 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. In particular, we present comparisons of particle spectra, average transverse momentum, elliptic flow, and HBT radii. The aHydroQP model relies on the introduction of a single temperature-dependent quasiparticle mass which is fit to lattice QCD data. By taking moments of the resulting Boltzmann equation, we obtain the dynamical equations used in the hydrodynamic stage which include the effects of both shear and bulk viscosities. At freeze-out, we use anisotropic Cooper-Frye freeze-out performed on a fixed-energy-density hypersurface to convert to hadrons. To model the production and decays of the hadrons we use THERMINATOR 2 which is customized to sample from ellipsoidal momentum-space distribution functions. Using smooth Glauber initial conditions, we find very good agreement with many heavy-ion collision observables.
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Submitted 23 October, 2017; v1 submitted 25 May, 2017;
originally announced May 2017.
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3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Radoslaw Ryblewski,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We present the first comparisons of experimental data with phenomenological results from 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). We compare charged-hadron multiplicity, identified-particle spectra, identified-particle average transverse momentum, charged-particle elliptic flow, and identified-particle elliptic flow produced in LHC 2.76 TeV Pb+Pb collisions. The dynamical equations…
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We present the first comparisons of experimental data with phenomenological results from 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). We compare charged-hadron multiplicity, identified-particle spectra, identified-particle average transverse momentum, charged-particle elliptic flow, and identified-particle elliptic flow produced in LHC 2.76 TeV Pb+Pb collisions. The dynamical equations used for the hydrodynamic stage utilize non-conformal aHydroQP. The resulting aHydroQP framework naturally includes both shear and bulk viscous effects in addition to higher-order non-linear transport coefficients. The 3+1d aHydroQP evolution obtained is self-consistently converted to hadrons using anisotropic Cooper-Frye freezeout performed on a fixed-energy-density hypersurface. The final production and decays of the primordial hadrons are modeled using a customized version of THERMINATOR 2. In this first study, we utilized smooth Glauber-type initial conditions and a single effective freeze-out temperature T_FO = 130 MeV with all hadronic species in full chemical equilibrium. With this rather simple setup, we find a very good description of many heavy-ion observables.
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Submitted 16 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
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Quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We study an azimuthally-symmetric boost-invariant quark-gluon plasma using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics including the effects of both shear and bulk viscosities. We compare results obtained using the quasiparticle method with the standard anisotropic hydrodynamics and viscous hydrodynamics. We consider the predictions of the three methods for the differential particle spectra and mean t…
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We study an azimuthally-symmetric boost-invariant quark-gluon plasma using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics including the effects of both shear and bulk viscosities. We compare results obtained using the quasiparticle method with the standard anisotropic hydrodynamics and viscous hydrodynamics. We consider the predictions of the three methods for the differential particle spectra and mean transverse momentum. We find that the three methods agree for small shear viscosity to entropy density ratio, $η/s$, but show differences at large $η/s$. Additionally, we find that the standard anisotropic hydrodynamics method shows suppressed production at low transverse-momentum compared to the other two methods, and the bulk-viscous correction can drive the primordial particle spectra negative at large $p_T$ in viscous hydrodynamics.
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Submitted 24 October, 2016;
originally announced October 2016.
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Quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics for central collisions
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We use quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics to study an azimuthally-symmetric boost-invariant quark-gluon plasma including the effects of both shear and bulk viscosities. In quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics, a single finite-temperature quasiparticle mass is introduced and fit to the lattice data in order to implement a realistic equation of state. We compare results obtained using the qu…
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We use quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics to study an azimuthally-symmetric boost-invariant quark-gluon plasma including the effects of both shear and bulk viscosities. In quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics, a single finite-temperature quasiparticle mass is introduced and fit to the lattice data in order to implement a realistic equation of state. We compare results obtained using the quasiparticle method with the standard method of imposing the equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics and viscous hydrodynamics. Using these three methods, we extract the primordial particle spectra, total number of charged particles, and average transverse momentum for various values of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio eta/s. We find that the three methods agree well for small shear viscosity to entropy density ratio, eta/s, but differ at large eta/s. We find, in particular, that when using standard viscous hydrodynamics, the bulk-viscous correction can drive the primordial particle spectra negative at large p_T which is clearly unphysical. Such a behavior is not seen in either anisotropic hydrodynamics approach, irrespective of the value of eta/s.
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Submitted 6 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Quasiparticle equation of state for anisotropic hydrodynamics
Authors:
Mubarak Alqahtani,
Mohammad Nopoush,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We present a new method for imposing a realistic equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics. The method relies on the introduction of a single finite-temperature quasiparticle mass which is fit to lattice data. By taking moments of the Boltzmann equation, we obtain a set of coupled partial differential equations which can be used to describe the 3+1d spacetime evolution of an anisotropic relat…
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We present a new method for imposing a realistic equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics. The method relies on the introduction of a single finite-temperature quasiparticle mass which is fit to lattice data. By taking moments of the Boltzmann equation, we obtain a set of coupled partial differential equations which can be used to describe the 3+1d spacetime evolution of an anisotropic relativistic system. We then specialize to the case of a 0+1d system undergoing boost-invariant Bjorken expansion and subject to the relaxation-time approximation collisional kernel. Using this setup, we compare results obtained using the new quasiparticle equation of state method with those obtained using the standard method for imposing the equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics. We demonstrate that the temperature evolution obtained using the two methods is nearly identical and that there are only small differences in the pressure anisotropy. However, we find that there are significant differences in the evolution of the bulk pressure correction.
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Submitted 26 November, 2015; v1 submitted 9 September, 2015;
originally announced September 2015.