US4995987A - Enhancement of the efficacy of antimicrobials by the addition of anions capable of interfering with microbial electrochemical reactions - Google Patents
Enhancement of the efficacy of antimicrobials by the addition of anions capable of interfering with microbial electrochemical reactions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4995987A US4995987A US07/410,765 US41076589A US4995987A US 4995987 A US4995987 A US 4995987A US 41076589 A US41076589 A US 41076589A US 4995987 A US4995987 A US 4995987A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- microbial
- ppm
- anion
- compound
- chlorine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
- C02F1/766—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens by means of halogens other than chlorine or of halogenated compounds containing halogen other than chlorine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to applications where chemical agents are utilized as antimicrobials in an aqueous medium.
- aqueous systems contain microorganisms which exhibit either aerobic or anaerobic metabolic activity.
- the presence of these microorganisms may result from natural conditions, such as would occur from the normal multiplication of microbes in aqueous environments, or from the accidental introduction of microbes, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) found in the oil processing industry.
- SRB sulfate-reducing bacteria
- Aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms having a respiratory metabolism biochemically oxidize either organic or inorganic chemical compounds in order to obtain energy for growth and reproduction. These are enzymatically mediated chemical oxidations and must be coupled with chemical reductions in order for the reactions to continue. This process is actually a series of oxidation/reduction steps culminating in a terminal reduction reaction which balances the initial oxidation reaction.
- the terminal reduction is usually that of the reduction of O 2 to H 2 O in aerobes and may be a number of reactions in anaerobes (e.g., SO 4 .sup. ⁇ ⁇ H 2 S for some sulfate reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio).
- Oxidizing and non-oxidizing antimicrobials affect microorganisms in many various modes of action which usually have little to do with inhibiting the terminal reduction reaction. It has been discovered, in accordance with the present invention, that the addition of compounds capable of competing with the compound normally used by a microorganism as its terminal electron acceptor slows the biochemical reduction process by virtue of this competition for the electrons generated by the substrate oxidations.
- a method of maintaining an oxidizing environment compatible with chlorine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,298 (Zsoldos, Jr., et. al.).
- a peroxy type salt such as sodium peroxydisulfate is combined with a multi-valent catalyst such as copper or silver.
- the three step mechanism involves, (1) the oxidation of the metal to its trivalent state, (2) the reduction of the metal to its divalent state and (3) re-oxidation as in step 1.
- H 2 S is corrosive to oilfield processing equipment, hazardous to health and noxious to the olfactory senses, compounds such as chlorine, usually in the form of hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, are utilized to eliminate the microbials. This is turn eliminates the generation of H 2 S.
- an anti-microbial compound may not affect the reduction of sulfate to H 2 S. This is due to the anti-microbial being rendered non-toxic as a result of its reaction with the H 2 S or other reduced compounds present in the system. It has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that the addition of oxidized anion compounds to the medium provides competing species for the electrons made available by the microorganism thereby slowing the reduction of sulfate to H 2 S. The lack of H 2 S renders the environment less corrosive and provides for improved anti-microbial efficacy due to the reduction of H 2 S/anti-microbial reactions.
- Oxidized anion compounds capable of acting as terminal electron acceptor substitutes for the compounds normally utilized increase anti-microbial compound efficacy against both aerobic and anaerobic microbes, especially in systems treated with oxidizing anti-microbials such as Cl 2 ,ClO 2 , BrCl, ozone, bromo and chloro substituted halogenated triazines and the like.
- Compounds acting as substitute terminal electron acceptors are chromate, dichromate, molybdate, tungstate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and selenate. It is well known to use these compounds for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion caused by chlorinated compositions.
- the method of operation in this instance involves the laying down of a passive oxide film on the metal surface thereby protecting it from corrosive attack by chlorine dioxide or related compounds. It is truly unexpected to find, as disclosed herein, that the compounds identified above may be added to oilfield water-floods to substantially augment the efficacy of anti-microbials such as chlorine dioxide and the like.
- the ability of Desulfovibrio to generate ATP from the substrate oxidations is impaired by the addition of an oxidized anion as a replacement for sulfate.
- the electrons generated by the substrate oxidation must be consumed by an equal rate reduction of sulfate.
- the enzyme system for reducing sulfate becomes inefficient or nonfunctional.
- the substrate oxidation step is inhibited resulting in a partial or complete shut down in the generation of ATP.
- the terminal reduction step is enzyme mediated and does not occur spontaneously. If it was spontaneous, the substitution of sulfate with an oxidized anion might not adversely affect the cell. Its energy producing function would continue unimpeded. With Desulfovibrio, the addition of the oxidized anions poisons the cell's ultimate terminal reduction enzyme system thereby shutting down the cell's energy producing system. Once in this weakened state, the cell easily falls prey to the anti-microbial compounds.
- the anions chosen for this study were chromate, dichromate, molybdate, tungsate, nitrate, phosphate and selenate.
- the antimicrobials selected were chlorine (as hypochlorite) and chlorine dioxide.
- Desulfovibrio was used as the test organism due to its prevalence in oilfield water systems and its role in generating corrosive H 2 S.
- test parameters are as follows. A medium was prepared which is suitable for supporting the growth of Desulfovibrio desulficans, a common SRB. The ingredients are:
- the various chemicals are added to this medium, and similary may be added in full scale practice, either independently or as an anion/antimicrobial combination. Strong growth on the part of Desulfovibrio is represented by increased turbidity and blackening of the medium. This is due to the production by the microbe of FeS from Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 . Effective anion compounds prevent S - formation and the correlating production of FeS, which ultimately inhibits Desulfovibrio growth. Test sample observation was terminated after 7 days.
- Table I provides data on the individual efficacies of various anionic and anti-microbial compounds at inhibiting Desulfovibrio growth. Effective concentration ranges vary between the compounds. The anions selenate and dichromate and the anti-microbial chlorine dioxide all show effective inhibition at 75 ppm.
- the anti-microbial endpoints representing total inhibition of Desulfovibrio growth, for the complete set of oxidant/anion combination are listed in Tables IIA & IIB.
- Tables IIA & IIB The anti-microbial endpoints, representing total inhibition of Desulfovibrio growth, for the complete set of oxidant/anion combination are listed in Tables IIA & IIB.
- the synergistic effects of various anion/oxidant combinations are evident.
- One of these combinations is ClO 2 and selenate.
- Each compound independently was effective at inhibiting growth at a concentration of 75 ppm. However, when combined, a concentration of 25 ppm of each of the individual compounds proved to be efficacious.
- Tables IIA & IIB show, selective combinations of anions/oxidants produce synergistic anti-microbial properties.
- Table III provides a summary of the test results of the individual anion and oxidant compounds and the anion/oxidant combinations.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
A method of enhancing the efficacy of anti-microbial chemical compounds in an aqueous medium comprising adding an anionic chemical species to the medium. The anion acts as a competing electron receptor of the terminal cellular reduction reaction. This results in a weakening of the microorganism leaving it more vulnerable to effective action by the anti-microbial chemical.
Description
The present invention relates to applications where chemical agents are utilized as antimicrobials in an aqueous medium.
Various aqueous systems contain microorganisms which exhibit either aerobic or anaerobic metabolic activity. The presence of these microorganisms may result from natural conditions, such as would occur from the normal multiplication of microbes in aqueous environments, or from the accidental introduction of microbes, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) found in the oil processing industry.
The unchecked proliferation of the microbial population results in numerous unacceptable conditions, such as odor problems, safety hazards (from H2 S generation), the buildup of excessive deposits and the fouling of processing equipment in contact with the aqueous medium. In order to prevent these problems, antimicrobial chemical agents are utilized to control the growth of the microbes.
Aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms having a respiratory metabolism biochemically oxidize either organic or inorganic chemical compounds in order to obtain energy for growth and reproduction. These are enzymatically mediated chemical oxidations and must be coupled with chemical reductions in order for the reactions to continue. This process is actually a series of oxidation/reduction steps culminating in a terminal reduction reaction which balances the initial oxidation reaction. The terminal reduction is usually that of the reduction of O2 to H2 O in aerobes and may be a number of reactions in anaerobes (e.g., SO4.sup.═ →H2 S for some sulfate reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio).
Oxidizing and non-oxidizing antimicrobials affect microorganisms in many various modes of action which usually have little to do with inhibiting the terminal reduction reaction. It has been discovered, in accordance with the present invention, that the addition of compounds capable of competing with the compound normally used by a microorganism as its terminal electron acceptor slows the biochemical reduction process by virtue of this competition for the electrons generated by the substrate oxidations.
The efficiency of these compounds as a competing terminal oxidant may vary and perhaps may even be less efficient than the usual terminal oxidant. Nonetheless, regardless of the degree of efficiency of the terminal oxidant, the ability of the microorganism to generate cellular energy such as ATP, is severely affected. An antimicrobial added to the system would have greater efficacy against a weakened group of microorganisms laboring in an environment concentrated with compounds competing for the available electrons.
Various techniques are known for treating water. Exemplary is U.S. Pat. No. 3,843,545 (Heuston) which discloses a composition comprising an oxidizing agent, an acid, iodide and iodate. The sterilizing effect is derived from liberated iodine and the oxidizing agent (e.g., potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate).
A method of maintaining an oxidizing environment compatible with chlorine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,298 (Zsoldos, Jr., et. al.). A peroxy type salt such as sodium peroxydisulfate is combined with a multi-valent catalyst such as copper or silver. The three step mechanism involves, (1) the oxidation of the metal to its trivalent state, (2) the reduction of the metal to its divalent state and (3) re-oxidation as in step 1.
In an article entitled "The Mechanisms of Inhibition of Desulfovibus and Desulfotomaculum Species by Selenate and Molybdate", Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1988, 65, p.419-423, by P. J. Newport et. al., the results of a study on selenate and molybdate as inhibitors of the growth of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) is disclosed. The authors conclude that these two compounds inhibit the transport of sulfate thereby making the sulfate unavailable to support the growth of this type of microorganism.
In water systems where chlorine dioxide solutions are present to control bacterial proliferation, the use of other compounds to prevent chlorine dioxide corrosion on metal surfaces is described in the publication entitled, "Chemical Mitigation of Corrosion by Chlorine Dioxide in Oilfield Waterfloods", W. Prues, et. al, Materials Performance, May 1985, pp. 45-50. These compounds include arsenate, arsenite, borate, chromate, dichromate, ferrocyanide, molybdate, permanganate, phosphate, polyphosphate, silicate, tunqstate and zinc and are utilized because of their ability to lay down a protective coating on metallic surfaces which inhibits corrosive attack by chlorine dioxide.
In accordance with the invention, it has been discovered that the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in various water systems, such as cooling, steam generating, gas scrubbing, paper and pulp processing, cutting fluids and oilfield waterfloods is enhanced by the addition of selected anionic compounds. Microbial energy production is dependent on having a terminal reduction step in the organism's metabolism which is usually based on the reduction of O2, sulfate or nitrate. In certain environments, such as oilfield waterfloods, sulfate reducing bacteria, as the name implies, reduce SO4 to generate H2 S. Since H2 S is corrosive to oilfield processing equipment, hazardous to health and noxious to the olfactory senses, compounds such as chlorine, usually in the form of hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, are utilized to eliminate the microbials. This is turn eliminates the generation of H2 S.
There are certain conditions where an anti-microbial compound may not affect the reduction of sulfate to H2 S. This is due to the anti-microbial being rendered non-toxic as a result of its reaction with the H2 S or other reduced compounds present in the system. It has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that the addition of oxidized anion compounds to the medium provides competing species for the electrons made available by the microorganism thereby slowing the reduction of sulfate to H2 S. The lack of H2 S renders the environment less corrosive and provides for improved anti-microbial efficacy due to the reduction of H2 S/anti-microbial reactions.
Oxidized anion compounds capable of acting as terminal electron acceptor substitutes for the compounds normally utilized increase anti-microbial compound efficacy against both aerobic and anaerobic microbes, especially in systems treated with oxidizing anti-microbials such as Cl2,ClO2, BrCl, ozone, bromo and chloro substituted halogenated triazines and the like. Compounds acting as substitute terminal electron acceptors are chromate, dichromate, molybdate, tungstate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and selenate. It is well known to use these compounds for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion caused by chlorinated compositions. The method of operation in this instance involves the laying down of a passive oxide film on the metal surface thereby protecting it from corrosive attack by chlorine dioxide or related compounds. It is truly unexpected to find, as disclosed herein, that the compounds identified above may be added to oilfield water-floods to substantially augment the efficacy of anti-microbials such as chlorine dioxide and the like.
The ability of Desulfovibrio to generate ATP from the substrate oxidations is impaired by the addition of an oxidized anion as a replacement for sulfate. The electrons generated by the substrate oxidation must be consumed by an equal rate reduction of sulfate. When the oxidized anion species replaces the sulfate, the enzyme system for reducing sulfate becomes inefficient or nonfunctional. Once the terminal reduction reaction is impaired or ceases, the substrate oxidation step is inhibited resulting in a partial or complete shut down in the generation of ATP.
The terminal reduction step is enzyme mediated and does not occur spontaneously. If it was spontaneous, the substitution of sulfate with an oxidized anion might not adversely affect the cell. Its energy producing function would continue unimpeded. With Desulfovibrio, the addition of the oxidized anions poisons the cell's ultimate terminal reduction enzyme system thereby shutting down the cell's energy producing system. Once in this weakened state, the cell easily falls prey to the anti-microbial compounds.
A study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacies of the various oxidized anion compounds. Furthermore, test results were obtained which show the effect on anti-microbial function when the oxidized anion compounds are combined with known anti-microbial compounds.
The anions chosen for this study were chromate, dichromate, molybdate, tungsate, nitrate, phosphate and selenate. The antimicrobials selected were chlorine (as hypochlorite) and chlorine dioxide. Desulfovibrio was used as the test organism due to its prevalence in oilfield water systems and its role in generating corrosive H2 S.
The test parameters are as follows. A medium was prepared which is suitable for supporting the growth of Desulfovibrio desulficans, a common SRB. The ingredients are:
______________________________________
Peptone 5.0 g
Beef Extract 3.0 g
Yeast Extract 0.2 g
Mg SO.sub.4 1.5 g
Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 1.5 g
Fe(NH.sub.4).sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.2
0.1 g
Glucose 5.0 g
Tap Water 1.0 g
pH is adjusted to 7.0
______________________________________
The various chemicals are added to this medium, and similary may be added in full scale practice, either independently or as an anion/antimicrobial combination. Strong growth on the part of Desulfovibrio is represented by increased turbidity and blackening of the medium. This is due to the production by the microbe of FeS from Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2. Effective anion compounds prevent S- formation and the correlating production of FeS, which ultimately inhibits Desulfovibrio growth. Test sample observation was terminated after 7 days.
Table I provides data on the individual efficacies of various anionic and anti-microbial compounds at inhibiting Desulfovibrio growth. Effective concentration ranges vary between the compounds. The anions selenate and dichromate and the anti-microbial chlorine dioxide all show effective inhibition at 75 ppm.
The anti-microbial endpoints, representing total inhibition of Desulfovibrio growth, for the complete set of oxidant/anion combination are listed in Tables IIA & IIB. The synergistic effects of various anion/oxidant combinations are evident. One of these combinations is ClO2 and selenate. Each compound independently was effective at inhibiting growth at a concentration of 75 ppm. However, when combined, a concentration of 25 ppm of each of the individual compounds proved to be efficacious. Clearly, as Tables IIA & IIB show, selective combinations of anions/oxidants produce synergistic anti-microbial properties.
Table III provides a summary of the test results of the individual anion and oxidant compounds and the anion/oxidant combinations.
TABLE I
__________________________________________________________________________
Efficacy of Individual Compounds (Concentration - ppm)
Compound
25
30 35
40 50
75 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
1000
2500
5000
10000
20000
__________________________________________________________________________
Molybdate
+ + + + + + + + + - - -
+ + + + + + + + + - - -
Tungstate
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Selenate
+ + + + + - - - - -
+ + + + + - - - - -
Chromate
+ + + + - - - - - - -
+ + + + - - - - - - -
Dichromate
+ + - - - - - - - - -
+ + - - - - - - - - -
Nitrate + + + + - -
+ + + + - -
Phosphate + + + + + -
+ + + + + -
Hypochlorite
+ + + + - - - -
+ + + + - - - -
Chlorine
+ + - - - - - -
Dioxide
+ + - - - - - -
Biological
+
Control
+
__________________________________________________________________________
+ = Growth
- = No Growth
TABLE IIA
__________________________________________________________________________
Efficacy of Anion/Hypochlorite Combinations
Hypochlorite
Anion Anion
Concentration
50 ppm 75 ppm 100 ppm
ppm 25
50
75
100
200
500
25
50
75
100
2500
5000
10000
25
50
75
100
__________________________________________________________________________
Molybdate + + - - - - - - -
+ + - - - - - - -
Tungstate + + + + +
+ + + + +
Selenate
+ + - - - -
+ + - - - -
Chromate + + - - - - - - -
+ + - - - - - - -
Dichromate
+ + - - - - - - -
+ + - - - - - - -
Nitrate - - -
- - -
Phosphate + + +
+ + +
Biological
+
Control +
__________________________________________________________________________
+ = Growth
- = No Growth
TABLE IIB
__________________________________________________________________________
Efficacy of Anion/Chlorine Dioxide Combinations
Chlorine Dioxide
Anion Anion
Concentration
25 ppm 50 ppm 75 ppm
ppm 10
25
50
75
10 25
50
75
100
200
300
2500
5000
10000
100
200
300
2500
5000
10000
__________________________________________________________________________
Molybdate
+ - - + - -
+ - - + - -
Tungstate
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Selenate
+ - - - + + - -
+ - - - + + - -
Chromate
+ + + + - -
+ + + + - -
Dichromate
+ + + + - -
+ + + + - -
Nitrate - - - + -
-
- - - - -
-
Phosphate + + + + +
+
+ + + + +
+
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE III
__________________________________________________________________________
Summary of Oxidant/Anion Efficacy
Individual
HOCl ClO.sub.2
Anion Concentration
50 ppm
75 ppm
100 ppm
25 ppm
50 ppm
__________________________________________________________________________
Molybdate
300 ppm 200 ppm
25 ppm
25 ppm
25 ppm
25 ppm
Tungstate
1,000
ppm NE NT NT NE NE
Selenate
75 ppm NE 25 ppm
50 ppm
25 ppm
50 ppm
Chromate
150 ppm 100 ppm
25 ppm
25 ppm
NE 25 ppm
Dichromate
75 ppm 75 ppm
25 ppm
25 ppm
NE 25 ppm
Nitrate
10,000
ppm NT 2500 ppm
NT NT 2500 ppm
Phosphate
20,000
ppm NT NE NT NT NE
Hypochlorite
200 ppm
Chlorine
75 ppm
Dioxide
__________________________________________________________________________
NE: Not Efficacious
NT: Not Tested
While this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims and this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. A method of enhancing the efficacy of an anti-microbial compound selected from the group consisting of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, bromochlorine, ozone, bromo substituted hydantoins, chloro substituted hydantoins and halogenated triazines which is added to an aqueous medium to inhibit the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria comprising adding to said aqueous medium an anion compound selected from the group consisting of molybate, tungstate, selenate, chromate, dichromate, nitrate and phosphate in combination with said anti-microbial compound.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said sulfate reducing bacteria is Desulfobibrio desulfuricans.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium is a cooling system.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium is a steam generating system.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium is a gas scrubbing system.
6. A method according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium is an oilfield waterflood.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein said anti-microbial chemical compound is chlorine and said anion compound is molybdate.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein said anti-microbial chemical compound is chlorine dioxide and said anion compound is molybdate.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein said anti-microbial chemical compound is chlorine and said anion compound is selenate.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein said anti-microbial chemical compound is chlorine dioxide and said anion compound is selenate.
11. A method according to claim 1 wherein said anti-microbial chemical compound is chlorine and said anion compound is chromate.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein said anti-microbial chemical compound is chlorine dioxide and said anion compound is chromate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/410,765 US4995987A (en) | 1989-09-21 | 1989-09-21 | Enhancement of the efficacy of antimicrobials by the addition of anions capable of interfering with microbial electrochemical reactions |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/410,765 US4995987A (en) | 1989-09-21 | 1989-09-21 | Enhancement of the efficacy of antimicrobials by the addition of anions capable of interfering with microbial electrochemical reactions |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US4995987A true US4995987A (en) | 1991-02-26 |
Family
ID=23626122
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/410,765 Expired - Lifetime US4995987A (en) | 1989-09-21 | 1989-09-21 | Enhancement of the efficacy of antimicrobials by the addition of anions capable of interfering with microbial electrochemical reactions |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4995987A (en) |
Cited By (41)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5459125A (en) * | 1993-07-22 | 1995-10-17 | Bj Services Company | Corrosion inhibitor composition and method of use |
| EP0726357A1 (en) * | 1995-02-07 | 1996-08-14 | Betz Laboratories Inc. | Inhibiting anaerobic production of volatile fatty acids and hydrogen by bacteria |
| US5984993A (en) * | 1998-03-20 | 1999-11-16 | Vulcan Materials Company | Method and composition for odor control |
| FR2792500A1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2000-10-27 | Int Redox Dev | Oxidizing compositions containing metal ions, hydrogen peroxide, acetic or propionic acid and their peracids, and a stabilizer, for pharmaceutical and hygiene use, and to clean and scour metallic and non-metallic surfaces |
| EP1095185A1 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2001-05-02 | Great Lakes Chemical Corporation | Process for controlling odor in paper and paperboard |
| US20010004461A1 (en) * | 1998-06-01 | 2001-06-21 | Moore Robert M. | Continuous processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal compositions |
| US6299909B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2001-10-09 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US6348219B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2002-02-19 | Albemarle Corporation | Processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal compositions |
| US6352725B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2002-03-05 | Albemarle Corporation | Continuous processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal composition |
| US6375991B1 (en) | 2000-09-08 | 2002-04-23 | Albemarle Corporation | Production of concentrated biocidal solutions |
| US6506418B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2003-01-14 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US6511682B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2003-01-28 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US20030113402A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-06-19 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Microbiological control in animal processing |
| FR2835702A1 (en) * | 2002-02-12 | 2003-08-15 | Dominique Mercier | Disinfectant composition useful in the disinfection of water comprises a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and sodium monophosphate |
| US20030211210A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-11-13 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US6652889B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2003-11-25 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation and use |
| US20040082632A1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2004-04-29 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Methods for microbiological control in aqueous systems |
| US20040120853A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-06-24 | Carpenter Joel F. | Biocidal control in recovery of oil by water injection |
| US20040231982A1 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2004-11-25 | Contos Michael A. | Treating an electrocoat system with a biosurfactant |
| US20040231988A1 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2004-11-25 | Pillar Lonnie L. | Detecting micro-organisms in an electrocoating process |
| US20040265446A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2004-12-30 | Mcnaughton James L. | Microbiocidal control in the processing of poultry |
| US20040265445A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2004-12-30 | Liimatta Eric W. | Microbiocidal control in the processing of poultry |
| US20050010321A1 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-01-13 | Contos Michael A. | Electrocoat management system |
| US20050061197A1 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2005-03-24 | Nalepa Christopher J. | Control of biofilms in industrial water systems |
| US20050238729A1 (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2005-10-27 | Jenneman Gary E | Inhibition of biogenic sulfide production via biocide and metabolic inhibitor combination |
| US7087251B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2006-08-08 | Albemarle Corporation | Control of biofilm |
| US20060278586A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-14 | Nalepa Christopher J | Highly concentrated, biocidally active compositions and aqueous mixtures and methods of making the same |
| WO2007048941A2 (en) * | 2005-10-27 | 2007-05-03 | Dominique Mercier | Method of using an additive for water chlorinated with javelle water |
| US20070117723A1 (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2007-05-24 | Albemarle Corporation | Breaker Composition and Process |
| US20070141974A1 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-06-21 | Solution Biosciences, Inc. | Microbiocidal Control in the Processing of Meat-Producing Four-Legged Animals |
| US20070202095A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-08-30 | Speronello Barry K | Chlorine dioxide based cleaner/sanitizer |
| US20090053327A1 (en) * | 2004-09-07 | 2009-02-26 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US7578968B1 (en) | 2002-05-03 | 2009-08-25 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological control in oil or gas field operations |
| US7901276B2 (en) | 2003-06-24 | 2011-03-08 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiocidal control in the processing of meat-producing four-legged animals |
| US8211835B2 (en) | 2009-09-24 | 2012-07-03 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Composition and method for slickwater application |
| US8293795B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2012-10-23 | Albemarle Corporation | Preparation of concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and biocidal applications thereof |
| US8414932B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2013-04-09 | Albemarie Corporation | Active bromine containing biocidal compositions and their preparation |
| US20140083942A1 (en) * | 2012-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Michael James Jungbauer | Systems and methods for treating produced water |
| US8765652B2 (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2014-07-01 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Method of making a formulation for deactivating nucleic acids |
| US10925282B2 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2021-02-23 | Conocophillips Company | Enhanced kill of microorganisms |
| CN112770900A (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-05-07 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Antibacterial material, laminate, antibacterial laminate, medical member, method for producing antibacterial material, method for producing antibacterial laminate, and antibacterial method |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3702298A (en) * | 1970-09-10 | 1972-11-07 | Eco Sciences Inc | Method of disinfecting with divalent and trivalent metal germicide |
| US3843545A (en) * | 1972-01-27 | 1974-10-22 | Us Army | Water sterilizing composition and tablets |
| US4108790A (en) * | 1971-11-02 | 1978-08-22 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Corrosion inhibitor |
| US4495200A (en) * | 1983-10-06 | 1985-01-22 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Process for the control of sulfate-reducing bacteria |
| US4561981A (en) * | 1984-01-27 | 1985-12-31 | Characklis William G | Treatment of fouling with microcapsules |
| US4719083A (en) * | 1985-04-29 | 1988-01-12 | Chemed Corporation | Composition useful as corrosion inhibitor, anti-scalant and continuous biocide for water cooling towers and method of use |
| US4802994A (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1989-02-07 | Nalco Chemical Company | Biocide treatment to control sulfate-reducing bacteria in industrial process waste waters |
-
1989
- 1989-09-21 US US07/410,765 patent/US4995987A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3702298A (en) * | 1970-09-10 | 1972-11-07 | Eco Sciences Inc | Method of disinfecting with divalent and trivalent metal germicide |
| US4108790A (en) * | 1971-11-02 | 1978-08-22 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Corrosion inhibitor |
| US3843545A (en) * | 1972-01-27 | 1974-10-22 | Us Army | Water sterilizing composition and tablets |
| US4495200A (en) * | 1983-10-06 | 1985-01-22 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Process for the control of sulfate-reducing bacteria |
| US4561981A (en) * | 1984-01-27 | 1985-12-31 | Characklis William G | Treatment of fouling with microcapsules |
| US4719083A (en) * | 1985-04-29 | 1988-01-12 | Chemed Corporation | Composition useful as corrosion inhibitor, anti-scalant and continuous biocide for water cooling towers and method of use |
| US4802994A (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1989-02-07 | Nalco Chemical Company | Biocide treatment to control sulfate-reducing bacteria in industrial process waste waters |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| "Chemical Mitigation of Corrosion by Chlorine Dioxide in Oil Field Water Floods", Materials Performance, May 1985, pp. 45-50, W. Prues et al. |
| "The Mechanisms of Inhibition of Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum Species by Selenate and Molybdate", Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 65, Nov. 1988, pp. 419-423, P. J. Newport, et al. |
| Chemical Mitigation of Corrosion by Chlorine Dioxide in Oil Field Water Floods , Materials Performance, May 1985, pp. 45 50, W. Prues et al. * |
| The Mechanisms of Inhibition of Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum Species by Selenate and Molybdate , Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 65, Nov. 1988, pp. 419 423, P. J. Newport, et al. * |
Cited By (87)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5459125A (en) * | 1993-07-22 | 1995-10-17 | Bj Services Company | Corrosion inhibitor composition and method of use |
| EP0726357A1 (en) * | 1995-02-07 | 1996-08-14 | Betz Laboratories Inc. | Inhibiting anaerobic production of volatile fatty acids and hydrogen by bacteria |
| US5984993A (en) * | 1998-03-20 | 1999-11-16 | Vulcan Materials Company | Method and composition for odor control |
| EP1095185A1 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2001-05-02 | Great Lakes Chemical Corporation | Process for controlling odor in paper and paperboard |
| EP1095185A4 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2001-10-17 | Great Lakes Chemical Corp | Process for controlling odor in paper and paperboard |
| US6511682B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2003-01-28 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US20090246295A1 (en) * | 1998-06-01 | 2009-10-01 | Albemarle Corporation | Preparation of concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and biocidal applications thereof |
| US6299909B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2001-10-09 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US7087251B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2006-08-08 | Albemarle Corporation | Control of biofilm |
| US6306441B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2001-10-23 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US6322822B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2001-11-27 | Albemarle Corporation | Biocidal applications of concentrated aqueous bromine chloride solutions |
| US6348219B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2002-02-19 | Albemarle Corporation | Processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal compositions |
| US6352725B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2002-03-05 | Albemarle Corporation | Continuous processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal composition |
| US7195782B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2007-03-27 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US6495169B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2002-12-17 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US20010004461A1 (en) * | 1998-06-01 | 2001-06-21 | Moore Robert M. | Continuous processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal compositions |
| US20050147696A1 (en) * | 1998-06-01 | 2005-07-07 | Moore Robert M.Jr. | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation and use |
| US8048435B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2011-11-01 | Albemarle Corporation | Preparation of concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and biocidal applications thereof |
| US8293795B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2012-10-23 | Albemarle Corporation | Preparation of concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and biocidal applications thereof |
| US8679548B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2014-03-25 | Albemarle Corporation | Active bromine containing biocidal compositions and their preparation |
| US8414932B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2013-04-09 | Albemarie Corporation | Active bromine containing biocidal compositions and their preparation |
| US8409630B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2013-04-02 | Albermarle Corporation | Continuous processes for preparing concentrated aqueous liquid biocidal compositions |
| US6652889B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2003-11-25 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation and use |
| US6660289B1 (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2003-12-09 | Digol International Ltd | Disinfecting composition based on H2O2, acids and metal ions |
| JP2003517463A (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2003-05-27 | ディゴル インターナショナル リミテッド | Disinfection compositions based on H2O2, acids and metal ions |
| CN1324965C (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2007-07-11 | 迪戈尔国际有限公司 | Disinfecting composition based on H2O2 acids and metal ions |
| WO2001005233A1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2001-01-25 | Digol International Ltd | Disinfecting composition based on h2o2, acids and metal ions |
| FR2792500A1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2000-10-27 | Int Redox Dev | Oxidizing compositions containing metal ions, hydrogen peroxide, acetic or propionic acid and their peracids, and a stabilizer, for pharmaceutical and hygiene use, and to clean and scour metallic and non-metallic surfaces |
| AP1527A (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2006-01-03 | Digol Int Ltd | Disinfecting composition based on H2O2, acids and metal ions. |
| US6506418B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2003-01-14 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US20040082632A1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2004-04-29 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Methods for microbiological control in aqueous systems |
| US7371397B2 (en) | 2000-01-18 | 2008-05-13 | Albemarle Corporation | Methods for microbiological control in aqueous systems |
| US6551624B2 (en) | 2000-09-08 | 2003-04-22 | Albemarle Corporation | Production of concentrated biocidal solutions |
| US6375991B1 (en) | 2000-09-08 | 2002-04-23 | Albemarle Corporation | Production of concentrated biocidal solutions |
| US6869620B2 (en) | 2000-09-08 | 2005-03-22 | Albemarle Corporation | Production of concentrated biocidal solutions |
| US6986910B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2006-01-17 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US7182966B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2007-02-27 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US20050182117A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2005-08-18 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US20030113402A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-06-19 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Microbiological control in animal processing |
| US20050271779A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2005-12-08 | Howarth Jonathan N | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US6908636B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2005-06-21 | Albermarle Corporation | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US20050100643A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2005-05-12 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US6919364B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2005-07-19 | Solution Biosciences, Inc. | Microbiological control in animal processing |
| US7767240B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2010-08-03 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US7172782B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2007-02-06 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US20070237868A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2007-10-11 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological Control in Poultry Processing |
| US20030211210A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-11-13 | Howarth Jonathan N. | Microbiological control in poultry processing |
| US20050061197A1 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2005-03-24 | Nalepa Christopher J. | Control of biofilms in industrial water systems |
| US20090178587A9 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2009-07-16 | Nalepa Christopher J | Control of biofilms in industrial water systems |
| FR2835702A1 (en) * | 2002-02-12 | 2003-08-15 | Dominique Mercier | Disinfectant composition useful in the disinfection of water comprises a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and sodium monophosphate |
| US7578968B1 (en) | 2002-05-03 | 2009-08-25 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiological control in oil or gas field operations |
| US20040120853A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-06-24 | Carpenter Joel F. | Biocidal control in recovery of oil by water injection |
| US20040231988A1 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2004-11-25 | Pillar Lonnie L. | Detecting micro-organisms in an electrocoating process |
| US8541194B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2013-09-24 | Valspar Sourcing, Inc. | Detecting micro-organisms in an electrocoating process |
| US20050010321A1 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-01-13 | Contos Michael A. | Electrocoat management system |
| US7349755B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2008-03-25 | Valspar Sourcing, Inc. | Electrocoat management system |
| US7413643B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2008-08-19 | Volsper Sourcing, Inc. | Treating an electrocoat system with a biosurfactant |
| US20040231982A1 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2004-11-25 | Contos Michael A. | Treating an electrocoat system with a biosurfactant |
| US20040265445A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2004-12-30 | Liimatta Eric W. | Microbiocidal control in the processing of poultry |
| US20040265446A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2004-12-30 | Mcnaughton James L. | Microbiocidal control in the processing of poultry |
| US7901276B2 (en) | 2003-06-24 | 2011-03-08 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiocidal control in the processing of meat-producing four-legged animals |
| US8765652B2 (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2014-07-01 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Method of making a formulation for deactivating nucleic acids |
| US9371556B2 (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2016-06-21 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Solutions, methods and kits for deactivating nucleic acids |
| US7576041B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 | 2009-08-18 | Albemarle Corporation | Bromine-based sulfamate stabilized breaker composition and process |
| US7223719B1 (en) | 2004-03-16 | 2007-05-29 | Albemarle Corporation | Breaker composition and process |
| US20070117723A1 (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2007-05-24 | Albemarle Corporation | Breaker Composition and Process |
| US7833551B2 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2010-11-16 | Conocophillips Company | Inhibition of biogenic sulfide production via biocide and metabolic inhibitor combination |
| US20110020467A1 (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2011-01-27 | Conocophillips Company - Ip Services Group | Inhibition of Biogenic Sulfide Production Via Biocide and Metabolic Inhibitor Combination |
| US8846732B2 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2014-09-30 | Conocophillips Company | Inhibition of biogenic sulfide production via biocide and metabolic inhibitor combination |
| GB2429972B (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2010-02-17 | Conocophillips Co | Inhibition of biogenic sulfide production via biocide and metabolic inhibitor combination |
| US20050238729A1 (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2005-10-27 | Jenneman Gary E | Inhibition of biogenic sulfide production via biocide and metabolic inhibitor combination |
| US20090053327A1 (en) * | 2004-09-07 | 2009-02-26 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US9005671B2 (en) | 2004-09-07 | 2015-04-14 | Albemarle Corporation | Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation |
| US9452229B2 (en) | 2005-06-10 | 2016-09-27 | Albemarle Corporation | Highly concentrated, biocidally active compositions and aqueous mixtures and methods of making the same |
| US20060278586A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-14 | Nalepa Christopher J | Highly concentrated, biocidally active compositions and aqueous mixtures and methods of making the same |
| WO2007048941A2 (en) * | 2005-10-27 | 2007-05-03 | Dominique Mercier | Method of using an additive for water chlorinated with javelle water |
| WO2007048941A3 (en) * | 2005-10-27 | 2007-11-01 | Dominique Mercier | Method of using an additive for water chlorinated with javelle water |
| US7914365B2 (en) | 2005-12-01 | 2011-03-29 | Albemarle Corporation | Microbiocidal control in the processing of meat-producing four-legged animals |
| US20070141974A1 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-06-21 | Solution Biosciences, Inc. | Microbiocidal Control in the Processing of Meat-Producing Four-Legged Animals |
| US20070202095A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-08-30 | Speronello Barry K | Chlorine dioxide based cleaner/sanitizer |
| US8673297B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2014-03-18 | Basf Corporation | Chlorine dioxide based cleaner/sanitizer |
| US9340756B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2016-05-17 | Basf Corporation | Chlorine dioxide based cleanser/sanitizer |
| US8211835B2 (en) | 2009-09-24 | 2012-07-03 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Composition and method for slickwater application |
| US20140083942A1 (en) * | 2012-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Michael James Jungbauer | Systems and methods for treating produced water |
| US9650273B2 (en) * | 2012-09-25 | 2017-05-16 | Michael James Jungbauer | Systems and methods for treating produced water |
| US10925282B2 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2021-02-23 | Conocophillips Company | Enhanced kill of microorganisms |
| CN112770900A (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-05-07 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Antibacterial material, laminate, antibacterial laminate, medical member, method for producing antibacterial material, method for producing antibacterial laminate, and antibacterial method |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4995987A (en) | Enhancement of the efficacy of antimicrobials by the addition of anions capable of interfering with microbial electrochemical reactions | |
| LeChevallier et al. | Examining the relationship between iron corrosion and the disinfection of biofilm bacteria | |
| US4370199A (en) | Enzymatic catalyzed biocide system | |
| US4478683A (en) | Enzymatic catalyzed biocide system | |
| US5368749A (en) | Synergistic activity of glutaraldehyde in the presence of oxidants | |
| US4698165A (en) | Shock treatment of aqueous systems | |
| US5128051A (en) | Method for the control of biofouling | |
| US5336431A (en) | Composition and method for sulfide control | |
| EP0427418B1 (en) | Bromosulfamate as biocide in nitrite-containing corrosion inhibition | |
| Little et al. | A review of ‘green’strategies to prevent or mitigate microbiologically influenced corrosion | |
| US5863464A (en) | Methods of inhibiting corrosion using halo-benzotriazoles | |
| US5736097A (en) | Method of preventing pitting corrosion | |
| Videla | An overview of mechanisms by which sulphate‐reducing bacteria influence corrosion of steel in marine environments | |
| Guiamet et al. | Laboratory studies of biocorrosion control using traditional and environmentally friendly biocides: an overview | |
| NZ508931A (en) | Composition comprising peracetic acid and a non-oxidizing biocide for inhibiting growth of microorganisms | |
| GB2281742A (en) | Biocidal composition | |
| Peng et al. | Principal factors affecting microbiologically influenced corrosion of carbon steel | |
| KR20030013255A (en) | Process for Treating Aqueous Systems | |
| Videla | Corrosion inhibition in the presence of microbial corrosion | |
| Alam et al. | Role of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical in producing the residual effect of ultraviolet radiation | |
| WO1993004986A1 (en) | Antibacterial treatment of bulk water | |
| Nam et al. | Failure analysis of pitted copper pipes used in underground water and preventive measures | |
| US20080047904A1 (en) | Treatment for Hydrostatic Testing Water | |
| Chamberlain et al. | Marine ‘copper-tolerant’sulphate reducing bacteria and their effects on 90/10 copper-nickel (CA 706) | |
| US2758084A (en) | Water purification process |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BETZ LABORATORIES, INC., A CORP. OF PA., PENNSYLVA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:WHITEKETTLE, WILSON K.;CONLAN, JOHN T.;REEL/FRAME:005161/0425;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890913 TO 19890919 |
|
| STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
| FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BETZDEARBORN INC., PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:BETZ LABORATORIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:009038/0251 Effective date: 19960621 |
|
| FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NORTH Free format text: NOTICE OF GRANT OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HERCULES INCORPORATED, A DELAWARE CORPORATION;HERCULES CREDIT, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION;HERCULES FLAVOR, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011590/0943 Effective date: 20001114 |
|
| FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: AQUALON COMPANY, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: ATHENS HOLDINGS, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BETZBEARBORN INTERNATIONAL, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BETZDEARBORN CHINA, LTD., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BETZDEARBORN EUROPE, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BETZDEARBORN, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BL CHEMICALS INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: BLI HOLDING CORPORATION, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES INDIA, LTD., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: COVINGTON HOLDINGS, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: DRC LTD., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: EAST BAY REALTY SERVICES, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: FIBERVISIONS INCORPORATED, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: FIBERVISIONS PRODUCTS, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: FIBERVISIONS, L.L.C., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: FIBERVISIONS, L.P., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES CHEMICAL CORPORATION, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES COUNTRY CLUB, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES CREDIT, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES EURO HOLDINGS, LLC, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES FINANCE COMPANY, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES FLAVOR, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES INCORPORATED, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, L.L.C., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES INVESTMENTS, LLC, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HERCULES SHARED SERVICES CORPORATION, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: HISPAN CORPORATION, DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 Owner name: WSP, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013669/0635 Effective date: 20021219 |