US4013425A - Thermometric bimetallic structure of high strength at high temperature - Google Patents
Thermometric bimetallic structure of high strength at high temperature Download PDFInfo
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- US4013425A US4013425A US05/698,494 US69849476A US4013425A US 4013425 A US4013425 A US 4013425A US 69849476 A US69849476 A US 69849476A US 4013425 A US4013425 A US 4013425A
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- thermometric
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- bimetallic structure
- passive component
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001182 Mo alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011529 conductive interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G12—INSTRUMENT DETAILS
- G12B—CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF INSTRUMENTS, OR COMPARABLE DETAILS OF OTHER APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G12B1/00—Sensitive elements capable of producing movement or displacement for purposes not limited to measurement; Associated transmission mechanisms therefor
- G12B1/02—Compound strips or plates, e.g. bimetallic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H37/00—Thermally-actuated switches
- H01H37/02—Details
- H01H37/32—Thermally-sensitive members
- H01H37/52—Thermally-sensitive members actuated due to deflection of bimetallic element
- H01H2037/526—Materials for bimetals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/125—Deflectable by temperature change [e.g., thermostat element]
- Y10T428/12521—Both components Fe-based with more than 10% Ni
Definitions
- This invention relates to a thermometric bimetallic structure of high strength at high temperature.
- thermometric bimetallic structure consists generally of two joined plates or strips of metals having different coefficients of expansion so that a temperature rise causes the bimetallic structure to change its shape in dependence on temperature.
- This property is utilized in engineering in many cases for automatic control by temperature of other physical quantities which are related to temperature, such as the electric current, e.g., in electric motors, in order to prevent an overloading thereof.
- thermometric bimetal The coefficient of excursion (deflection) of a thermometric bimetal from an original position depends essentially on the physical properties of the joined metals and on the dimensions of the temperature-sensing and switching elements made therefrom. For this reason the accuracy of the operation of such switching elements depends on the quality of the component metals and on the precision with which they have been joined.
- the highest coefficients of excursion e.g. of an automatic control element
- the so-called active component has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and the passive component has a low thermal coefficient of expansion.
- the excursion as such is known to depend on the temperature responses of the coefficients of expansion of the two components of the bimetal.
- the dependence of the mechanical strength of the components on temperature is also important because this dependence often determines the upper limit of the temperature range in which the bimetallic structure may be used.
- thermometric bimetallic structure includes combinations that have been developed for use up to a very high upper temperature limit.
- the bimetallic structures which are presently available on the market can only be used up to an upper temperature limit of about 500° C, because above this temperature the coefficients of expansion of the iron-nickel alloys used as passive components increase so sharply that the laminated bimetallic structure no longer responds to a further temperature rise. Additionally one component or both components can soften at temperatures above 500° C so that the temperature rise results in a permanent deformation of the bimetallic structure and the latter does not return to its original shape when cooled.
- the bimetallic structure can exert only small actuating or control forces and for this reason cannot perform the desired switching operation in many cases.
- thermometric bimetallic structures which have been available to date do not meet the requirements or do not sufficiently meet the requirements. This remark is applicable, e.g., to widely used domestic appliances, such as toasters, or to motor vehicle exhaust systems providing for a decontamination of exhaust gases.
- thermometric bimetallic structure or a shaped thermometric bimetal part, which can be used at temperatures above 500° C, which does not have plastic deformation at high temperatures, and which gives a sufficiently large deformation in response to changes of temperature.
- a shaped part consisting of thermometric bimetal and having a high strength at high temperature and comprising an active component and a passive component and, if desired, an electrically conductive interlayer for direct heating, in accordance with the invention, has an active component which consists of an iron-nickel alloy having a coefficient of expansion of about 19 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 22 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 and composed by weight of:
- the passive component is metallic and has a coefficient of expansion of about 3 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 12 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 combined with a sufficient strength at high temperature.
- thermometric bimetal An alloy which is particularly suitable for the active component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention is composed by weight of
- This alloy has a coefficient of expansion of about 20.2 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 20.7 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 .
- the passive component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention must have a coefficient of expansion of about 3 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 12 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 and may consist of metals or metal alloys having different compositions.
- the iron-nickel alloys can have the composition by weight of:
- An alloy which is particularly suitable is composed by weight of:
- These alloys have a coefficient of expansion of 5 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 .
- a chromium-containing steel which is particularly suitable for the passive component of the thermoelectric bimetal according to the invention is composed by weight of:
- a steel which is particularly suitable for the passive component is composed by weight of
- These steels have a coefficient of expansion of 11 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 12 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 .
- the passive component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention may alternatively consist of titanium, specifically of pure titanium which contains 99% titanium, the balance consisting of impurities which are due to the manufacture, or may consist of titanium alloys.
- Suitable titanium alloys A or B are composed by weight of:
- Such a passive component has a coefficient of expansion of about 10 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 .
- the passive component may be made of molybdenum or molybdenum alloys.
- Molybdenum alloys should contain at least 98% molybdenum.
- the alloying elements may consist, e.g., of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, carbon, and nitrogen.
- a suitable molybdenum alloy contains 0.2% titanium and 0.5% zirconium.
- Such passive components have a coefficient of expansion of about 4 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 6 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 .
- the alloys of the active component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention have a coefficient of expansion of 19 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 22 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 up to 700° C
- the passive components have a coefficient of expansion of about 4 ⁇ 10 - 6 ° C - 1 to 12 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 .
- Such alloys are known per se but have not been used so far as passive components of thermometric bimetallic structure apparently because their coefficient of expansion of 4 to 12 ⁇ 10 - 6 ⁇ ° C - 1 is too high unless an alloy which has a sufficiently high coefficient of expansion is available for the active component.
- thermometric bimetal which has a sufficiently high strength at high temperatures for the use of the bimetal at temperatures above 500° C and up to at least 700° C.
- Such coating may be made by burnishing, metallizing, e.g., nickel-coating or chromium-coating, or by an application of metal or ceramic oxide layers, e.g., by chemical vapor deposition.
- thermometric bimetal according to the invention is to have an excursion in response to being directly heated, e.g., by electrical resistance heating
- an electrically conductive interlayer which consists, e.g., of nickel or copper and has a suitably small thickness is provided between the two layers consisting of the active and passive metal components.
- the interlayer may also be an alloy.
- thermometric bimetal may be joined in known manner by a roll cladding process at room temperature or at elevated temperature or by an explosive cladding process.
- a roll cladding process at room temperature or at elevated temperature or by an explosive cladding process.
- suitable processes include electrical resistance welding and, particularly, laser welding, microplasma welding or electron beam welding.
- thermometric bimetal according to the invention resides in that the active component may be cold formed so that cold forming will appreciably increase the coefficient of expansion whereas the coefficient of expansion of the passive component is less increased by such cold forming. In this manner, the temperature-dependent excursion of the novel thermometric bimetal according to the invention may be increased further.
- the cold forming operation for work hardening the bimetallic strip, sheet or bar preferably is carried out with 20 to 90% deformation, i.e. a reduction in the thickness of the bar, strip or sheet by cold rolling to 20 to 90% of its original value.
- the cold deformation is 30 to 60%.
- FIGURE of the drawing is a graph illustrating the features of an example of a bimetallic structure according to the invention.
- thermometric bimetal The technical progress of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention is seen in that a shaped part which consists of thermometric bimetal and has a high strength at high temperature is provided which can be used continuously at temperatures which are higher by about 100° to 200° C than the highest temperatures at which the previously known corresponding high-temperature bimetals can be employed.
- the temperature-dependent excursion is fully reversible up to at least 700° C and exhibits only a small deviation from linearity.
- the temperature is given on ° C along the abscissa while the ordinate represents the coefficient of excursion (excursion per ° C) of the bimetallic structure upon being heated from a temperature of 20° C to the indicated temperature of the abscissa of the curve.
- the lower plot S represents the laminate prior to work hardening while the upper plot H represents the cold rolled product which is worked until its thickness has been reduced by 50% (cold rolled to 50% deformation).
- the bimetallic structure which was tested comprised an active component which consisted of 0.69% carbon, 0.08% silicon, 5.35% manganese, 2.87% chromium, 12.59% nickel, 1.14% vanadium, 0.05% nitrogen, 0.26% niobium and tantalum combined in equal parts, 0.02% molybdenum, balance iron (percentages and parts by weight).
- the passive component consisted of 0.08% carbon, 0.74% silicon, 0.34% manganese, 17.1% chromium, balance iron (all percentages and parts by weight).
- the foregoing compositions represent the composition of the active and passive elements constituting the best mode currently known to us for carrying out the invention in practice.
- thermometric bimetal according to the invention is used in appliances for industrial and nonindustrial purposes, particularly in automatic control systems for industrial or household furnaces, in electric heating systems of any kind, and in automatic control systems for motors, particularly in conjunction with means for an afterburning of exhaust gases from engines of motor vehicles.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Details Of Measuring And Other Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
A thermometric bimetallic structure of high strength at elevated temperatures of, say, 500° C to 700° C, comprises an active component and a passive component secured together, the active component having a coefficient of thermal expansion of about 19 × 10- 6 °C- 1 to 22 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 while the passive component has a coefficient of expansion of 3 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 ° C- 1. The active component, which expands to a substantially greater extent than the passive component upon heating, consists of 0.4 to 0.9% by weight carbon, 0.03 to 0.1% by weight nitrogen, 10 to 14% by weight nickel, 3 to 7% by weight manganese, 0.2 to 1% by weight niobium and/or tantalum, 0.5 to 1.5% by weight vanadium, up to 1.5% by weight molybdenum, up to 1.5% by weight tungsten, up to 3.5% by weight chromium, up to 0.5% by weight silicon and the balance iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the melting of the ingredients to form the alloy. The laminate of the two components can be cold worked to improve its hardness.
Description
This invention relates to a thermometric bimetallic structure of high strength at high temperature.
A thermometric bimetallic structure consists generally of two joined plates or strips of metals having different coefficients of expansion so that a temperature rise causes the bimetallic structure to change its shape in dependence on temperature.
This property is utilized in engineering in many cases for automatic control by temperature of other physical quantities which are related to temperature, such as the electric current, e.g., in electric motors, in order to prevent an overloading thereof.
The coefficient of excursion (deflection) of a thermometric bimetal from an original position depends essentially on the physical properties of the joined metals and on the dimensions of the temperature-sensing and switching elements made therefrom. For this reason the accuracy of the operation of such switching elements depends on the quality of the component metals and on the precision with which they have been joined.
In general, the highest coefficients of excursion, e.g. of an automatic control element, will be obtained if the so-called active component has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and the passive component has a low thermal coefficient of expansion. The excursion as such is known to depend on the temperature responses of the coefficients of expansion of the two components of the bimetal.
The dependence of the mechanical strength of the components on temperature is also important because this dependence often determines the upper limit of the temperature range in which the bimetallic structure may be used.
The previously known thermometric bimetallic structure includes combinations that have been developed for use up to a very high upper temperature limit. The bimetallic structures which are presently available on the market can only be used up to an upper temperature limit of about 500° C, because above this temperature the coefficients of expansion of the iron-nickel alloys used as passive components increase so sharply that the laminated bimetallic structure no longer responds to a further temperature rise. Additionally one component or both components can soften at temperatures above 500° C so that the temperature rise results in a permanent deformation of the bimetallic structure and the latter does not return to its original shape when cooled.
Owing to the low strength of the component or both components at elevated temperatures, the bimetallic structure can exert only small actuating or control forces and for this reason cannot perform the desired switching operation in many cases.
On the other hand, there is a general desire to provide automatic and other control systems for use at higher temperatures above 500° C.
It has been found that the thermometric bimetallic structures which have been available to date do not meet the requirements or do not sufficiently meet the requirements. This remark is applicable, e.g., to widely used domestic appliances, such as toasters, or to motor vehicle exhaust systems providing for a decontamination of exhaust gases.
It is an object of the invention to provide a thermometric bimetallic structure, or a shaped thermometric bimetal part, which can be used at temperatures above 500° C, which does not have plastic deformation at high temperatures, and which gives a sufficiently large deformation in response to changes of temperature.
A shaped part consisting of thermometric bimetal and having a high strength at high temperature and comprising an active component and a passive component and, if desired, an electrically conductive interlayer for direct heating, in accordance with the invention, has an active component which consists of an iron-nickel alloy having a coefficient of expansion of about 19 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 22 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 and composed by weight of:
______________________________________
0.4% to 0.9% carbon,
0.03% to 0.10%
nitrogen,
10.0% to 14.0%
nickel,
3.0% to 7.0% manganese,
0.2% to 1.0% niobium and/or tantalum
0.5% to 1.5% vanadium,
up to 1.5% molybdenum,
up to 1.5% tungsten (the total of
V+Mo+W not exceeding 2%),
up to 3.5% chromium,
up to 0.5% silicon, and the
balance iron with impurities which
are due to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
The passive component is metallic and has a coefficient of expansion of about 3 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 combined with a sufficient strength at high temperature.
An alloy which is particularly suitable for the active component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention is composed by weight of
______________________________________
0.60% to 0.75%
carbon,
0.05% to 0.08%
nitrogen,
11.5% to 12.5%
nickel,
4.5% to 5.5% manganese,
0.2% to 0.5% niobium and/or tantalum,
0.9% to 1.2% vanadium,
2.5% to 3.5% chromium,
less than 0.3%
silicon,
less than 0.02%
phosphorus,
less than 0.02%
sulfur, and
balance iron.
______________________________________
This alloy has a coefficient of expansion of about 20.2 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 20.7 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
The passive component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention must have a coefficient of expansion of about 3 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 and may consist of metals or metal alloys having different compositions. The iron-nickel alloys can have the composition by weight of:
______________________________________
less than 0.03%
carbon,
less than 0.5%
manganese,
less than 0.2%
silicon,
16% to 20% cobalt
27% to 31% nickel, and
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
An alloy which is particularly suitable is composed by weight of:
______________________________________
less than 0.5%
manganese,
less than 0.03%
carbon,
less than 0.2%
silicon,
about 18.0% cobalt,
about 29.0% nickel,
optionally 0.1% to 0.5% molybdenum, and
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
These alloys have a coefficient of expansion of 5 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
A chromium-containing steel which is particularly suitable for the passive component of the thermoelectric bimetal according to the invention is composed by weight of:
______________________________________
less than 0.5%
carbon
less than 1% manganese,
less than 1.5%
silicon,
less than 2% aluminum,
12% to 25% chromium,
up to 3.5% titanium,
up to 6.0% niobium and/or tantalum,
up to 2% molybdenum and/or tungsten,
up to 1% vanadium, and the
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
A steel which is particularly suitable for the passive component is composed by weight of
______________________________________
less than 0.10%
carbon,
less than 1.0%
silicon,
less than 1.0%
manganese,
15.5% to 17.5%
chromium, and
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
These steels have a coefficient of expansion of 11 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
The passive component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention may alternatively consist of titanium, specifically of pure titanium which contains 99% titanium, the balance consisting of impurities which are due to the manufacture, or may consist of titanium alloys. Suitable titanium alloys A or B are composed by weight of:
5% to 7% aluminum,
3% to 5% vanadium, and balance titanium with impurities which are due to manufacture.
4% to 6% aluminum,
2% to 3% tin, and balance titanium with impurities which are due to manufacture.
Such a passive component has a coefficient of expansion of about 10 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
Finally, the passive component may be made of molybdenum or molybdenum alloys. Molybdenum alloys should contain at least 98% molybdenum. The alloying elements may consist, e.g., of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, carbon, and nitrogen. A suitable molybdenum alloy contains 0.2% titanium and 0.5% zirconium. Such passive components have a coefficient of expansion of about 4 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 6 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
Whereas the alloys of the active component of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention have a coefficient of expansion of 19 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 22 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 up to 700° C, the passive components have a coefficient of expansion of about 4 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
Such alloys are known per se but have not been used so far as passive components of thermometric bimetallic structure apparently because their coefficient of expansion of 4 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 is too high unless an alloy which has a sufficiently high coefficient of expansion is available for the active component.
The combination of materials according to the invention provides a thermometric bimetal which has a sufficiently high strength at high temperatures for the use of the bimetal at temperatures above 500° C and up to at least 700° C.
In view of the atmosphere which is present at high temperature, it may sometimes be suitable to provide the active component, on its surface or elsewhere, with a coating which increases resistance to scaling. Such coating may be made by burnishing, metallizing, e.g., nickel-coating or chromium-coating, or by an application of metal or ceramic oxide layers, e.g., by chemical vapor deposition.
If the thermometric bimetal according to the invention is to have an excursion in response to being directly heated, e.g., by electrical resistance heating, an electrically conductive interlayer which consists, e.g., of nickel or copper and has a suitably small thickness is provided between the two layers consisting of the active and passive metal components. The interlayer may also be an alloy.
The individual components of the thermometric bimetal may be joined in known manner by a roll cladding process at room temperature or at elevated temperature or by an explosive cladding process. Alternatively, we can use the processes which result in seam or spot welds and in which only fractions of the surfaces to be welded and very small thicknesses of material are subjected to structure-changing welding temperatures. For this reason, suitable processes include electrical resistance welding and, particularly, laser welding, microplasma welding or electron beam welding.
A special advantage of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention resides in that the active component may be cold formed so that cold forming will appreciably increase the coefficient of expansion whereas the coefficient of expansion of the passive component is less increased by such cold forming. In this manner, the temperature-dependent excursion of the novel thermometric bimetal according to the invention may be increased further.
The cold forming operation for work hardening the bimetallic strip, sheet or bar preferably is carried out with 20 to 90% deformation, i.e. a reduction in the thickness of the bar, strip or sheet by cold rolling to 20 to 90% of its original value. Preferably the cold deformation is 30 to 60%.
The sole FIGURE of the drawing is a graph illustrating the features of an example of a bimetallic structure according to the invention.
The technical progress of the thermometric bimetal according to the invention is seen in that a shaped part which consists of thermometric bimetal and has a high strength at high temperature is provided which can be used continuously at temperatures which are higher by about 100° to 200° C than the highest temperatures at which the previously known corresponding high-temperature bimetals can be employed. The temperature-dependent excursion is fully reversible up to at least 700° C and exhibits only a small deviation from linearity.
In the drawing, the temperature is given on ° C along the abscissa while the ordinate represents the coefficient of excursion (excursion per ° C) of the bimetallic structure upon being heated from a temperature of 20° C to the indicated temperature of the abscissa of the curve.
The lower plot S represents the laminate prior to work hardening while the upper plot H represents the cold rolled product which is worked until its thickness has been reduced by 50% (cold rolled to 50% deformation).
The bimetallic structure which was tested comprised an active component which consisted of 0.69% carbon, 0.08% silicon, 5.35% manganese, 2.87% chromium, 12.59% nickel, 1.14% vanadium, 0.05% nitrogen, 0.26% niobium and tantalum combined in equal parts, 0.02% molybdenum, balance iron (percentages and parts by weight).
The passive component consisted of 0.08% carbon, 0.74% silicon, 0.34% manganese, 17.1% chromium, balance iron (all percentages and parts by weight). The foregoing compositions represent the composition of the active and passive elements constituting the best mode currently known to us for carrying out the invention in practice.
The thermometric bimetal according to the invention is used in appliances for industrial and nonindustrial purposes, particularly in automatic control systems for industrial or household furnaces, in electric heating systems of any kind, and in automatic control systems for motors, particularly in conjunction with means for an afterburning of exhaust gases from engines of motor vehicles.
Claims (14)
1. A thermometric bimetallic structure having high strength at elevated temperature and comprising an active component and a passive component secured together, said active component consisting of an iron-nickel alloy having a coefficient of expansion of about 19 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 22 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 and composed by weight of
______________________________________
0.4% to 0.9% carbon,
0.03% to 0.10%
nitrogen,
10.0% to 14.0%
nickel,
3.0% to 7.0% manganese,
0.2% to 1.0% niobium and/or tantalum,
0.5% to 1.5% vanadium,
up to 1.5% molybdenum,
up to 1.5% tungsten,
up to 3.5% chromium,
up to 0.5% silicon, and
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions,
______________________________________
the total of vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten being at most 2%; the passive component being metallic and having a coefficient of expansion of about 3 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
2. The thermometric bimetallic defined in claim 1, wherein the active component is composed by weight of
______________________________________
0.60% to 0.75%
carbon,
0.05% to 0.08%
nitrogen,
11.5% to0 12.5%
nickel,
4.5% to 5.5% manganese,
0.2% to 0.5% tungsten and/or tantalum,
0.9% to 1.2% vanadium,
2.5% to 3.5% chromium,
less than 0.3%
silicon,
less than 0.02%
phosphorus,
less than 0.02%
sulfur, and
balance iron.
______________________________________
3. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 1 wherein the passive component has a coefficient of expansion of about 5 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 and is composed by weight of
______________________________________
less than 0.5%
manganese,
less than 0.03%
carbon,
less than 0.2%
silicon,
16 to 20% cobalt,
27 to 31% nickel,
up to 0.5% molybdenum, and the
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
4. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 3 wherein the molybdenum is present in said passive component in an amount ranging between 0.1% by weight to 0.5% by weight.
5. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 3 wherein said cobalt is present in an amount of about 18% by weight in said passive component.
6. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 3 wherein said nickel is present in an amount of 29% by weight of said passive component.
7. A thermometric bimetallic structure as defined in claim 1 wherein the passive component has a coefficient of expansion of 11 × 10- 6 ° C- 1 to 12 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 and is composed by weight of
______________________________________
less than 0.5%
carbon,
less than 1% manganese,
less than 1.5%
silicon,
less than 2% aluminum
12% to 25% chromium,
up to 3.5% titanium
up to 6.0% niobium and/or tantalum,
up to 2% molybdenum and/or tungsten,
up to 1% vanadium, and the
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
8. A thermometric bimetallic structure as defined in claim 1 wherein the passive component is composed by weight of
______________________________________
less than 0.10%
carbon,
less than 1.0%
silicon,
less than 1.0%
manganese,
15.5% to 17.5%
chromium, and the
balance iron with impurities which are due
to the melting conditions.
______________________________________
9. A thermometric bimetallic structure as defined in claim 1 wherein the passive component consists of titanium or of a titanium alloy having a coefficient of expansion of about 10 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
10. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 1 wherein the passive component consists of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy which contains at least 98% molybdenum and has a coefficient of expansion of 4 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1 to 6 × 10- 6 × ° C- 1.
11. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 1 wherein an electrically conductive interlayer consisting of nickel or copper or of an alloy of both metals is interposed between said components.
12. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 1 wherein the surface of at least the active metal component has a scale-resisting metallic or non-metallic coating.
13. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 1 which has been cold formed to a deformation of 20-90%.
14. The thermometric bimetallic structure defined in claim 13 wherein said deformation is 30 to 60%.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19752528457 DE2528457A1 (en) | 1975-06-26 | 1975-06-26 | HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOBIMETAL |
| DT2528457 | 1975-06-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US4013425A true US4013425A (en) | 1977-03-22 |
Family
ID=5949978
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/698,494 Expired - Lifetime US4013425A (en) | 1975-06-26 | 1976-06-22 | Thermometric bimetallic structure of high strength at high temperature |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4013425A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS524074A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1041065A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2528457A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4816216A (en) * | 1985-11-29 | 1989-03-28 | Olin Corporation | Interdiffusion resistant Fe--Ni alloys having improved glass sealing |
| US4905074A (en) * | 1985-11-29 | 1990-02-27 | Olin Corporation | Interdiffusion resistant Fe-Ni alloys having improved glass sealing property |
| US6069437A (en) * | 1996-06-20 | 2000-05-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Thermal deformation member for electron tube and color picture tube using thereof, and thermal deformation member for electric current control and circuit breaker and using thereof |
| US20050011869A1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2005-01-20 | Abb Service Srl | Components of thermostatic units and laser welding method for producing the components |
| US20100230645A1 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2010-09-16 | Yanmar Co., Ltd. | Thermoelectric Material |
| WO2015196357A1 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | 深圳麦克韦尔股份有限公司 | Electronic cigarette and heating wire thereof |
| CN106435343A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2017-02-22 | 河池学院 | Alloy applied to sliding rail of servo mechanical arm |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3017044C2 (en) * | 1980-05-03 | 1983-08-18 | G. Rau GmbH & Co, 7530 Pforzheim | Thermal bimetal with a high application limit and manufacturing process for this |
| DE202017006371U1 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2018-01-18 | Thomas Strauss | Thermal actuator |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2700627A (en) * | 1951-07-20 | 1955-01-25 | Harold R Nelson | Treatment for commercial bimetals |
| US3318690A (en) * | 1964-06-09 | 1967-05-09 | Int Nickel Co | Age hardening manganese-containing maraging steel |
| US3336119A (en) * | 1964-11-04 | 1967-08-15 | Chace Co W M | Element for sensing and controlling humidity and temperature changes |
-
1975
- 1975-06-26 DE DE19752528457 patent/DE2528457A1/en active Pending
-
1976
- 1976-05-28 CA CA253,572A patent/CA1041065A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-06-21 JP JP51073067A patent/JPS524074A/en active Pending
- 1976-06-22 US US05/698,494 patent/US4013425A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2700627A (en) * | 1951-07-20 | 1955-01-25 | Harold R Nelson | Treatment for commercial bimetals |
| US3318690A (en) * | 1964-06-09 | 1967-05-09 | Int Nickel Co | Age hardening manganese-containing maraging steel |
| US3336119A (en) * | 1964-11-04 | 1967-08-15 | Chace Co W M | Element for sensing and controlling humidity and temperature changes |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4816216A (en) * | 1985-11-29 | 1989-03-28 | Olin Corporation | Interdiffusion resistant Fe--Ni alloys having improved glass sealing |
| US4905074A (en) * | 1985-11-29 | 1990-02-27 | Olin Corporation | Interdiffusion resistant Fe-Ni alloys having improved glass sealing property |
| US6069437A (en) * | 1996-06-20 | 2000-05-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Thermal deformation member for electron tube and color picture tube using thereof, and thermal deformation member for electric current control and circuit breaker and using thereof |
| US6188172B1 (en) | 1996-06-20 | 2001-02-13 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Color picture tube using a thermal deformation member |
| SG94336A1 (en) * | 1996-06-20 | 2003-02-18 | Sony Corp | Thermal deformation member for electron tube and color picture tube using thereof, and thermal deformation member for electric current control and circuit breaker using thereof |
| US20050011869A1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2005-01-20 | Abb Service Srl | Components of thermostatic units and laser welding method for producing the components |
| US7253375B2 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2007-08-07 | Abb Service S.R.L. | Components of thermostatic units and laser welding method for producing the components |
| US20100230645A1 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2010-09-16 | Yanmar Co., Ltd. | Thermoelectric Material |
| US7906044B2 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2011-03-15 | Yanmar Co., Ltd | Thermoelectric material |
| WO2015196357A1 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | 深圳麦克韦尔股份有限公司 | Electronic cigarette and heating wire thereof |
| CN106435343A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2017-02-22 | 河池学院 | Alloy applied to sliding rail of servo mechanical arm |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS524074A (en) | 1977-01-12 |
| CA1041065A (en) | 1978-10-24 |
| DE2528457A1 (en) | 1977-01-20 |
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