US20160036538A1

US20160036538A1 - Process Mitigated Clock Skew Adjustment

Info

Publication number: US20160036538A1
Application number: US14/882,980
Authority: US
Inventors: Tamer ALI; Jun Cao
Original assignee: Broadcom Corp
Current assignee: Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Ltd
Priority date: 2014-06-17
Filing date: 2015-10-14
Publication date: 2016-02-04
Also published as: US9184737B1

Abstract

A device includes process mitigating timing (PMT) circuitry. The PMT circuitry allows for adjustment of a clock signal while compensating for process variation within the PMT circuitry. The PMT circuitry may include process mitigating buffer (PMB) circuitry. The PMB circuitry may utilize replica circuitry and a calibrated resistance to generate a calibrated bias voltage. The calibrated bias voltage may be used to drive component buffer circuits to create a calibrated current response. The calibrated current response may correspond to a selected output impedance for the component buffer circuits. The select output impedance may be used in concert with a variable capacitance to adjust a clock signal in manner that is independent of the process variation within the PMT circuitry.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/332,106 filed Jul. 15, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/013,407 filed Jun. 17, 2014, each of which being entirely incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates clock signal skew adjustment. This disclosure also relates to adjustment of signal delay.

BACKGROUND

Rapid advances in electronics and communication technologies, driven by immense customer demand, have resulted in the worldwide adoption of high bandwidth technologies. Examples of such technologies include optical fiber networks, high speed wire-line and wireless networks. Improvements in signal processing and analysis techniques, including signal synchronization, will continue to enhance the capabilities, and hence adoption, of these technologies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example device.

FIG. 2 shows example sets of relative delays.

FIG. 3 shows example process mitigating buffer circuitry

FIG. 4 shows example process mitigating timing circuitry.

FIG. 5 shows example logic for adjusting signal timing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure below concerns techniques and architectures for achieving synchronized device timing in regimes at which the process variation among the synchronized devices may be significant. For example, when performing clock skew adjustment for interleaved analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that are converting a datastream from a high-bandwidth signal source, the process variation among the ADCs may present challenges. For example, the delay increments for clock skew adjustment that are achievable for the individual ADCs may vary in absolute scale because of the process variation. The variance in these delay increments may result in an uneven and/or unknown sampling distribution of the sampled signal. The techniques and architectures in the disclosure below apply process mitigating timing (PMT) circuitry to allow for synchronized device timing in regimes at which the process variation among the devices may be significant. The PMT circuitry may be applied in virtually any synchronization application, such as, signal processing, high bandwidth datastream sampling, execution event sequencing among distributed processing elements, or other timing applications.
The example device described below provides an example context for explaining the techniques and architectures to support process mitigation in clock skew adjustment. FIG. 1 shows an example device 100. In one example, the device may be a communication device, such as a router, or server. However, the device may be virtually any device implementing datastream sampling. For example, backbone networking hardware, a gaming console, a television set-top box, or other networking device may use PMT circuitry.
The device 100 may include a network interface 102 to support network communications, and one or more processors 104 to support execution of applications and operating systems, and to govern operation of the device. Further, the processors 104 may run processes that result in signal analysis, demodulation, sampling, or other processing of a signal received at interface 102. The device 100 may include memory 106 for execution support and storage of system instructions 108 and operational parameters 112. The communication device 100 may include a user interface 116 to allow for user operation of the device. An analog frontend 114 within the network interface 102 may also be included to support transmission and reception of signals. The analog frontend 114 may include ADCs using PMT circuitry to sample the received signal at interface 102.
In an example scenario, a time-interleaved ADC system of M interleaved ADCs capable of sampling at N Hz may be sampling an incoming signal with a bandwidth of N*M Hz. For example, an interleaved set of 16 4 gigasample per second (Gs) ADCs may sample an incoming signal at 64 Gs. The M interleaved ADCs may use relative delays established to uniformly sample the N*M Hz signal. FIG. 2 shows example sets 200, 250 of delays shown relative to target timing points 262. In the first example set 200, the relative delays of the timing points 264 are affected by the process variation among the timing circuitry of the ADCs. The timing points 264 are skewed by different amounts of time from the target timing points 262 in accord with the process variation among the ADCs. The skew may cause distortion in the sampled output of the ADCs. The second example set 250 of relative delays shows the effect of process variation mitigation via PMT circuitry on the timing points 264. The deviations of the positions of the timing point relative to the target timing points 262 may be reduced. As a result, the interleaved ADCs sample the high bandwidth signal more uniformly, leading to a more accurate analog to digital conversion of the high bandwidth signal.
The process variation from transistor and/or resistor elements within the timing circuitry of the ADCs may be mitigated. The process variation contributed by transistor and/or resistor elements may be up to 30% or more. The process variation associated with capacitor elements may be up to 10%. The techniques described below help reduce the process variation from transistor and resistor elements by regulating the current response of these elements. As a result, the process variation exhibited by a device using these techniques may be similar to the process variation associated with capacitor elements.
FIG. 3 shows example process mitigating buffer (PMB) circuitry. The example PMB circuitry 300, may include replica circuitry 320 and multiple component buffer circuits 340. The component buffer circuits 340 may be coupled to an input 302 and an output 304. In some cases, the component buffer circuits 340 may be coupled in parallel between the input 302 and the output 304. The individual component buffer circuits may include a positive metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) circuit 342 and a negative metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) circuit 352. The PMOS circuit 342 may include PMOS buffer transistors 344, 346. In some implementations, PMOS transistor 344 may include a low dropout (LDO) transistor. The LDO transistor 344 may, for instance, modulate the strength of current conduction of the buffer. The LDO transistor 344 may be controlled via a calibration loop formed by the replica circuitry 320, the Op-amp 380 and the reference voltage, discussed below. For example, at slow PVT corners the calibration loop may set the LDO transistor 344 bias such that the LDO transistor 344 conducts more current. The increased current may speed up the response speed of the component buffer circuits 340. In the example, at fast PVT corners the calibration loop may set the LDO transistor 344 bias to restrict current flow in the component buffer circuits 340. The reduced current flow may slow down the response of the buffer.
The NMOS circuit 352 may include NMOS transistors 354, 356. In some implementations, NMOS transistor 354 may include an LDO transistor and NMOS transistor 356 may include a SLICE transistor.
The component buffers 340 may be enabled or disabled using enable switches 348, 358. When the example PMB circuitry 300 is enabled, switch 348 allows the gate of PMOS transistor to be set to VcalP, the PMOS portion of the calibration bias voltage. When disabled, switch 348 pulls the gate of transistor 344 to Vdd (high). Similarly, switch 358 allows the gate of transistor 354 to be set to VcalN, the NMOS portion of the calibration bias voltage, when the PMB circuitry is enabled. When disabled, switch 358 pull the gate of transistor 354 to ground (low).
The replica circuitry 320 may provide the calibration bias voltage to the multiple component buffer circuits 340. The calibration voltage may comprise a differential voltage. The opposing voltages, VcalP and VcalN, making up the calibration bias voltage may be provided by a positive complement circuit 321, and a negative complement circuit 331. In some implementations, the complement circuits 321, 331 may provide a common bias voltage to multiple component buffer circuits 340. In other words, the component buffer circuits 340 may be coupled to the replica circuitry 320 in parallel such that individual instances of the component buffer circuits receive the same calibration bias voltage. The positive complement (PC) circuit 321 may include a structurally-matched (SM) PMOS circuit 322. The SM-PMOS circuit 322 may structurally match the PMOS circuit 342 of the component buffer circuits 340. The transistors 324, 326 of SM-PMOS circuit 322 may include transistors matched in type and operation to transistors 344 and 346 of NMOS circuit 352.
In some implementations, the current response of the SM-PMOS circuit 322 may be similar to that of PMOS circuit 342. For example, the SM-PMOS circuit 322 may exhibit the similar process variation to that of the PMOS circuit 342 because they are fabricated on the same integrated circuit. For example, if PMOS circuit 342 is fast because of process variation, SM-PMOS circuit 322 may also be fast.
In some implementations, VcalP, which is supplied to the gates of transistors 324, 344, may be regulated by split circuit 327 and calibrated resistor 329. The calibrated resistor 329 may be a resistor having a known, controlled resistance. For example, the calibrated resistor 329 may include multiple switchable component resistors which may be switched on or off to change the final total value of the resistance.
The split circuit 327 may include identical resistors 328. The identical resistors 328 have the same resistance such that terminal 372 of op-amp 370 may be held at a reference voltage, 0.5 Vdd. In other words, terminal 372 is held halfway between the supply voltage (Vdd) and ground (GND). Terminal 374 may be pulled to the reference voltage, 0.5 Vdd, by the operation of the op-amp. The current flowing through calibrated resistor 329 is defined by the resistance calibrated resistor and the known voltage at terminal 374, 0.5 Vdd. Therefore, VcalP may be the voltage that supplies the defined current. If transistors 324, 326 are fast or slow, the value of VcalP corresponding to the defined current may change accordingly. If transistors 324, 326 are fast/slow then transistors 344, 346 will also be fast/slow and the adjustment to VcalP may compensate for this process variation.
NMOS Complement (NC) circuit 331 may operate similarly to PC circuit 321. NC circuit 331 may include SM-NMOS circuit 332, which is structurally matched to NMOS circuit 354. NC circuit may further include split circuit 337 and calibrated resistor 339 to regulate VcalN. Op-amp 380 may hold terminal 374 at 0.5 Vdd and supply VcaIN in accord with the current defined by 0.5 Vdd and the resistance of calibrated resistor 339.
In the example PMB circuit 300, the PC circuit 321, as shown, sets the buffer threshold point at the reference voltage, 0.5 Vdd. In various implementations, other threshold points may be used. However, 0.5 Vdd may be an advantageous selection since split circuit 327 may produce 0.5 Vdd at terminal 372 regardless of the process variation of identical resistors 328. For other threshold values, identical resistors 328 may be set to different resistance values. Similarly differing resistance values for identical resistors 338 may be used in split circuit 337 of NC circuit 331.
FIG. 4 shows example PMT circuitry 400. In the example PMT circuitry 400, an input node 402 distributes a clock signal to paths 420, 440 situated in parallel. The fine tuning path 420 may include capacitance buffer circuitry 422, which may provide a tunable capacitance. The tunable capacitance may be implemented using a set 424 of component capacitors coupled to respective component buffer circuits making up a variable buffer 426.
The individual buffer circuits of the variable buffer 426 may accept individual enable signals from the timing circuitry 499. The enable signals may enable or disable the component buffer/component capacitor pairs. Enabling component capacitors may cause a relative advancement of the clock signal at the output node 404. In various implementations, the component buffer circuits of the variable buffer may be selected to provide a current response large enough to drive the component capacitors across all process corners. Selecting such component buffer circuits may result in the component capacitors to provide the largest portion of the process variation of the capacitance buffer circuitry 422. In other words, the speed of the capacitance buffer circuitry 422 may reflect the speed of the component capacitors, which may have lower process variation than transistor or resistor elements in the capacitance buffer circuitry. Additionally or alternatively, the component buffer circuits of the variable buffer 426 may be calibrated using replica circuitry and function as PMB circuitry 300, as described above.
The coarse tuning path 440 may combine with the fine tuning path 420 at the output node 404. The combined signal from the paths 420, 440 may form the output of the PMT circuitry 400.
The coarse tuning path 440 may include impedance buffer circuitry 442. The impedance buffer circuitry 442 includes PMB circuitry 300. The impedance buffer circuitry 442 generates a calibrated current response that corresponds to a selected impedance. The impedance buffer circuitry may include component buffer circuits 340 which may be enabled or disabled by the timing circuitry.
In some implementations, various instances of the component buffer circuits 340 may be fixed in an enabled or disabled state. For example, a portion of the component buffer circuits 340 may by fixed in the enabled or disabled state and a second portion may be selectively and individually enabled and disabled by the timing circuitry 399. The timing circuitry 499 may switch individual instances of the component buffer circuits 340 to tune the selected impedance of the impedance buffer circuitry 442. Increasing the number of enabled component buffer circuits 340 may reduce the output impedance of the impedance buffer circuitry and cause a relative advancement of the clock signal. In various implementations, enabling or disabling a circuit of the impedance buffer circuitry 442 may have a larger effect on the clock signal than enabling or disabling a circuit of the capacitance buffer circuitry. Thus, coarse timing adjustment may be achieved through impedance buffer circuitry and fine timing adjustment may be achieved through the capacitance buffer circuitry.
The timing circuitry 499 may receive a timing error signal. The timing error signal may include an indication of the synchronization status of the device that is controlled by the clock signal output of the PMT circuitry. Based on the indication, the timing circuitry may enable or disable component capacitor—buffer pairs of the capacitance buffer circuitry 422 and/or component buffer circuits of the impedance buffer circuitry 442. For example, the timing circuitry 499 may adjust the capacitance buffer circuitry 422 and impedance buffer circuitry to reduce the timing error signal. However, virtually any signal scheme for indicating timing synchronization may be used.
In some implementations, the PMT circuitry may have a range over which the PMT circuitry may adjust the timing and a fine tuning step which may be used to traverse the range. For example, a range of on the order of picoseconds may be stepped through at a fine tuning step size of tens of femtoseconds. Other ranges and fine tuning step sizes may be used. In various implementations, the process variation mitigation of the PMT circuitry may ensure that the range and step are similar across the PMT circuitry in a group of time-interleaved ADCs.
FIG. 5 shows example logic 500 for adjusting signal timing. The timing circuitry 499 may receive a timing error signal (502). The timing circuitry 499 may determine the coarse tuning range and the fine tuning range (504). The timing circuitry 499 may determine the step size for the coarse steps and fine steps (506). Based on timing error signal the timing circuitry may determine a timing synchronization mismatch (508). Based on the determined mismatch, ranges, and/or step sizes, the timing circuitry 499 may determine whether to adjust the fine tuning or coarse tuning, or both (510). In some cases, when both fine tuning and coarse tuning are determined to performed, the timing circuitry 499 may also determine the order for preforming the fine tuning and the coarse tuning (512).
When fine tuning is determined to be performed, the timing circuitry 499 may adjust the capacitance of the fine tuning path 420 (514). To adjust the fine tuning, the timing circuitry may determine the number of fine tuning steps to use (516). Once the number of fine tuning steps is determined, the timing circuitry 499 may send enable or disable signals to a corresponding number of component capacitors (518). When coarse tuning is determined to be performed, the timing circuitry 499 may adjust the impedance of the course tuning path 440 (520). To adjust the coarse tuning, the timing circuitry may determine the number coarse tuning steps to use (522). Once the number of fine tuning steps is determined, the timing circuitry 499 may send enable or disable signals to a corresponding number of component buffer circuits 340 (524). After adjustment, the timing circuitry 499 may continue to monitor the timing error signal (526). If the timing error signal continues to indicate a timing synchronization mismatch, the timing circuitry may return to 508.
In some implementations, the timing circuitry 499 may perform adjustment without first determining a specific adjustment to execute. For example, the timing circuitry may adjust the capacitance of the capacitance buffer circuitry 422 until reaching the end of a range of adjustment. After reaching the end of the range for fine tuning, the timing circuitry may return the fine tuning circuitry to a mid-point of its range and increment the coarse tuning circuitry. The timing circuitry may continue alternating fine and coarse adjustment until the timing mismatch is minimized.
In the implementation shown in FIG. 2, the target timing points are evenly distributed. In various implementations, other target timing point distributions may be used.
The methods, devices, processing, and logic described above may be implemented in many different ways and in many different combinations of hardware and software. For example, all or parts of the implementations may be circuitry that includes an instruction processor, such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU), microcontroller, or a microprocessor; an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Programmable Logic Device (PLD), or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA); or circuitry that includes discrete logic or other circuit components, including analog circuit components, digital circuit components or both; or any combination thereof. The circuitry may include discrete interconnected hardware components and/or may be combined on a single integrated circuit die, distributed among multiple integrated circuit dies, or implemented in a Multiple Chip Module (MCM) of multiple integrated circuit dies in a common package, as examples.
The circuitry may further include or access instructions for execution by the circuitry. The instructions may be stored in a tangible storage medium that is other than a transitory signal, such as a flash memory, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM); or on a magnetic or optical disc, such as a Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CDROM), Hard Disk Drive (HDD), or other magnetic or optical disk; or in or on another machine-readable medium. A product, such as a computer program product, may include a storage medium and instructions stored in or on the medium, and the instructions when executed by the circuitry in a device may cause the device to implement any of the processing described above or illustrated in the drawings.
The implementations may be distributed as circuitry among multiple system components, such as among multiple processors and memories, optionally including multiple distributed processing systems. Parameters, databases, and other data structures may be separately stored and managed, may be incorporated into a single memory or database, may be logically and physically organized in many different ways, and may be implemented in many different ways, including as data structures such as linked lists, hash tables, arrays, records, objects, or implicit storage mechanisms. Programs may be parts (e.g., subroutines) of a single program, separate programs, distributed across several memories and processors, or implemented in many different ways, such as in a library, such as a shared library (e.g., a Dynamic Link Library (DLL)). The DLL, for example, may store instructions that perform any of the processing described above or illustrated in the drawings, when executed by the circuitry.
Various implementations have been specifically described. However, many other implementations are also possible.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A circuit, comprising:

a clock output node;

a clock input node;

replica circuitry comprising a calibrated resistor, the replica circuitry configured to:

produce a reference voltage from a supply voltage input; and

generate a calibrated voltage using the reference voltage and calibrated resistor;

impedance buffer circuitry coupled to the clock input node and the clock output node, and configured to:

receive the calibrated voltage; and

apply the calibrated voltage as a bias to produce a calibrated impedance coupled to the clock output node; and

capacitance buffer circuitry coupled to the clock input node and the clock output node, and comprising an output capacitance coupled to the calibrated impedance.