US20140115956A1

US20140115956A1 - Torrefaction and partial pyrolysis to produce fuel pellets with counter current flow of tar

Info

Publication number: US20140115956A1
Application number: US14/125,103
Authority: US
Inventors: Kim Dam-Johansen; Peter Arendt Jensen
Original assignee: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Current assignee: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Priority date: 2011-06-10
Filing date: 2012-06-11
Publication date: 2014-05-01
Also published as: CA2838571A1; BR112013031642A2; RU2014100166A; WO2012167796A8; BR112013031655A2; CN103649280A; EP2718409A1; US20140109468A1; EP2718409A4; RU2014100163A; WO2012167795A1; CN103687934A; WO2012167796A1; EP2718408A1; EP2718408A4; CA2838760A1

Abstract

The present application discloses a continuous process for the preparation of fuel pellets, said process comprising the steps of a) feeding a feedstock to a torrefaction and partial pyrolysis step at a temperature in the range from 250° C. to 500° C., whereby a solid char and volatile fraction are obtained, said volatile fraction comprising a tar fraction; b) directing the evolved volatile fraction as counter current stream relative to the stream of the feedstock, and at least partially condensing the volatile fraction on the incoming feedstock so as to obtain a tar-rich fraction combined with the incoming feedstock; and c) pelletization of the combined solid char/tar-rich fraction so as to obtain said fuel pellets. Novel fuel pellets are also disclosed.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of fuel pellets production based on various sources of feedstock, e.g. biomass and waste.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bergman and Kiel, “Torrefaction for Biomass Upgrading”, 14^thEuropean Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 17-21 October 2005, discloses a process of torrefaction of biomass, separation of the volatiles, and cooling of the torrified biomass. It is suggested that the torrified biomass may undergo size reduction and pelletization.
Bergman et al., “Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations—“Biocoal””, ECN-C-05-013, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), 2005, discloses a process of torrefaction of biomass at a temperature of about 280° C., wherein the torrified biomass is cooled and the torrefaction gas is combusted and used for drying the biomass and as a heat supplement for the torrefaction process.
Bergman, “Combined torrefaction and pelletisation—The TOP process”, ECN-C-05-073, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), 2005, discloses a process of torrefaction of biomass at a temperature of 250-300° C. and subsequent pelletization.
In Gilbert et al., “Effect of process parameters on pelletisation of herbaceous crops”, Fuel 88 (2009), 1491-1497, a study of pelletisation under various conditions is reported. It was concluded that torrifaction of grass was not an attractive pre-process as the pellets were very brittle and possessed little mechanical strength and reduced bulk density. It was mentioned that heavy pyrolysis oil has a potential for use as a binding material which can significantly increase the strength and durability of the pellets.
WO 2010/129988 A1 discloses a process for the preparation of fuel pellet, wherein a feedstock is subjected to torrefaction and/or partial pyrolysis at at temperature in the range from 250 to 500° C., whereby a solid char and a volatile fraction are obtained. The volatile fraction is used for heating of a mixer vessel. The condensed tar may subsequently be combined with the solid char.
EP 2,287,278 A2 discloses torrefaction of biomass, whereby a solid fraction is directed to a cooler. A rotary valve ensures that the volatile is not allowed to enter the cooler, but is instead fed to a combustion unit.
US 2009/007484 A1 discloses an apparatus and process for converting biomass feed materials into reusable carbonaceous and hydrocarbon products. The biomass may be torrified and the volatile fraction is condensed in one or a series of condensors. The solid material may be pelletized.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In this text char is defined as biomass or waste with a high organic fraction that has been exposed to a temperature of minimum 200° C.
The present invention provides a process for providing fuel pellets based on biomass or waste that can be optimized for use in power plant boilers (grate, fluid bed or suspension fired), district heating boilers, small pellet stoves, industrial process furnaces, kilns and boilers, small-scale heating devices, and barbeque grills. The pellets may be utilized as a global trading product. Process steps to control pellet heating value density, pellet milling properties, particle size in pellet and pellet ash properties may be included. From the end-user's point of view, the following pellets properties are attractive, namely i) a high heating value density to minimize transport costs, ii) a high pellet stability and hydrophobic properties of the pellets which make handling simple, minimized dust problems, and thereby reduce the risk of self-ignition and provide the option of out-door storage even in wet climates; iii) the option of easy grinding of the pellets in a mill e.g. a coal mill to obtain a small particle size; and iv) acceptable pellet ash properties so that ash deposition, corrosion and flue gas cleanings equipment interference are minimized and residual product utilization is possible.
Hence, the present invention provides a continuous process for the preparation of fuel pellets, said process comprising the steps of
a) feeding a feedstock to a torrefaction and partial pyrolysis step in a reactor at a temperature in the range from 250° C. to 500° C., whereby a solid char and a volatile fraction are obtained, said volatile fraction comprising a tar fraction;
b) directing the evolved volatile fraction as a counter current stream in the reactor relative to the stream of the feedstock, and at least partially condensing the volatile fraction on the incoming feedstock so as to obtain a tar-rich fraction combined with the feedstock; and
c) pelletization of the combined solid char and (reheated) tar-rich fraction so as to obtain said fuel pellets.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the overall process where tar condensation is arranged counter currently such that tar is condensed already onto the incoming feeding material. Generally, FIG. 1 illustrates the overall process for the preparation of fuel pellets. The shown process can provide torrified pellets with optimal properties for different uses. The process may include several steps as shown in FIG. 1 and the process can be implemented by use of a variable number of process steps. The total process may include torrefaction, size reduction of torrified material, cooling, condensation of tar and separation of gas, possible addition of additives and pelletization. The needed heating (for process A in FIG. 1) can possibly be provided by combustion of the evolved gasses or by another energy source. The heat transfer to the feedstock can be provided by a hot metal surface, by superheated steam, by bed material e.g. sand, by a flue gas depleted of oxygen or by a material such as ceramic or metal balls or elements of irregular shapes.

FIG. 2 illustrates the implementation of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1 by use of a screw type reactor. A screw unit and a pelletizer are combined, but it should be understood that the invention also encompasses where such units are used in sequence without being build together. The feedstock is transported into the pelletizing unit by the screw feeder. In the first part of the screw feeder, the feedstock is heated to a pre-set temperature to release tar and gas and obtain more fragile properties of the solid char. The residence time is defined by the rotation velocity of the screw feeder and the dimension of the screw unit. The volatiles are lead backwards toward the fuel feeding, the tar is condensed on the incoming feedstock and the gas is released near the solid fuel inlet. Finally the combination of the reheated tar and solid char is pelletized.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As mentioned above, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of fuel pellets in which a feedstock undergoes torrefaction and partial pyrolysis, and wherein produced tar is combined with the in-coming feedstock and the product in form of char and reheated tar are pelletized.
The process can be implemented with a screw type reactor is shown in FIG. 2.
The Feedstock
The process of the present invention may be applied using a wide variety of feedstock, e.g. a biomass material or waste, including herbaceous biomass such as straw and grains, wood biomass including hard and softwood, as well as in principle all waste types with a significant (>10 wt %) organic fraction, or any mixtures of such feedstock. Preferably, the feedstock has an organic content of at least 15 wt %, such as at least 20 wt %, e.g. at least 40 wt %, or at least 60 wt %.
In one currently preferred embodiment, the feed stock is a biomass material. Many preferred biomass materials have an organic content of at least 80 wt %, such as at least 90 wt %.
Preferred types of feedstock include straw, grains, hard wood, soft wood, and dried sewage sludge. In some embodiments, the feedstock is wood (typically ash content 0.3 to 3 wt %), annual biomass (typically ash content 3 (or 4) to 10 wt %), or more variable organic waste materials such as waste wood or dried sewage sludge.
Preferably, the water-content of the feedstock is reduced to 2-15 wt % prior to the torrefaction and partial pyrolysis process of step a) below. Reduction of the water content may be obtained in the first process step by steam drying, heating, compression or centrifugation.
Hence, in one embodiment of the process, step a) (see immediately below) is preceded by a drying step wherein the water-content of the feedstock is reduced to less than 10 wt %.
Step a)
After a possible drying the first step of the process includes a combined torrefaction and partial pyrolysis process (see also Process A in FIG. 1).
The torrefaction process is carried out by heating the feedstock in a suitable reactor in an inert atmosphere or an atmosphere with less than 0.5 Vol % O₂up to a temperature from 200° C. to 300° C. The atmosphere typically consists of the evolved volatiles, N₂, CO₂, steam or a flue gas depleted of oxygen. The residence time of the feedstock in the reactor at temperatures for torrefaction is typically between 0.5 seconds and 2 hours.
Typically, a solid char product yield after torrefaction of 50 to 90 wt % is obtained containing 70-90% of the feedstock heating value. The residual product is a volatile fraction (a gas) rich in CO, CO₂and water with smaller contents of H₂and some light hydrocarbons, and possible small amounts of tar.
At higher temperatures, i.e. from 300° C. to 500° C., the process is defined as a partial pyrolysis process. The residence time of the feedstock in the reactor at temperatures for partial pyrolysis is typically from 0.5 second to 1 hour.
The solid char product yield after partial pyrolysis is typically from 15 to 85 wt % depending on process conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time). The evolved volatiles (i.e. the volatile fraction) contain both a gas and a condensable fraction of tar rich in oxygenated hydrocarbons. The tar yield can be in the range from 2 to 65 wt % of the feedstock depending on operation conditions.
It should be understood that the border-line between torrefaction and partial pyrolysis is somewhat theoretical, because it is found that the volatile fraction of a torrefaction process already from about 250° C. may comprise tar.
The present invention combines the torrefaction and partial pyrolysis so as to obtain a suitable amount of tar. Hence, the optimal torrefaction/pyrolysis reactor operation temperature is a compromise between two objectives. The temperature shall be sufficiently high to obtain a sufficient yield of tars and thereby to obtain pellets with adequate quality. Also the char yield shall be as high as possible to obtain a maximum of the feedstock energy content transferred to the fuel pellets. Generally, the char yield decrease and the tar yield increase with increasing reactor temperature. It is not possible to define a generally applicable optimal reactor temperature for all types of feedstock. However, previously conducted studies indicate that the optimal temperatures may be in the range of 250 to 500° C. The actual optimal reactor temperature is dependent on the applied feedstock and reactor type.
However, in some preferred embodiments, the torrefaction and partial pyrolysis involves that the feedstock is subjected to a maximum temperature in the range from 250° C. to 500° C., such as from 260° C. to 490° C., e.g. from 270° C. to 480° C., or from 280° C. to 475° C., or from 290° C. to 470° C., or from 300° C. to 460° C., preferably from 310° C. to 450° C., or from 320° C. to 450° C., or from 330° C. to 450° C., or from 340° C. to 450° C., or from 350° C. to 450° C. In other embodiments, the feedstock is subjected to a temperature in the range from 250° C. to 400° C., such as from 260° C. to 390° C., e.g. from 270° C. to 380° C., or from 280° C. to 360° C., or from 290° C. to 350° C.
The combined torrefaction and partial pyrolysis is typically allowed to proceed for a total period from 2 seconds to 2 hour, such as from 10 seconds to 90 minutes, such as from 4 minutes to 90 minutes, or from 6 minutes to 70 minutes, e.g. from 8 minutes to 50 minutes.
A possible method to control the quality of the obtained pellets could be to use an instrument that determines the amount of condensable products in the volatiles fraction. The instrument could determine the amount of condensed material by cooling the volatile fraction to e.g. 110° C.
The torrefaction process and the partial pyrolysis process may be run as separate processes in the same or separate reactors. However, preferably, the processes are run sequentially, e.g. by using a temperature gradient. The processes is implemented (as illustrated in FIG. 1) with counter current flow conditions (as illustrated in FIG. 2 and “Preferred embodiment of the process” below).
Hence, in some embodiments, the feedstock is heated for up to 2 hours. Within this embodiment, the exit temperature at completion of the torrefaction and partial pyrolysis process typically is in the range from 300° C. to 450° C.
A heat source is needed to facilitate the torrefaction and partial pyrolysis process. Heat may be supplied by heat transfer through a metal wall, by an intermediate heat carrier such as sand, ceramic, concrete or metal balls, steam, CO₂or by a flue gas nearly depleted of oxygen. Heat can be generated by using the gas developed in process step a), by using heat from other processes or by using a separate fuel supply.
A possible size reduction of the char may be performed (see Process B in FIG. 1) in order to obtain a more homogeneous char fraction with reduced particle size. This could be as a separate process step or integrated with the torrefaction and/or partial pyrolysis processes.
The output stream from step a) (see Process A (and Process B) in FIG. 1) is a solid char and the volatile fraction (volatile constituents at the exit temperature). The volatile fraction comprises gasses, water and tar. In the present context, “gasses” are defined as the fraction of the volatiles which is still in the gas phase at 25° C. and 1 atm.
One interesting fraction of the volatile fraction is the tar fraction, which will be discussed further in connection with step b) below.
The torrefaction/pyrolysis process can be implemented by use of a range of different reactors, some examples are provided:

- Single or multiple screw reactors. An example is shown in FIG. 2. The process heat may be provided by external heating of the screw channel wall, by heating the screw or by injection of superheated steam.
- Ball mills or rotary kiln type reactors. The feedstock can be simultaneously grinded and heated. Heat for the process can be provided with external heating, steam, heating of metal or ceramic balls, by other heat carrying materials or by injection of a sub-stoichiometric hot flue gas. Both the feedstock drying and torrefaction/pyrolysis units are based on rotary kiln technology.
- Fluidized bed reactors, bubbling bed or circulation fluidized reactors. Heat can be provided by combustion in a separate secondary bed and hot solids are then mixed with the feedstock in a primary bed.
- Fixed or moving bed reactors. The fuel is exposed to a counter flow of hot flue gas. The exit gas is cooled whereby tar is provided. Char is removed from the bottom part of the reactor. Hot flue gas is provided by combustion of a part of the evolved gas or/and char.

Step b)
An essential feature of the step b) is that the tar-rich fraction is combined with the incoming feedstock by leading the volatile fraction counter-stream relative to the stream of the feedstock. Hence, the evolved volatile fraction (gas and tar) is directed backwards (as a counter current stream relative to the stream of the relatively cooler feedstock), whereby the volatile fraction (including the tar-rich fraction) at least partially condenses on the incoming feedstock so as to obtain a tar-rich fraction combined with the incoming feedstock, i.e. the tar-rich fraction thus is allowed to condense on the incoming feedstock before the incoming feedstock undergoes combined torrefaction and partial pyrolysis (see Process C1 in FIG. 1B; no direct cooling is normally needed because the feedstock may provide the cooling effect).
The tar-rich fraction is typically condensed when cooling from the temperature of step a) (i.e. the torrefaction/partial pyrolysis temperature (such as about 350° C.)) to a temperature of 50-150° C. In many practical embodiments, no external cooling is necessary, because the volatile fraction is directed as a counter current stream relative to the stream of the feedstock and thereby is cooled by the incoming feedstock. This is believed to constitute an energy-efficient heating of the feedstock and cooling of the volatile fraction.
It is envisaged that a volatile fraction of the tar will re-evaporate (in Process A) and will partly re-condensed (in Process C1) and partly be converted to a gas, whereas another part of the tar will undergo polymerisation after condensation and heating, so that it will remain on the solid char after Process A, and will subsequently be cooled (Process C2). Hence, it should be understood that a minor part of the volatile fraction may escape to the section of the reactor for cooling of the solid char, whereby a minor fraction (e.g. typically less than 20%) of the tar-rich fraction may condense in Process C2.
Water can be condensed upon cooling to a temperature below 100° C. i.e. below the water drew point temperature. In some embodiments, it is desirable to allow water to become condensed together with the tar-rich fraction in that the presence of water will facilitate the pellet formation (step c)).
In some embodiments, any gasses from the volatile fraction from which the tar-rich fraction is condensed, may be combusted so as to provide energy to any drying of the feedstock or to the torrefaction and partial pyrolysis process. Hence, the evolved gas may be used to provide heat for, e.g., process step a).
The cooling step, if necessary, can depending on temperature be utilized for power or heat production, e.g. by heat exchange with appropriate water or steam cycles.
For some types of feedstock (typically alkali rich feedstock) and for some applications of the fuel pellets, it may be advantageous to combine additives (see Process D in FIGS. 1 and 1B) with the solid char (and the tar), which in a combustion process can bind alkali metals or other species and make them less harmful.
Hence, in some embodiments, it is—for the purpose of making optimal pellets for different combustion and gasification units—advantageous that the pellets are formulated by addition of additives (see Process D in FIG. 1) prior to pelletization. The additives may be clay minerals, lime stone, bleaching soil, sewage sludge or other waste products. Generally materials containing more than 5 wt % of one or several of the following elements may be used: S, P, Al, Si and Ca. The additives are provided so as to modify the properties of the pellets, e.g. such that ash deposition and corrosion problems during pellet combustion are minimized. Additives promoting/catalyzing the tar curing process may also be added.
Examples of pellets formulations may include:
A. Prevention of slagging in the bottom part of small scale pellet stoves. Often melting of bottom ash appears in the bottom part of pellet stoves whereby fuel feeding is disturbed. An addition of calcium containing species may increase the melting temperature of the produced bottom ash. Addition of limestone to obtain a molar ratio of Ca/K more than 2 in the fuel pellets will often be sufficiently to prevent bottom ash slagging.
B. When biomass based pellets are used in large dust fired power plant boilers problems with severe deposit formation on the super heaters may be observed. This makes problems both with accumulation of deposits and corrosion of super-heater tubes. Addition of sufficiently amounts of minerals rich in Si and Al may remedy those problems. Obtaining a fuel pellet with a molar ratio of more than 2.5 of (Si+Al)/(K+Na) may significantly reduce problems.
Any additives may be combined with the solid char before, in combination with, or after combination of the solid char with the tar-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the additives may even be fed together with the feedstock.
Step c)
In step c) of the process (see Process E in FIG. 1), the combination of the solid char (preferably in particulate form after grinding), the condensed and (reheated) tar-rich fraction (see above) and any additives (see step b) is pelletised.
Keeping of the material at a temperature in the range from 50° C. to 100° C. of the pelletizing process may increase pellet stability and hardness.
The pelletizing is conducted using conventional equipment, e.g. an Andritz sprount pellet mill, using conventional conditions.
The pelletizing may be followed by a curing step in order to harden the pellets, e.g. by curing the tar.
Preferably step a) and step b) of the process are run as a continuous process. In some interesting embodiments hereof, step a), step b) and step c) of the process are run as a continuous process.
Preferred Embodiment
Hence, the present invention also provides a continuous process for the preparation of fuel pellets, said process comprising the steps of
a. feeding a feedstock, preferably a biomass selected from wood, to a torrefaction and partial pyrolysis step at a temperature in the range from 250° C. to 500° C., such as 250-400° C., e.g. 300-350° C., whereby a solid char and a volatile fraction are obtained, said volatile fraction comprising a tar fraction;
b. directing the evolved volatile fraction counter current stream relative to the stream of the feedstock, and at least partially condensing the volatile fraction on the incoming feedstock so as to obtain a tar-rich condensed fraction combined with the incoming feedstock; and
c. pelletization of the combined solid char and (reheated)tar-rich fraction so as to obtain said fuel pellets.
The product can advantageously be stored and transported with high stability and the pellets can be used as fuel in a pulverized fired power plant boiler.
Pellets
The primary demands for an adequate pellet quality is a pellet that is hydrophobic and does not fragment significantly during transportation. Hence, the pellets should also have suitable mechanical strength, e.g. defined as the tensile strength thereof. The tensile strength can be measured using a tensometer for compression of a pellet in the radial direction, cf. the method described by da Rocha SSHF, “Mechanical evaluation for the quality control of biomass pellets and briquettes. In: Proceedings of the second world conference on pellets, Jönköping, Sweden; 2006, 183-187.
It appears that useful pellets preferably have a tensile strength of at least 100 kPa, such as at least 200 kPa, e.g. at least 300 kPa. Very attractive pellets are those having a tensile strength of at least 400 kPa, such as at least 500 kPa, or at least 600 kPa, or at least 700 kPa.
Hence, it is believed that the pellets obtained by the above process are novel as such. Hence, the present invention also provides a fuel pellet comprising a solid char, tar, and, optionally, one or more additives, said solid char and said tar being obtained by torrefaction and partial pyrolysis of a feedstock at a temperature from 250° C. to 500° C. Preferably, the pellet has a tensile strength of at least 100 kPa.
The pellets prepared according to the invention can be grinded with low energy consumption and is thereby optimal to use in suspension fired boilers. Moreover, the pellets can be stored under out-door conditions on moist regions of the world, e.g. in the Scandinavian countries.
Use of Pellets
The pellets prepared according to the invention can be provided to a national or an international market with end-uses in: power plant boilers (grate, fluid bed or suspension fired), district heating boilers, small pellet stoves, industrial process furnaces, kilns and boilers, small-scale heating devices, and barbeque grills.

Claims

1. A continuous process for the preparation of fuel pellets, said process comprising the steps of

a. feeding a feedstock to a torrefaction and partial pyrolysis step in a reactor at a temperature in the range from 250° C. to 500° C., whereby a solid char and a volatile fraction are obtained, said volatile fraction comprising a tar fraction;

b. directing the evolved volatile fraction as a counter current stream in the reactor relative to the stream of the incoming feedstock, and at least partially condensing the volatile fraction on the incoming feedstock so as to obtain a tar-rich fraction combined with the feedstock; and

c. pelletization of the combined solid char and (reheated) tar-rich fraction so as to obtain said fuel pellets.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the gas is released near the solid feedstock inlet.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the process further comprises size reduction of the solid char, wherein the size reduction takes place as a part of step a) and/or immediately subsequent to step a).

4-6. (canceled)

7. The process according to claim 2, wherein the process further comprises size reduction of the solid char, wherein the size reduction takes place as a part of step a) and/or immediately subsequent to step a).

8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the water in an amount of up to 0-15 wt % by weight of the solid char is combined with the solid char in step c).

9. The process according to claim 2, wherein the water in an amount of up to 0-15 wt % by weight of the solid char is combined with the solid char in step c).

10. The process according to claim 3, wherein the water in an amount of up to 0-15 wt % by weight of the solid char is combined with the solid char in step c).

11. The process according to claim 7, wherein the water in the amount of up to 0-15 wt % by weight of the solid char is combined with the solid char in step c).

12. The process according to claim 1, wherein additives are provided in the pellets so as to modify the properties of the pellets.

13. The process according to claim 2, wherein additives are provided in the pellets so as to modify the properties of the pellets.

14. The process according to claim 3, wherein additives are provided in the pellets so as to modify the properties of the pellets.

15. The process according to claim 8, wherein additives are provided in the pellets so as to modify the properties of the pellets.

16. A fuel pellet comprising a solid char, a tar, and, optionally, one or more additives, said solid char and tar being obtained by torrefaction and partial pyrolysis of a feedstock at a temperature from 250° C. to 500° C., wherein said pellet has a tensile strength of at least 100 kPa.