US20140113112A1 - Microcapillary films containing phase change materials - Google Patents
Microcapillary films containing phase change materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140113112A1 US20140113112A1 US14/123,904 US201214123904A US2014113112A1 US 20140113112 A1 US20140113112 A1 US 20140113112A1 US 201214123904 A US201214123904 A US 201214123904A US 2014113112 A1 US2014113112 A1 US 2014113112A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- phase change
- film
- change materials
- channels
- percent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000012782 phase change material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 109
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 67
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 54
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 37
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 35
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 27
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 23
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 20
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 13
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 9
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 7
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical class [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-prop-2-enylphenol Chemical group C1=C(CC=C)C(O)=CC=C1C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=C(O)C(CC=C)=C1 QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 5
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DHRRIBDTHFBPNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dichloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] DHRRIBDTHFBPNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical class [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical class O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical class [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 125000004980 cyclopropylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- TVTCXPXLRKTHAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Myristyl methyl ketone Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)=O TVTCXPXLRKTHAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZYPYEBYNXWUCEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N camphenilone Chemical compound C1CC2C(=O)C(C)(C)C1C2 ZYPYEBYNXWUCEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940070765 laurate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- HOWGUJZVBDQJKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl-nonadecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC HOWGUJZVBDQJKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YHQXBTXEYZIYOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbut-1-ene Chemical compound CC(C)C=C YHQXBTXEYZIYOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LDTAOIUHUHHCMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylpent-1-ene Chemical compound CCC(C)C=C LDTAOIUHUHHCMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMIIGOLPHOKFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-phenylpropionic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 XMIIGOLPHOKFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXDAEFPNCMNJSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KXDAEFPNCMNJSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical class [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920010126 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical class [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZERHIULMFGESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-phenylacetamide Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 FZERHIULMFGESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FMRLDPWIRHBCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Zinc carbonate Chemical class [Zn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O FMRLDPWIRHBCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010428 baryte Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052601 baryte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000013871 bee wax Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=C1 WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001175 calcium sulphate Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- CRPUJAZIXJMDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N camphene Chemical compound C1CC2C(=C)C(C)(C)C1C2 CRPUJAZIXJMDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCl FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940106681 chloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SQNZJJAZBFDUTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N durene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C(C)C=C1C SQNZJJAZBFDUTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920006213 ethylene-alphaolefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FNAZRRHPUDJQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N henicosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC FNAZRRHPUDJQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BJQWYEJQWHSSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptacosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BJQWYEJQWHSSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WTJKUFMLQFLJOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecan-9-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCCCC WTJKUFMLQFLJOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NDJKXXJCMXVBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC NDJKXXJCMXVBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HMSWAIKSFDFLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexacosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC HMSWAIKSFDFLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical class [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000012245 magnesium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000012243 magnesium silicates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940091250 magnesium supplement Drugs 0.000 description 2
- MFUVDXOKPBAHMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;dinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MFUVDXOKPBAHMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSQLTHHMFHEFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl behenate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC QSQLTHHMFHEFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940105132 myristate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ZBJVLWIYKOAYQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalen-2-yl 2-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC1=CC=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1 ZBJVLWIYKOAYQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQERIDTXQFOHKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC LQERIDTXQFOHKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZYURHZPYMFLWSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octacosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC ZYURHZPYMFLWSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZJRJXONCZWCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC RZJRJXONCZWCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- YKNWIILGEFFOPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentacosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC YKNWIILGEFFOPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003245 polyoctenamer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006126 semicrystalline polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RSIJVJUOQBWMIM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfate decahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RSIJVJUOQBWMIM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- POOSGDOYLQNASK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC POOSGDOYLQNASK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MGSRCZKZVOBKFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N thymol Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1O MGSRCZKZVOBKFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FIGVVZUWCLSUEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC FIGVVZUWCLSUEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IIYFAKIEWZDVMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC IIYFAKIEWZDVMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DUXYWXYOBMKGIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimyristin Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC DUXYWXYOBMKGIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tristearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010456 wollastonite Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011667 zinc carbonate Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000004416 zinc carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000010 zinc carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- DAVHYGRQIMGCKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-diamino-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound NC(O)(C(CO)(CO)CO)N DAVHYGRQIMGCKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZLMRJZAHXYRIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxepane Chemical compound C1CCOCOC1 CZLMRJZAHXYRIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZHIDJWUJRKHGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene Chemical compound ClCC1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 ZZHIDJWUJRKHGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWDCHWKTXIDULS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-amino-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound NC(O)C(CO)(CO)CO YWDCHWKTXIDULS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RJKGJBPXVHTNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitronaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=CC2=C1 RJKGJBPXVHTNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-undecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC=C DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BRXKVEIJEXJBFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylbutane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCC(C)C(CO)(CO)CO BRXKVEIJEXJBFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBFBFJVRBIGLND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCC(CO)(CO)CO HBFBFJVRBIGLND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDKLKNJTMLIAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2OC=C(C=O)N=2)=C1 BDKLKNJTMLIAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXFQFBNBSPQBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(N)(C)CO UXFQFBNBSPQBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RNNZTHKVAQBLJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-heptan-3-yl-4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C1OC(C)CC(C)(C)O1 RNNZTHKVAQBLJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPJCXCZTLWNFOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitroaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O DPJCXCZTLWNFOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-PPJXEINESA-N 2-phenylacetic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-PPJXEINESA-N 0.000 description 1
- WACQLQIAUWURGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)C(O)=O WACQLQIAUWURGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZFGOTFRPZRKDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 GZFGOTFRPZRKDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZUKKIPWIPZMAS-UHFFFAOYSA-K Ammonium alum Chemical compound [NH4+].O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O WZUKKIPWIPZMAS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910016334 Bi—In Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005632 Capric acid (CAS 334-48-5) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005635 Caprylic acid (CAS 124-07-2) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000219 Ethylene vinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000608 Fe(NO3)3.9H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018380 Mn(NO3)2.6H2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020284 Na2SO4.10H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020335 Na3 PO4.12H2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020174 Pb-In Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002319 Poly(methyl acrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXRCIOIWVGAZEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Primaeres Camphenhydrat Natural products C1CC2C(O)(C)C(C)(C)C1C2 PXRCIOIWVGAZEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical group [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYQRXRFVKUPBQN-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium carbonate decahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O XYQRXRFVKUPBQN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005844 Thymol Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001413 acetanilide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001893 acrylonitrile styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HTKFORQRBXIQHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N allylthiourea Chemical compound NC(=S)NCC=C HTKFORQRBXIQHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCPQUQHBVVXMRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Fenchene Natural products C1CC2C(=C)CC1C2(C)C XCPQUQHBVVXMRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011124 aluminium ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DMLAVOWQYNRWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azobenzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMLAVOWQYNRWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005601 base polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940092738 beeswax Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012166 beeswax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004365 benzoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 description 1
- WXCZUWHSJWOTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-ene;ethene Chemical compound C=C.CCC=C WXCZUWHSJWOTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical class C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFYKHEXCUQCPEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C DFYKHEXCUQCPEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUZBYYLVVXPEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCCCOC(=O)C=C TUZBYYLVVXPEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QHFQAJHNDKBRBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium chloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] QHFQAJHNDKBRBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QSHXZNJVLUEIHK-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;dibromide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] QSHXZNJVLUEIHK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229930006739 camphene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001460 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005686 cross metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VDBXLXRWMYNMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(N)=O VDBXLXRWMYNMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004419 dimethyl fumarate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940035422 diphenylamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGLRDKLJZLEJCY-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogenphosphate dodecahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O DGLRDKLJZLEJCY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ALSOCDGAZNNNME-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;hex-1-ene Chemical compound C=C.CCCCC=C ALSOCDGAZNNNME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHZOMAXECYYXGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)C=C QHZOMAXECYYXGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGMLSASBENYQJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenol;styrene Chemical compound OC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WGMLSASBENYQJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEGHWIAOTJPCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl butanoate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OC=C MEGHWIAOTJPCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006226 ethylene-acrylic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003827 glycol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PXJYBWGEOVYLSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecan-3-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CC PXJYBWGEOVYLSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFRKSAMCQGIGRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecan-7-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCC NFRKSAMCQGIGRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQYGSSYFJIJDFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptyl ketone Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCCC PQYGSSYFJIJDFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVZISJTYELEYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypodiphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)P(O)(O)=O TVZISJTYELEYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQXWGWZJXJUMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].Cl[Fe+]Cl NQXWGWZJXJUMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- YAQXGBBDJYBXKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);1,10-phenanthroline;dicyanide Chemical compound [Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YAQXGBBDJYBXKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lauryl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEMMJPTUSSWOND-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;nitrate;trihydrate Chemical compound [Li+].O.O.O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IEMMJPTUSSWOND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940050906 magnesium chloride hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WRUGWIBCXHJTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O WRUGWIBCXHJTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-L mesaconate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(/C)=C/C([O-])=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QZUJCEPTAIXZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl prop-2-enoate;styrene Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 QZUJCEPTAIXZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAMFXQBUQXONLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-alpha-eicosene Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C VAMFXQBUQXONLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAXLLGNKYJQIQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oct-1-ene;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.CCCCCCC=C QAXLLGNKYJQIQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVJVHUWVQNLPCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC WVJVHUWVQNLPCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002446 octanoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRAQQYDMVSCOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 WRAQQYDMVSCOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005670 poly(ethylene-vinyl chloride) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940057847 polyethylene glycol 600 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000346 polystyrene-polyisoprene block-polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDFIYJXWUJGATP-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;fluoride;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[F-].[K+] ZDFIYJXWUJGATP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enenitrile;styrene Chemical compound C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXHCOXPZCUFAJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enoic acid;styrene Chemical class OC(=O)C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HXHCOXPZCUFAJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007152 ring opening metathesis polymerisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940087562 sodium acetate trihydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940018038 sodium carbonate decahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([S-])(=O)=O PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920006132 styrene block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006249 styrenic copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003509 tertiary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC[14C](O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000790 thymol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940113164 trimyristin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000634 wood's metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/04—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D7/00—Producing flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
- B29D7/01—Films or sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
- B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
- B29C48/11—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels comprising two or more partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. honeycomb-shaped
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/12—Articles with an irregular circumference when viewed in cross-section, e.g. window profiles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
- B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
- B29C48/19—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers the layers being joined at their edges
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
- B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
- B29C48/20—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers one of the layers being a strip, e.g. a partially embedded strip
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
- B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
- B29K2023/0608—PE, i.e. polyethylene characterised by its density
- B29K2023/0625—LLDPE, i.e. linear low density polyethylene
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24744—Longitudinal or transverse tubular cavity or cell
Definitions
- the instant invention relates to microcapillary films containing phase change materials.
- phase change materials in heat transfer systems is generally known; however, such heat transfer systems require further improvements.
- heat transfer systems may benefit from larger surface to volume ratios in order to maintain efficient heat transfer capabilities.
- the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials.
- the inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials according to the present invention has a first end and a second end, and comprises:(a) a matrix comprising a thermoplastic material, (b) at least one or more channels disposed in parallel in said matrix from the first end to the second end of said microcapillary film, wherein said one or more channels are at least 5 ⁇ m apart from each other, wherein each said one or more channels have a diameter in the range of at least 5 ⁇ m; and (c) at least one or more phase change materials disposed in said one or more channels; wherein said microcapillary film has a thickness in the range of from 10 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m.
- the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the thermoplastic material is selected from the group consisting polyolefin; polyamide; polyvinylidene chloride; polyvinylidene fluoride; polycarbonate; polystyrene; polyethylene vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate.
- the thermoplastic material is selected from the group consisting polyolefin; polyamide; polyvinylidene chloride; polyvinylidene fluoride; polycarbonate; polystyrene; polyethylene vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate.
- the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one or more channels have a cross sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, rectangular, oval, star, diamond, triangular, square, the like, and combinations thereof.
- the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one or more phase change materials are selected from the group consisting of gas, liquid, solid or combinations thereof.
- the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one or more phase change materials have a viscosity less than the viscosity of said thermoplastic material.
- FIG. 1 is a top view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials
- FIG. 2 is a longitudinal-sectional view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials
- FIG. 4 is an elevated view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials
- FIG. 5 is a segment of a longitudinal sectional view of the inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials, as shown in FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials
- FIGS. 7 a - b are schematic illustration of a microcapillary die
- FIGS. 8 a - b are photographs of inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change materials (LLDPE/CARBOWAXTM)
- FIGS. 1-6 a first embodiment of a microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ).
- the inventive microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) has a first end ( 14 ) and a second end ( 16 ), and comprises: (a) a matrix ( 18 ) comprising a thermoplastic material; (b) at least one or more channels ( 20 ) disposed in parallel in said matrix ( 18 ) from the first end ( 14 ) to the second end ( 16 ) of said microcapillary film ( 10 ), wherein said one or more channels ( 20 ) are at least 5 ⁇ m apart from each other, wherein each said one or more channels ( 20 ) have a diameter in the range of at least 5 ⁇ m; and (c) at least one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) disposed in said one or more channels ( 20 ); wherein said microcapillary film ( 10 ) has a thickness in the range of from 10 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m.
- microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may have a thickness in the range of from 10 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m; for example, microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may have a thickness in the range of from 50 to 2000 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 100 to 1000 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 200 to 800 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 200 to 600 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 300 to 1000 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 300 to 900 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 300 to 700 ⁇ m.
- the film thickness to microcapillary diameter ratio is in the range of from 2:1 to 400:1.
- microcapillary film refers to films as well as tapes.
- the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may comprise at least 10 percent by volume of the matrix ( 18 ), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ); for example, the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may comprise from 10 to 80 percent by volume of the matrix ( 18 ), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ); or in the alternative, from 20 to 80 percent by volume of the matrix ( 18 ), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ); or in the alternative, from 30 to 80 percent by volume of the matrix ( 18 ), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ).
- the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may comprise from 20 to 80 percent by volume of voidage, based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ); for example, from 20 to 70 percent by volume of voidage, based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ); or in the alternative, from 30 to 60 percent by volume of voidage, based on the total volume of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ).
- the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may comprise from 50 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials ( 12 ), based on the total voidage volume, described above; for example, the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) may comprise from 60 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials ( 12 ), based on the total voidage volume, described above; or in the alternative, from 70 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials ( 12 ), based on the total voidage volume, described above; or in the alternative, from 80 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials ( 12 ), based on the total voidage volume, described above.
- the inventive microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing phase change materials ( 12 ) has a first end ( 14 ) and a second end ( 16 ). At least one or more channels ( 20 ) are disposed in parallel in the matrix ( 18 ) from the first end ( 14 ) to the second end ( 16 ). The one or more channels ( 20 ) are at least 5 ⁇ m apart from each other.
- the one or more channels ( 20 ) have a diameter in the range of at least 5 ⁇ m; for example, from 5 ⁇ m to 1990 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 5 to 990 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 5 to 890 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 5 to 790 ⁇ m; or in the alternative, from 5 to 690 ⁇ m or in the alternative, from 5 to 590 ⁇ m.
- the one or more channels ( 20 ) may have a cross sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, rectangular, oval, star, diamond, triangular, square, the like, and combinations thereof.
- the one or more channels ( 20 ) may further include one or more seals at the first end ( 14 ), the second end ( 16 ), therebetween the first point ( 14 ) and the second end ( 16 ), and/or combinations thereof.
- the matrix ( 18 ) comprises one or more thermoplastic polymers.
- thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyolefin; polyamide; polyvinylidene chloride; polyvinylidene fluoride; polycarbonate; polystyrene; polyethylene vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate, and polyester.
- the matrix ( 18 ) may be reinforced via, for example, via glass or carbon fibers and/or any other mineral fillers such talc or calcium carbonate.
- Exemplary fillers include, but are not limited to, natural calcium carbonates, including chalks, calcites and marbles, synthetic carbonates, salts of magnesium and calcium, dolomites, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, lime, magnesia, barium sulphate, barite, calcium sulphate, silica, magnesium silicates, talc, wollastonite, clays and aluminum silicates, kaolins, mica, oxides or hydroxides of metals or alkaline earths, magnesium hydroxide, iron oxides, zinc oxide, glass or carbon fiber or powder, wood fiber or powder or mixtures of these compounds.
- natural calcium carbonates including chalks, calcites and marbles, synthetic carbonates, salts of magnesium and calcium, dolomites, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, lime, magnesia, barium sulphate, barite, calcium sulphate, silica, magnesium silicates, talc, wollastonite, clays and aluminum silicates, kaolins, mica, oxide
- thermoplastic materials include, but are not limited to, homopolymers and copolymers (including elastomers) of one or more alpha-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene, as typically represented by polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-1-butene, poly-3-methyl-1-butene, poly-3-methyl-1-pentene, poly-4-methyl-1-pentene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-1-butene copolymer, and propylene-1-butene copolymer; copolymers (including elastomers) of an alpha-olefin with a conjugated or non-conjugated diene, as typically represented by ethylene-butadiene copolymer and ethylene-
- thermoplastic polymer may, for example, comprise one or more polyolefins selected from the group consisting of ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers, propylene-alpha olefin copolymers, and olefin block copolymers.
- the thermoplastic polymer may comprise one or more non-polar polyolefins.
- polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof, as well as ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers
- exemplary olefinic polymers include homogeneous polymers; high density polyethylene (HDPE); heterogeneously branched linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE); heterogeneously branched ultra low linear density polyethylene (ULDPE); homogeneously branched, linear ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers; homogeneously branched, substantially linear ethylene/alpha-olefin polymers; and high pressure, free radical polymerized ethylene polymers and copolymers such as low density polyethylene (LDPE) or ethylene vinyl acetate polymers (EVA).
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- EVA ethylene vinyl acetate polymers
- the ethylene-alpha olefin copolymer may, for example, be ethylene-butene, ethylene-hexene, or ethylene-octene copolymers or interpolymers.
- the propylene-alpha olefin copolymer may, for example, be a propylene-ethylene or a propylene-ethylene-butene copolymer or interpolymer.
- the thermoplastic polymer may, for example, be a semi-crystalline polymer and may have a melting point of less than 110° C. In another embodiment, the melting point may be from 25 to 100° C. In another embodiment, the melting point may be between 40 and 85° C.
- the thermoplastic polymer is a propylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer composition comprising a propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, and optionally one or more polymers, e.g. a random copolymer polypropylene (RCP).
- RCP random copolymer polypropylene
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is characterized as having substantially isotactic propylene sequences.
- Substantially isotactic propylene sequences means that the sequences have an isotactic triad (mm) measured by 13 C NMR of greater than about 0.85; in the alternative, greater than about 0.90; in another alternative, greater than about 0.92; and in another alternative, greater than about 0.93.
- Isotactic triads are well-known in the art and are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,172 and International Publication No. WO 00/01745, which refer to the isotactic sequence in terms of a triad unit in the copolymer molecular chain determined by 13 C NMR spectra.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.1 to 500 g/10 minutes, measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238 (at 230° C./2.16 Kg). All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 500 g/10 minutes are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, the melt flow rate can be from a lower limit of 0.1 g/10 minutes, 0.2 g/10 minutes, or 0.5 g/10 minutes to an upper limit of 500 g/10 minutes, 200 g/10 minutes, 100 g/10 minutes, or 25 g/10 minutes.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.1 to 200 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/ alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.2 to 100 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.2 to 50 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.5 to 50 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 1 to 50 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 1 to 40 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer has a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 30 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 50 Joules/gram).
- the crystallinity can be from a lower limit of 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram), 2.5 percent (a heat of fusion of at least 4 Joules/gram), or 3 percent (a heat of fusion of at least 5 Joules/gram) to an upper limit of 30 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 50 Joules/gram), 24 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 40 Joules/gram), 15 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 24.8 Joules/gram) or 7 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 11 Joules/gram).
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 24 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 40 Joules/gram); or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 15 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 24.8 Joules/gram); or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 7 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 11 Joules/gram); or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copo
- the crystallinity is measured via DSC method.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises units derived from propylene and polymeric units derived from one or more alpha-olefin comonomers.
- Exemplary comonomers utilized to manufacture the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer are C 2 , and C 4 to C 10 alpha-olefins; for example, C 2 , C 4 , C 6 and C 8 alpha-olefins.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 1 to 40 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers. All individual values and subranges from 1 to 40 weight percent are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, the comonomer content can be from a lower limit of 1 weight percent, 3 weight percent, 4 weight percent, 5 weight percent, 7 weight percent, or 9 weight percent to an upper limit of 40 weight percent, 35 weight percent, 30 weight percent, 27 weight percent, 20 weight percent, 15 weight percent, 12 weight percent, or 9 weight percent.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 1 to 35 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 1 to 30 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 3 to 27 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 3 to 20 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 3 to 15 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer has a molecular weight distribution (MWD), defined as weight average molecular weight divided by number average molecular weight (M w /M n ) of 3.5 or less; in the alternative 3.0 or less; or in another alternative from 1.8 to 3.0.
- MWD molecular weight distribution
- propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are further described in details in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,960,635 and 6,525,157, incorporated herein by reference.
- Such propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company, under the tradename VERSIFYTM, or from ExxonMobil Chemical Company, under the tradename VISTAMAXXTM.
- the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are further characterized as comprising (A) between 60 and less than 100, preferably between 80 and 99 and more preferably between 85 and 99, weight percent units derived from propylene, and (B) between greater than zero and 40, preferably between 1 and 20, more preferably between 4 and 16 and even more preferably between 4 and 15, weight percent units derived from at least one of ethylene and/or a C 4-10 ⁇ -olefin; and containing an average of at least 0.001, preferably an average of at least 0.005 and more preferably an average of at least 0.01, long chain branches/1000 total carbons.
- long chain branch refers to a chain length of at least one (1) carbon more than a short chain branch
- short chain branch refers to a chain length of two (2) carbons less than the number of carbons in the comonomer.
- a propylene/1-octene interpolymer has backbones with long chain branches of at least seven (7) carbons in length, but these backbones also have short chain branches of only six (6) carbons in length.
- Such propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are further described in details in the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/988,999 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US08/082599, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the base polymer e.g. propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer
- the base polymer may, for example, be a semi-crystalline polymer and may have a melting point of less than 110° C.
- the melting point may be from 25 to 100° C. In more preferred embodiments, the melting point may be between 40 and 85° C.
- olefin block copolymers e.g., ethylene multi-block copolymer, such as those described in the International Publication No. WO2005/090427 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0199930, incorporated herein by reference to the extent describing such olefin block copolymers and the test methods for measuring those properties listed below for such polymers, may be used as the thermoplastic polymer.
- olefin block copolymer may be an ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer:
- T m > ⁇ 2002.9+4538.5( d ) ⁇ 2422.2( d ) 2 ;
- the CRYSTAF peak being determined using at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer, and if less than 5 percent of the polymer having an identifiable CRYSTAF peak, then the CRYSTAF temperature being 30° C.; or
- (c) being characterized by an elastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300 percent strain and 1 cycle measured with a compression-molded film of the ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer, and having a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, wherein the numerical values of Re and d satisfying the following relationship when ethylene/a-olefin interpolymer being substantially free of a cross-linked phase:
- Such olefin block copolymer e.g. ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer may also:
- (a) have a molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction having a block index of at least 0.5 and up to about 1 and a molecular weight distribution, M w /M n , greater than about 1.3; or
- (b) have an average block index greater than zero and up to about 1.0 and a molecular weight distribution, M w /M n , greater than about 1.3.
- matrix 18 may further comprise a blowing agent thereby facilitating the formation a foam material.
- the matrix may be a foam, for example a closed cell foam.
- matrix 18 may further comprise one or more fillers thereby facilitating the formation a microporous matrix, for example, via orientation, e.g. biaxial orientation, or cavitation, e.g. uniaxial or biaxial orientation, or leaching, i.e. dissolving the fillers.
- Such fillers include, but are not limited to, natural calcium carbonates, including chalks, calcites and marbles, synthetic carbonates, salts of magnesium and calcium, dolomites, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, lime, magnesia, barium sulphate, barite, calcium sulphate, silica, magnesium silicates, talc, wollastonite, clays and aluminum silicates, kaolins, mica, oxides or hydroxides of metals or alkaline earths, magnesium hydroxide, iron oxides, zinc oxide, glass or carbon fiber or powder, wood fiber or powder or mixtures of these compounds.
- natural calcium carbonates including chalks, calcites and marbles, synthetic carbonates, salts of magnesium and calcium, dolomites, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, lime, magnesia, barium sulphate, barite, calcium sulphate, silica, magnesium silicates, talc, wollastonite, clays and aluminum silicates, kaolins, mica, oxides
- the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) may be selected from the group consisting of gas, liquid, solid or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) may have a viscosity less than the viscosity of said thermoplastic material.
- the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) may be any material suitable for a heat transfer system or cooling system or insulation system.
- the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) can be any substance (or any mixture of substances) that has the capability of absorbing or releasing thermal energy to reduce or eliminate heat flow within a temperature stabilizing range.
- the temperature stabilizing range can include a particular transition temperature or a particular range of transition temperatures.
- the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) used in conjunction with various embodiments of the invention typically are capable of inhibiting a flow of thermal energy during a time when the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) are absorbing or releasing heat, typically as the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) undergo a transition between two states (e.g., liquid and solid states, liquid and gaseous states, solid and gaseous states, or two solid states). This action is typically transient.
- the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) can effectively inhibit a flow of thermal energy until a latent heat of the phase change material is absorbed or released during a heating or cooling process.
- Thermal energy can be stored or removed from the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ), and the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) typically can be effectively recharged by a source of heat or cold.
- a microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) can be designed for use in any of various products.
- the one or more phase change materials ( 12 ) can be a solid/solid phase change material.
- a solid/solid phase change material is a type of phase change material that undergoes a transition between two solid states (e.g., a crystalline or mesocrystalline phase transformation) and hence typically does not become a liquid during use.
- the phase change materials ( 12 ) can include a mixture of two or more substances. By selecting two or more different substances and forming a mixture, a temperature stabilizing range can be adjusted over a wide range for any particular application of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing one or more phase change materials ( 12 ). In some instances, a mixture of two or more different substances can exhibit two or more distinct transition temperatures or a single modified transition temperature when incorporated in microcapillary film ( 10 ).
- Phase change materials ( 12 ) that can be used in conjunction with various embodiments of the invention include various organic and inorganic substances.
- phase change materials ( 12 ) include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons (e.g., straight-chain alkanes or paraffinic hydrocarbons, branched-chain alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and alicyclic hydrocarbons), hydrated salts (e.g., calcium chloride hexahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, lithium nitrate trihydrate, potassium fluoride tetrahydrate, ammonium alum, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, and sodium acetate trihydrate), waxes, oils, water, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, dibasic acids, dibasic esters, 1-halides, primary alcohols, secondary alcohols
- phase change material ( 12 ) is typically dependent upon a desired transition temperature or a desired application of the microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing one or more phase change materials ( 12 ).
- a phase change material ( 12 ) having a transition temperature near room temperature or normal body temperature can be desirable for clothing applications.
- the phase change material ( 12 ) can have a transition temperature in the range of from ⁇ 40° C. to 125° C.; for example, ⁇ 5° C. to 125° C.; or in the alternative, from 0° C. to 50° C.; or in the alternative, 15° C. to 45° C.; or in the alternative, 22° C. to 40° C.; or in the alternative, 22° C. to 28° C.
- phase change materials ( 12 ) include paraffinic hydrocarbons having from 10 to 44 carbon atoms (i.e., C 10 -C 44 paraffinic hydrocarbons).
- paraffinic hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to, n-Octacosane, n-Heptacosane, n-Hexacosane, n-Pentacosane, n-Tetracosane, n-Tricosane, n-Docosane, n-Heneicosane, n-Eicosane, n-Nonadecane, n-Octadecane, n-Heptadecane, n-Hexadecane, n-Pentadecane, n-Tetradecane, and n-Tridecane.
- phase change materials ( 12 ) include polymeric phase change materials having transition temperatures suitable for a desired application of the resulting microcapillary film ( 10 ) containing one or more phase change materials ( 12 ).
- a polymeric phase change material can include a polymer (or a mixture of polymers) having any of various chain structures and including one or more types of monomer units.
- a polymeric phase change material can include a linear polymer, a branched polymer (e.g., a star-branched polymer, a comb-branched polymer, or a dendritic-branched polymer), or a mixture thereof.
- a polymeric phase change material desirably includes a linear polymer or a polymer with a small amount of branching to allow for a greater density and a greater degree of ordered molecular packing and crystallization.
- a polymeric phase change material can include a homopolymer, an interpolymer, and a mixture thereof.
- the reactivity and functionality of a polymer can be altered by addition or replacement of one or more functional groups, such as, for example, amines, amides, carboxyls, hydroxyls, esters, ethers, epoxides, anhydrides, isocyanates, silanes, ketones, aldehydes, and so forth.
- a polymeric phase change material can include a polymer capable of crosslinking, entanglement, or hydrogen bonding in order to increase toughness or resistance to heat, moisture, or chemicals.
- Additional useful phase change materials include polymeric phase change materials based on polyethylene glycols that are endcapped with fatty acids.
- polyethylene glycol fatty acid diesters having a melting point in the range of about 22° C. to about 35° C. can be formed from polyethylene glycols having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 400 to about 600 that are endcapped with stearic acid or lauric acid.
- Further useful phase change materials include polymeric phase change materials based on tetramethylene glycol.
- polytetramethylene glycols having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 1,000 to about 1,800 typically have a melting point in the range of about 19° C. to about 36° C.
- Polyethylene oxides having a melting point in the range of about 60° C. to about 65° C. also can be used as phase change materials in some embodiments of the invention.
- Additional exemplary polymeric phase change materials can include Polyoctadecyl methacrylate, Polyhexadecyl methacrylate, Poly-N-tetradecyl polyacrylamide, oly-N-tetradecyl polyacrylamide-1,1, dihydroperfluoro, Poly-1-decene, Poly-1-heptene, cis-polyoctenamer, (Vestenamer 6213, available from Degussa AG, Frankfurt, Germany), Poly-1-octene, Poly-1-nonene, trans-polypentemer, Poly-1-undecene, cis-polyisoprene, syndiotactic 1,2-poly(1,3-pentadiene), 1-methyl-polydodecamethylene, Ethers Polymethyleneoxytetramethylene oxide (Poly-1,3-dioxepane), Polyhexamethyleneoxymethylene oxide, Polyoxacyclobutane (PD
- a polymeric phase change material having a desired transition temperature can be formed by reacting a phase change material (e.g., a phase change material discussed above) with a polymer (or a mixture of polymers).
- a phase change material e.g., a phase change material discussed above
- a polymer or a mixture of polymers.
- n-octadecylic acid i.e., stearic acid
- dodecanoic acid i.e., lauric acid
- polyvinyl alcohol to yield polyvinyl laurate.
- phase change materials e.g., phase change materials with one or more functional groups such as amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy, silane, sulfuric, and so forth
- polymers can be reacted to yield polymeric phase change materials having desired transition temperatures.
- phase change materials can include non-paraffins including, but not limited to, Formic acid, Caprilic acid, Glycerin, D— Lattic acid, Methyl palmitate, Camphenilone, Docasyl bromide, Caprylone, Phenol, Heptadecanone, 1-Cyclohexylooctadecanem 4-Heptadacanone, p-Joluidine, Cyanamide, Methyl eicosanate, 3-Heptadecanone, 2-Heptadecanone, Hydrocinnamic acid, Cetyl alcohol, ⁇ -Nepthylamine, Camphene, O-Nitroaniline, 9-Heptadecanone, Thymol, Methyl behenate, Diphenyl amine, p-Dichlorobenzene, Oxolate, Hypophosphoric acid, O-Xylene dichloride, ⁇ -Chloroacetic acid, Chloroacetic acid, Nitro n
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include fatty acids including, but not limited to, Acetic acid, Polyethylene glycol 600, Capric acid, Eladic acid, Lauric acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Tristearin, Myristic acid, Palmatic acid, Stearic acid, Acetamide, and/or Methyl fumarate.
- fatty acids including, but not limited to, Acetic acid, Polyethylene glycol 600, Capric acid, Eladic acid, Lauric acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Tristearin, Myristic acid, Palmatic acid, Stearic acid, Acetamide, and/or Methyl fumarate.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include salt hydrates including, but not limited to, K 2 HPO 4 .6H 2 O, FeBr 3 .6H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, FeBr 3 .6H 2 O, CaCl 2 .12H 2 O, LiNO 3 .2H 2 O, LiNO 3 .3H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2 O, Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O, KFe(SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O, CaBr 2 .6H 2 O, LiBr 2 .2H 2 O, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, Na 2 HPO 4 .12H 2 O, CoSO 4 .7H 2 O, KF.2H 2 O, MgI 2 .8H 2 O, CaI 2 .6H 2 O, K 2 H
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include metallics including, but not limited to, Gallium-gallium antimony eutectic, Gallium, Cerrolow eutectic, Bi—Cd—In eutectic, Cerrobend eutectic, Bi—Pb—In eutectic, Bi—In eutectic, Bi—Pb-tin eutectic, and/or Bi—Pb eutectic.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include organic and inorganic eutectics including, but not limited to, CaCl 2 .6 H 2 O+CaBr 2 .6H 2 O, Triethylolethane+water+urea, C 14 H 28 O 2 +C 10 H 20 O 2 , CaCl 2 +MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, CH 3 CONH 2 +NH 2 CONH 2 , Triethylolethane+urea, Ca(NO 3 ).4H 2 O+Mg(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, CH 3 COONa.3H 2 O+NH 2 CONH 2 , NH 2 CONH 2 +NH 4 NO 3 , Mg(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O+NH 4 NO 3 , Mg(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O+MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, Mg(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O+MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, M
- the extrusion apparatus comprises screw extruder driven by a motor.
- Thermoplastic material is melted and conveyed to a die 24 , as shown in FIGS. 7 a and 7 b .
- the molten thermoplastic material passes through die 24 , as shown in FIGS. 7 a and 7 b , and is formed into the desired shape and cross section.
- die 24 includes an entry portion 26 , a convergent portion 28 , and an orifice 30 , which has a predetermined shape.
- the molten thermoplastic polymer enters entry portion 26 of the die 24 , and is gradually shaped by the convergent portion 28 until the melt exits the orifice 30 .
- the die 24 further includes injectors 32 .
- Each injector 32 has a body portion 34 having a conduit 36 therein which is fluidly connected to a phase change material source 38 by means of second conduit 40 passing through the walls of die 24 around which the molten thermoplastic material must flow to pass the orifice 30 .
- the injector 30 further includes an outlet 42 .
- the injector 32 is arranged such that the outlet 42 is located within the orifice 30 .
- one or more phase change materials 12 is injected into the molten thermoplastic material thereby forming microcapillaries filled with one or more phase change materials 12 .
- microcapillary films containing phase change materials may be used in textile (e.g. woven and nonwoven fabrics), apparel (e.g. outdoor clothing, dry suits, and protective suits), footwear (e.g. socks, boots, insoles), medical progress (e.g. thermal blankets, therapeutic pads, hot/cold packs), containers and packaging (e.g. beverage/food containers, food warmers, seat cushions), buildings (e.g. insulation or heating/cooling systems in walls, ceilings, pipes, carpets, tiles, or floors), appliances (e.g. insulation in-household appliances), furniture components such as seat cushions, electronics (e.g. cooling of processor chips, flat screens, fuel cells), and other products (e.g. automotive lighting materials, heated seats, sleeping bags, and bedding)
- textile e.g. woven and nonwoven fabrics
- apparel e.g. outdoor clothing, dry suits, and protective suits
- footwear e.g. socks, boots, insoles
- medical progress e.g. thermal blankets, therapeutic pads, hot/cold packs
- One or more inventive microcapillary films containing one or more phase change materials may form one or more layers in a multilayer structure, for example, a laminated multilayer structure or a coextruded multilayer structure.
- the microcapillary films containing one or more phase change materials may comprise one or more parallel rows of microcapillaries (channels as shown in FIG. 3 .
- Channels 20 may be disposed anywhere in matrix ( 10 ), as shown in FIGS. 3 .
- Inventive microcapillary film 1 containing a phase change material was prepared according to the following process.
- the matrix material comprised linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), available under the tradename DOWLEXTM NG 5056 G having a density of approximately 0.919 g/cm3, according to ASTM-D792 and a melt index (I 2 ) of approximately 1.1 g/10 minutes, according to ISO 1133, from The Dow Chemical Company.
- the phase change material comprised of methoxypolyethylene glycols, available under the tradename CARBOWAXTM MPEG750 from The Dow Chemical Company.
- Primary and secondary extruders were both single screw extruders.
- the primary extruder was a Betol 1820J having a screw approximately 20 mm in diameter, which was connected to a gear pump, providing a non-pulstile polymer flow. Downstream of the microcapillary film die was a set of nip rollers with an adjustable roller gap (Dr. Collin GmbH “Techline” CR72T).
- the secondary extruder was Betol 1420J having a screw of approximately 12 mm in diameter, which was connected to the inlet of the microcapillary film die via a heated, quarter inch, Swagelok tubing.
- the tubing was a short length of carefully shaped, quarter inch, tubing (SS-T4-S-049-6ME) that was wrapped in two 2 foot, heating tapes (Omega HTWC102-002), which was wrapped in a Superwool mineral wool insulation that was encapsulated in masking tape.
- the tubing included k-type wire thermocouples, attached to tubes surface with 3M polyamide tape (3M 70-0062-8328-0). A small amount of copper grease (Coppaslip) was smeared onto the tips of the thermocouples to assist heat transfer.
- microcapillary film die was engineered to ensure that the open faces of the injectors were coincident with the die exit.
- Matrix material was extruded through a microcapillary film die containing a 14 microcapillary injector heads, having a diameter of approximately 900 ⁇ m.
- Inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change material (LLDPE/CARBOWAXTM) is shown in FIGS. 8 a and b.
- the inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change material (LLDPE/CARBOWAXTM) had a heat capacity storage of approximately 146 J/g, which was measured according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, second heat), as described herein below.
- the inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change material (LLDPE/CARBOWAXTM) had a thickness of approximately 517 ⁇ m, a width of approximately 6.44 mm, and included 19 microcapillaries, wherein each microcapillary had a diameter of approximately 230 ⁇ m, and a void volume percent of approximately 30.7.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application is a non-provisional application claiming priority from the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/506,298, filed on Jul. 11, 2011, entitled “MICROCAPILLARY FILMS CONTAINING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS,” the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein, as if reproduced in full hereinbelow.
- The instant invention relates to microcapillary films containing phase change materials.
- The use of phase change materials in heat transfer systems is generally known; however, such heat transfer systems require further improvements. For example, such heat transfer systems may benefit from larger surface to volume ratios in order to maintain efficient heat transfer capabilities.
- Despite the research efforts in providing improved heat transfer systems, there is a still a need for a heat transfer system which provides for an efficient way to pack large quantities of phase change materials while maintaining efficient heat transfer capabilities together with good chemical integrity and properties.
- The instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials. The inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials according to the present invention has a first end and a second end, and comprises:(a) a matrix comprising a thermoplastic material, (b) at least one or more channels disposed in parallel in said matrix from the first end to the second end of said microcapillary film, wherein said one or more channels are at least 5 μm apart from each other, wherein each said one or more channels have a diameter in the range of at least 5 μm; and (c) at least one or more phase change materials disposed in said one or more channels; wherein said microcapillary film has a thickness in the range of from 10 μm to 2000 μm.
- In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the thermoplastic material is selected from the group consisting polyolefin; polyamide; polyvinylidene chloride; polyvinylidene fluoride; polycarbonate; polystyrene; polyethylene vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate.
- In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one or more channels have a cross sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, rectangular, oval, star, diamond, triangular, square, the like, and combinations thereof.
- In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one or more phase change materials are selected from the group consisting of gas, liquid, solid or combinations thereof.
- In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention provides microcapillary films containing phase change materials, in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one or more phase change materials have a viscosity less than the viscosity of said thermoplastic material.
- For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings a form that is exemplary; it being understood, however, that this invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
-
FIG. 1 is a top view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials; -
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal-sectional view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials; -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials; -
FIG. 4 is an elevated view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials; -
FIG. 5 is a segment of a longitudinal sectional view of the inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials, as shown inFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an inventive microcapillary film containing phase change materials; -
FIGS. 7 a-b are schematic illustration of a microcapillary die; and -
FIGS. 8 a-b are photographs of inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change materials (LLDPE/CARBOWAX™) - Referring to the drawings wherein like numerals indicate like elements, there is shown, in
FIGS. 1-6 , a first embodiment of a microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12). - The inventive microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) according to the present invention has a first end (14) and a second end (16), and comprises: (a) a matrix (18) comprising a thermoplastic material; (b) at least one or more channels (20) disposed in parallel in said matrix (18) from the first end (14) to the second end (16) of said microcapillary film (10), wherein said one or more channels (20) are at least 5 μm apart from each other, wherein each said one or more channels (20) have a diameter in the range of at least 5 μm; and (c) at least one or more phase change materials (12) disposed in said one or more channels (20); wherein said microcapillary film (10) has a thickness in the range of from 10 μm to 2000 μm.
- The microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may have a thickness in the range of from 10 μm to 2000 μm; for example, microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may have a thickness in the range of from 50 to 2000 μm; or in the alternative, from 100 to 1000 μm; or in the alternative, from 200 to 800 μm; or in the alternative, from 200 to 600 μm; or in the alternative, from 300 to 1000 μm; or in the alternative, from 300 to 900 μm; or in the alternative, from 300 to 700 μm. The film thickness to microcapillary diameter ratio is in the range of from 2:1 to 400:1. The term “microcapillary film,” as used herein refers to films as well as tapes.
- The microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may comprise at least 10 percent by volume of the matrix (18), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12); for example, the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may comprise from 10 to 80 percent by volume of the matrix (18), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12); or in the alternative, from 20 to 80 percent by volume of the matrix (18), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12); or in the alternative, from 30 to 80 percent by volume of the matrix (18), based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12).
- The microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may comprise from 20 to 80 percent by volume of voidage, based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12); for example, from 20 to 70 percent by volume of voidage, based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12); or in the alternative, from 30 to 60 percent by volume of voidage, based on the total volume of the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12).
- The microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may comprise from 50 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials (12), based on the total voidage volume, described above; for example, the microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) may comprise from 60 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials (12), based on the total voidage volume, described above; or in the alternative, from 70 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials (12), based on the total voidage volume, described above; or in the alternative, from 80 to 100 percent by volume of the phase change materials (12), based on the total voidage volume, described above.
- The inventive microcapillary film (10) containing phase change materials (12) has a first end (14) and a second end (16). At least one or more channels (20) are disposed in parallel in the matrix (18) from the first end (14) to the second end (16). The one or more channels (20) are at least 5 μm apart from each other. The one or more channels (20) have a diameter in the range of at least 5 μm; for example, from 5 μm to 1990 μm; or in the alternative, from 5 to 990 μm; or in the alternative, from 5 to 890 μm; or in the alternative, from 5 to 790 μm; or in the alternative, from 5 to 690 μm or in the alternative, from 5 to 590 μm. The one or more channels (20) may have a cross sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, rectangular, oval, star, diamond, triangular, square, the like, and combinations thereof. The one or more channels (20) may further include one or more seals at the first end (14), the second end (16), therebetween the first point (14) and the second end (16), and/or combinations thereof.
- The matrix (18) comprises one or more thermoplastic polymers. Such thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyolefin; polyamide; polyvinylidene chloride; polyvinylidene fluoride; polycarbonate; polystyrene; polyethylene vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate, and polyester. The matrix (18) may be reinforced via, for example, via glass or carbon fibers and/or any other mineral fillers such talc or calcium carbonate. Exemplary fillers include, but are not limited to, natural calcium carbonates, including chalks, calcites and marbles, synthetic carbonates, salts of magnesium and calcium, dolomites, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, lime, magnesia, barium sulphate, barite, calcium sulphate, silica, magnesium silicates, talc, wollastonite, clays and aluminum silicates, kaolins, mica, oxides or hydroxides of metals or alkaline earths, magnesium hydroxide, iron oxides, zinc oxide, glass or carbon fiber or powder, wood fiber or powder or mixtures of these compounds.
- Examples of thermoplastic materials include, but are not limited to, homopolymers and copolymers (including elastomers) of one or more alpha-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene, as typically represented by polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-1-butene, poly-3-methyl-1-butene, poly-3-methyl-1-pentene, poly-4-methyl-1-pentene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-1-butene copolymer, and propylene-1-butene copolymer; copolymers (including elastomers) of an alpha-olefin with a conjugated or non-conjugated diene, as typically represented by ethylene-butadiene copolymer and ethylene-ethylidene norbornene copolymer; and polyolefins (including elastomers) such as copolymers of two or more alpha-olefins with a conjugated or non-conjugated diene, as typically represented by ethylene-propylene-butadiene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-1,5-hexadiene copolymer, and ethylene-propylene-ethylidene norbornene copolymer; ethylene-vinyl compound copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer, ethylene acrylic acid or ethylene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, and ethylene-(meth)acrylate copolymer; styrenic copolymers (including elastomers) such as polystyrene, ABS, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, α-methylstyrene-styrene copolymer, styrene vinyl alcohol, styrene acrylates such as styrene methylacrylate, styrene butyl acrylate, styrene butyl methacrylate, and styrene butadienes and crosslinked styrene polymers; and styrene block copolymers (including elastomers) such as styrene-butadiene copolymer and hydrate thereof, and styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer; polyvinyl compounds such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer, polymethyl acrylate, and polymethyl methacrylate; polyamides such as nylon 6, nylon 6,6, and
nylon 12; thermoplastic polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate; polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, and the like; and glassy hydrocarbon-based resins, including poly-dicyclopentadiene polymers and related polymers (copolymers, terpolymers); saturated mono-olefins such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl versatate, and vinyl butyrate and the like; vinyl esters such as esters of monocarboxylic acids, including methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and butyl methacrylate and the like; acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, mixtures thereof; resins produced by ring opening metathesis and cross metathesis polymerization and the like. These resins may be used either alone or in combinations of two or more. - In selected embodiments, thermoplastic polymer may, for example, comprise one or more polyolefins selected from the group consisting of ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers, propylene-alpha olefin copolymers, and olefin block copolymers. In particular, in select embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer may comprise one or more non-polar polyolefins.
- In specific embodiments, polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof, as well as ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, may be used. In some embodiments, exemplary olefinic polymers include homogeneous polymers; high density polyethylene (HDPE); heterogeneously branched linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE); heterogeneously branched ultra low linear density polyethylene (ULDPE); homogeneously branched, linear ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers; homogeneously branched, substantially linear ethylene/alpha-olefin polymers; and high pressure, free radical polymerized ethylene polymers and copolymers such as low density polyethylene (LDPE) or ethylene vinyl acetate polymers (EVA).
- In one embodiment, the ethylene-alpha olefin copolymer may, for example, be ethylene-butene, ethylene-hexene, or ethylene-octene copolymers or interpolymers. In other particular embodiments, the propylene-alpha olefin copolymer may, for example, be a propylene-ethylene or a propylene-ethylene-butene copolymer or interpolymer.
- In certain other embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer may, for example, be a semi-crystalline polymer and may have a melting point of less than 110° C. In another embodiment, the melting point may be from 25 to 100° C. In another embodiment, the melting point may be between 40 and 85° C.
- In one particular embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer is a propylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition comprising a propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, and optionally one or more polymers, e.g. a random copolymer polypropylene (RCP). In one particular embodiment, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is characterized as having substantially isotactic propylene sequences. “Substantially isotactic propylene sequences” means that the sequences have an isotactic triad (mm) measured by 13C NMR of greater than about 0.85; in the alternative, greater than about 0.90; in another alternative, greater than about 0.92; and in another alternative, greater than about 0.93. Isotactic triads are well-known in the art and are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,172 and International Publication No. WO 00/01745, which refer to the isotactic sequence in terms of a triad unit in the copolymer molecular chain determined by 13C NMR spectra.
- The propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.1 to 500 g/10 minutes, measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238 (at 230° C./2.16 Kg). All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 500 g/10 minutes are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, the melt flow rate can be from a lower limit of 0.1 g/10 minutes, 0.2 g/10 minutes, or 0.5 g/10 minutes to an upper limit of 500 g/10 minutes, 200 g/10 minutes, 100 g/10 minutes, or 25 g/10 minutes. For example, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.1 to 200 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/ alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.2 to 100 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.2 to 50 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 0.5 to 50 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 1 to 50 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 1 to 40 g/10 minutes; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a melt flow rate in the range of from 1 to 30 g/10 minutes.
- The propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer has a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 30 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 50 Joules/gram). All individual values and subranges from 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 30 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 50 Joules/gram) are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, the crystallinity can be from a lower limit of 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram), 2.5 percent (a heat of fusion of at least 4 Joules/gram), or 3 percent (a heat of fusion of at least 5 Joules/gram) to an upper limit of 30 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 50 Joules/gram), 24 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 40 Joules/gram), 15 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 24.8 Joules/gram) or 7 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 11 Joules/gram). For example, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 24 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 40 Joules/gram); or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 15 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 24.8 Joules/gram); or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 7 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 11 Joules/gram); or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may have a crystallinity in the range of from at least 1 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of at least 2 Joules/gram) to 5 percent by weight (a heat of fusion of less than 8.3 Joules/gram). The crystallinity is measured via DSC method. The propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises units derived from propylene and polymeric units derived from one or more alpha-olefin comonomers. Exemplary comonomers utilized to manufacture the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer are C2, and C4 to C10 alpha-olefins; for example, C2, C4, C6 and C8 alpha-olefins.
- The propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 1 to 40 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers. All individual values and subranges from 1 to 40 weight percent are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, the comonomer content can be from a lower limit of 1 weight percent, 3 weight percent, 4 weight percent, 5 weight percent, 7 weight percent, or 9 weight percent to an upper limit of 40 weight percent, 35 weight percent, 30 weight percent, 27 weight percent, 20 weight percent, 15 weight percent, 12 weight percent, or 9 weight percent. For example, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 1 to 35 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 1 to 30 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 3 to 27 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 3 to 20 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers; or in the alternative, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer comprises from 3 to 15 percent by weight of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers.
- The propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer has a molecular weight distribution (MWD), defined as weight average molecular weight divided by number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) of 3.5 or less; in the alternative 3.0 or less; or in another alternative from 1.8 to 3.0.
- Such propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are further described in details in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,960,635 and 6,525,157, incorporated herein by reference. Such propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company, under the tradename VERSIFY™, or from ExxonMobil Chemical Company, under the tradename VISTAMAXX™.
- In one embodiment, the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are further characterized as comprising (A) between 60 and less than 100, preferably between 80 and 99 and more preferably between 85 and 99, weight percent units derived from propylene, and (B) between greater than zero and 40, preferably between 1 and 20, more preferably between 4 and 16 and even more preferably between 4 and 15, weight percent units derived from at least one of ethylene and/or a C4-10 α-olefin; and containing an average of at least 0.001, preferably an average of at least 0.005 and more preferably an average of at least 0.01, long chain branches/1000 total carbons. The maximum number of long chain branches in the propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is not critical, but typically it does not exceed 3 long chain branches/1000 total carbons. The term long chain branch, as used herein with regard to propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers, refers to a chain length of at least one (1) carbon more than a short chain branch, and short chain branch, as used herein with regard to propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers, refers to a chain length of two (2) carbons less than the number of carbons in the comonomer. For example, a propylene/1-octene interpolymer has backbones with long chain branches of at least seven (7) carbons in length, but these backbones also have short chain branches of only six (6) carbons in length. Such propylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are further described in details in the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/988,999 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US08/082599, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- In certain other embodiments, the base polymer, e.g. propylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, may, for example, be a semi-crystalline polymer and may have a melting point of less than 110° C. In preferred embodiments, the melting point may be from 25 to 100° C. In more preferred embodiments, the melting point may be between 40 and 85° C.
- In other selected embodiments, olefin block copolymers, e.g., ethylene multi-block copolymer, such as those described in the International Publication No. WO2005/090427 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0199930, incorporated herein by reference to the extent describing such olefin block copolymers and the test methods for measuring those properties listed below for such polymers, may be used as the thermoplastic polymer. Such olefin block copolymer may be an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer:
- (a) having a Mw/Mn from about 1.7 to about 3.5, at least one melting point, Tm, in degrees Celsius, and a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, wherein the numerical values of Tm and d corresponding to the relationship:
-
T m>−2002.9+4538.5(d)−2422.2(d)2; or - (b) having a Mw/Mn from about 1.7 to about 3.5, and being characterized by a heat of fusion, ΔH in J/g, and a delta quantity, ΔT, in degrees Celsius defined as the temperature difference between the tallest DSC peak and the tallest CRYSTAF peak, wherein the numerical values of ΔT and ΔH having the following relationships:
-
ΔT>−0.1299(ΔH)+62.81 for ΔH greater than zero and up to 130 J/g, -
ΔT≧48 ° C. for ΔH greater than 130 J/g, - wherein the CRYSTAF peak being determined using at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer, and if less than 5 percent of the polymer having an identifiable CRYSTAF peak, then the CRYSTAF temperature being 30° C.; or
- (c) being characterized by an elastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300 percent strain and 1 cycle measured with a compression-molded film of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, and having a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, wherein the numerical values of Re and d satisfying the following relationship when ethylene/a-olefin interpolymer being substantially free of a cross-linked phase:
-
Re>1481−1629(d); or - (d) having a molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction having a molar comonomer content of at least 5 percent higher than that of a comparable random ethylene interpolymer fraction eluting between the same temperatures, wherein said comparable random ethylene interpolymer having the same comonomer(s) and having a melt index, density, and molar comonomer content (based on the whole polymer) within 10 percent of that of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer; or
- (e) having a storage modulus at 25° C., G′ (25° C.), and a storage modulus at 100° C., G′ (100° C.), wherein the ratio of G′ (25° C.) to G′ (100° C.) being in the range of about 1:1 to about 9:1.
- Such olefin block copolymer, e.g. ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer may also:
- (a) have a molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction having a block index of at least 0.5 and up to about 1 and a molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn, greater than about 1.3; or
- (b) have an average block index greater than zero and up to about 1.0 and a molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn, greater than about 1.3.
- In one embodiment,
matrix 18 may further comprise a blowing agent thereby facilitating the formation a foam material. In one embodiment, the matrix may be a foam, for example a closed cell foam. In another embodiment,matrix 18 may further comprise one or more fillers thereby facilitating the formation a microporous matrix, for example, via orientation, e.g. biaxial orientation, or cavitation, e.g. uniaxial or biaxial orientation, or leaching, i.e. dissolving the fillers. Such fillers include, but are not limited to, natural calcium carbonates, including chalks, calcites and marbles, synthetic carbonates, salts of magnesium and calcium, dolomites, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, lime, magnesia, barium sulphate, barite, calcium sulphate, silica, magnesium silicates, talc, wollastonite, clays and aluminum silicates, kaolins, mica, oxides or hydroxides of metals or alkaline earths, magnesium hydroxide, iron oxides, zinc oxide, glass or carbon fiber or powder, wood fiber or powder or mixtures of these compounds. - The one or more phase change materials (12) may be selected from the group consisting of gas, liquid, solid or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more phase change materials (12) may have a viscosity less than the viscosity of said thermoplastic material.
- The one or more phase change materials (12) may be any material suitable for a heat transfer system or cooling system or insulation system. In general, the one or more phase change materials (12) can be any substance (or any mixture of substances) that has the capability of absorbing or releasing thermal energy to reduce or eliminate heat flow within a temperature stabilizing range. The temperature stabilizing range can include a particular transition temperature or a particular range of transition temperatures. The one or more phase change materials (12) used in conjunction with various embodiments of the invention typically are capable of inhibiting a flow of thermal energy during a time when the one or more phase change materials (12) are absorbing or releasing heat, typically as the one or more phase change materials (12) undergo a transition between two states (e.g., liquid and solid states, liquid and gaseous states, solid and gaseous states, or two solid states). This action is typically transient. In some instances, the one or more phase change materials (12) can effectively inhibit a flow of thermal energy until a latent heat of the phase change material is absorbed or released during a heating or cooling process. Thermal energy can be stored or removed from the one or more phase change materials (12), and the one or more phase change materials (12) typically can be effectively recharged by a source of heat or cold. By selecting an appropriate phase change material (12), a microcapillary film (10) containing one or more phase change materials (12) can be designed for use in any of various products.
- For certain applications, the one or more phase change materials (12) can be a solid/solid phase change material. A solid/solid phase change material is a type of phase change material that undergoes a transition between two solid states (e.g., a crystalline or mesocrystalline phase transformation) and hence typically does not become a liquid during use.
- The phase change materials (12) can include a mixture of two or more substances. By selecting two or more different substances and forming a mixture, a temperature stabilizing range can be adjusted over a wide range for any particular application of the microcapillary film (10) containing one or more phase change materials (12). In some instances, a mixture of two or more different substances can exhibit two or more distinct transition temperatures or a single modified transition temperature when incorporated in microcapillary film (10).
- Phase change materials (12) that can be used in conjunction with various embodiments of the invention include various organic and inorganic substances. Examples of phase change materials (12) include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons (e.g., straight-chain alkanes or paraffinic hydrocarbons, branched-chain alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and alicyclic hydrocarbons), hydrated salts (e.g., calcium chloride hexahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, lithium nitrate trihydrate, potassium fluoride tetrahydrate, ammonium alum, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, and sodium acetate trihydrate), waxes, oils, water, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, dibasic acids, dibasic esters, 1-halides, primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols, aromatic compounds, clathrates, semi-clathrates, gas clathrates, anhydrides (e.g., stearic anhydride), ethylene carbonate, polyhydric alcohols (e.g., 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, pentaglycerine, tetramethylol ethane, neopentyl glycol, tetramethylol propane, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, monoaminopentaerythritol, diaminopentaerythritol, and tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid), polymers (e.g., polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, polypropylene malonate, polyneopentyl glycol sebacate, polypentane glutarate, polyvinyl myristate, polyvinyl stearate, polyvinyl laurate, polyhexadecyl methacrylate, polyoctadecyl methacrylate, polyesters produced by polycondensation of glycols (or their derivatives) with diacids (or their derivatives), and copolymers, such as polyacrylate or poly(meth)acrylate with alkyl hydrocarbon side chain or with polyethylene glycol side chain and copolymers including polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polypropylene glycol, or polytetramethylene glycol), metals, and mixtures thereof.
- The selection of a phase change material (12) is typically dependent upon a desired transition temperature or a desired application of the microcapillary film (10) containing one or more phase change materials (12). For example, a phase change material (12) having a transition temperature near room temperature or normal body temperature can be desirable for clothing applications.
- The phase change material (12) according to some embodiments of the invention can have a transition temperature in the range of from −40° C. to 125° C.; for example, −5° C. to 125° C.; or in the alternative, from 0° C. to 50° C.; or in the alternative, 15° C. to 45° C.; or in the alternative, 22° C. to 40° C.; or in the alternative, 22° C. to 28° C.
- Particularly useful phase change materials (12) include paraffinic hydrocarbons having from 10 to 44 carbon atoms (i.e., C10-C44 paraffinic hydrocarbons). Such paraffinic hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to, n-Octacosane, n-Heptacosane, n-Hexacosane, n-Pentacosane, n-Tetracosane, n-Tricosane, n-Docosane, n-Heneicosane, n-Eicosane, n-Nonadecane, n-Octadecane, n-Heptadecane, n-Hexadecane, n-Pentadecane, n-Tetradecane, and n-Tridecane.
- Other useful phase change materials (12) include polymeric phase change materials having transition temperatures suitable for a desired application of the resulting microcapillary film (10) containing one or more phase change materials (12).
- A polymeric phase change material can include a polymer (or a mixture of polymers) having any of various chain structures and including one or more types of monomer units. In particular, a polymeric phase change material can include a linear polymer, a branched polymer (e.g., a star-branched polymer, a comb-branched polymer, or a dendritic-branched polymer), or a mixture thereof. For certain applications, a polymeric phase change material desirably includes a linear polymer or a polymer with a small amount of branching to allow for a greater density and a greater degree of ordered molecular packing and crystallization. Such greater degree of ordered molecular packing and crystallization can lead to a larger latent heat and a narrower temperature stabilizing range (e.g., a well-defined transition temperature). A polymeric phase change material can include a homopolymer, an interpolymer, and a mixture thereof. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the reactivity and functionality of a polymer can be altered by addition or replacement of one or more functional groups, such as, for example, amines, amides, carboxyls, hydroxyls, esters, ethers, epoxides, anhydrides, isocyanates, silanes, ketones, aldehydes, and so forth. Also, a polymeric phase change material can include a polymer capable of crosslinking, entanglement, or hydrogen bonding in order to increase toughness or resistance to heat, moisture, or chemicals.
- Additional useful phase change materials include polymeric phase change materials based on polyethylene glycols that are endcapped with fatty acids. For example, polyethylene glycol fatty acid diesters having a melting point in the range of about 22° C. to about 35° C. can be formed from polyethylene glycols having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 400 to about 600 that are endcapped with stearic acid or lauric acid. Further useful phase change materials include polymeric phase change materials based on tetramethylene glycol. For example, polytetramethylene glycols having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 1,000 to about 1,800 (e.g., Terathane™ 1000 and 1800, available from DuPont Inc., Wilmington, Del.) typically have a melting point in the range of about 19° C. to about 36° C. Polyethylene oxides having a melting point in the range of about 60° C. to about 65° C. also can be used as phase change materials in some embodiments of the invention.
- Additional exemplary polymeric phase change materials can include Polyoctadecyl methacrylate, Polyhexadecyl methacrylate, Poly-N-tetradecyl polyacrylamide, oly-N-tetradecyl polyacrylamide-1,1, dihydroperfluoro, Poly-1-decene, Poly-1-heptene, cis-polyoctenamer, (Vestenamer 6213, available from Degussa AG, Frankfurt, Germany), Poly-1-octene, Poly-1-nonene, trans-polypentemer, Poly-1-undecene, cis-polyisoprene, syndiotactic 1,2-poly(1,3-pentadiene), 1-methyl-polydodecamethylene, Ethers Polymethyleneoxytetramethylene oxide (Poly-1,3-dioxepane), Polyhexamethyleneoxymethylene oxide, Polyoxacyclobutane (PDX), n-octadecyl polyacetaldehyde, Polytetramethylene glycol 1000, (Terathane polyTHF 1000, available from DuPont Inc., Wilmington, Del.), Polytetramethylene glycol 1400 (Terathane polyTHF 1400, available from DuPont Inc., Wilmington, Del.), Polytetramethylene glycol 1800 (Terathane polyTHF 1800, available from DuPont Inc., Wilmington, Del.), Polytetramethylene glycol 2000 (Terathane polyTHF 2000, available from DuPont Inc., Wilmington, Del.), Polydodecyl vinyl ether, Polyvinyl laurate, Polyvinyl myristate, 3,3-dimethyl-polytrimethylene sulfide, Polymethylene sulfide, Polytetramethylene disulfide, Polysulfur trioxide, 1-methyl-trimethylene-poly-sulfonyldivalerate, beta-2-polydiethyl siloxane, Nonamethylene-poly-disiloxanylene, dipropionamide-diethyl dimethyl (Si), Nonamethylene-poly-disiloxanylene, dipropionamide-tetraethyl (Si), Polymethyl hexadecyl siloxane, Poly-(hexamethylene)cyclopropylene dicarboxamide-cis-N,N′-dibutyl, Poly-(hexamethylene)cyclopropylene dicarboxamide-cis-N,N′-diethyl, Poly-(hexamethylene)cyclopropylene dicarboxamide-cis-N,N′-diisopropyl, Poly-(hexamethylene)cyclopropylene dicarboxamide-cis-N,N′-dimethyl, Polypentamethylene adipamide-15 2,2,3,3,4,4 hexafluoro (diamine)-cis-N,N′-dibutyl, Polypentamethylene adipamide-2,2,3,3,4,4 hexafluoro (diamine)-cis-N,N′-diethyl, Polypentamethylene adipamide-2,2,3,3,4,4 hexafluoro (diamine)-cis-N,N′-diisopropyl, Polypentamethylene adipamide-2,2,3,3,4,4 hexafluoro (diamine)-cis-N,N′-dimethyl Poly-(4,4′-methylene diphenylene 32 sebacamide)-N,N′-diethyl, Polypentamethylene (hexamethylene 25 disulfonyl)-dicaproamide, Poly-[ethylene 4,4′-oxydimethylene-di-2-(1,3-dioxolane)-caprylate], Polypentamethylene adipate-34 2,2,3,3,4,4 hexafluoro (4-methyl-(R+)-7-polyhydroxyenanthic acid), Poly-[4-hydroxy tetramethylene-2-(1,3-dioxolane) caprylic acid] (cis or trans), Polypentamethylene 2,2′-dibenzoate, Polytetramethylene 2,2′-dibenzoate, Poly-1-methyl-trimethylene 2,2′ dibenzoate, Polycaprolactone glycol (Molecular 35 45 weight=830).
- In some instances, a polymeric phase change material having a desired transition temperature can be formed by reacting a phase change material (e.g., a phase change material discussed above) with a polymer (or a mixture of polymers). Thus, for example, n-octadecylic acid (i.e., stearic acid) can be reacted or esterified with polyvinyl alcohol to yield polyvinyl stearate, or dodecanoic acid (i.e., lauric acid) can be reacted or esterified with polyvinyl alcohol to yield polyvinyl laurate. Various combinations of phase change materials (e.g., phase change materials with one or more functional groups such as amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy, silane, sulfuric, and so forth) and polymers can be reacted to yield polymeric phase change materials having desired transition temperatures.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include non-paraffins including, but not limited to, Formic acid, Caprilic acid, Glycerin, D—Lattic acid, Methyl palmitate, Camphenilone, Docasyl bromide, Caprylone, Phenol, Heptadecanone, 1-Cyclohexylooctadecanem 4-Heptadacanone, p-Joluidine, Cyanamide, Methyl eicosanate, 3-Heptadecanone, 2-Heptadecanone, Hydrocinnamic acid, Cetyl alcohol, α-Nepthylamine, Camphene, O-Nitroaniline, 9-Heptadecanone, Thymol, Methyl behenate, Diphenyl amine, p-Dichlorobenzene, Oxolate, Hypophosphoric acid, O-Xylene dichloride, β-Chloroacetic acid, Chloroacetic acid, Nitro naphthalene, Trimyristin, Heptaudecanioc acid, α-Chloroacetic acid, Bee wax, Bees wax, Glyolic acid, Glycolic acid, p-Bromophenol, Azobenzene, Acrylic acid, Dinto toluent (2,4), Phenylacetic acid, Thiosinamine, Bromcamphor, Durene, Benzylamine, Methyl brombrenzoate, Alpha napthol, Glautaric acid, p-Xylene dichloride, Catechol, Quinone, Acetanilide, Succinic anhydride, Benzoic acid, Stibene, and/or Benzamide.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include fatty acids including, but not limited to, Acetic acid, Polyethylene glycol 600, Capric acid, Eladic acid, Lauric acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Tristearin, Myristic acid, Palmatic acid, Stearic acid, Acetamide, and/or Methyl fumarate.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include salt hydrates including, but not limited to, K2HPO4.6H2O, FeBr3.6H2O, Mn(NO3)2.6H2O, FeBr3.6H2O, CaCl2 .12H 2O, LiNO3.2H2O, LiNO3.3H2O, Na2CO3.10H2O, Na2SO4.10H2O, KFe(SO4)2.12H2O, CaBr2.6H2O, LiBr2.2H2O, Zn(NO3)2.6H2O, FeCl3.6H2O, Mn(NO3)2.4H2O, Na2HPO4.12H2O, CoSO4.7H2O, KF.2H2O, MgI2.8H2O, CaI2.6H2O, K2HPO4.7H2O, Zn(NO3)2.4H2O, Mg(NO3)2.4H2O, Ca(NO3).H2O, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, Na2SiO3.4H2O, K2HPO4.3H2O, Na2S2O3.5H2O, MgSO4.7H2O, Ca(NO3)2.3H2O, Zn(NO3)2.2H2O, FeCl3.2H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, MnCl2.4H2O, MgCl2.4H2O, CH3COONa.3H2O, Fe(NO3)2.6H2O, NaAl(SO4)2.10H2O, NaOH.H2O, Na3PO4.12H2O, LiCH3COO.2H2O, Al(NO3)2.9H2O, Ba(OH)2.8H2O, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, and/or MgCl2.6H2O.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include metallics including, but not limited to, Gallium-gallium antimony eutectic, Gallium, Cerrolow eutectic, Bi—Cd—In eutectic, Cerrobend eutectic, Bi—Pb—In eutectic, Bi—In eutectic, Bi—Pb-tin eutectic, and/or Bi—Pb eutectic.
- Additional exemplary phase change materials can include organic and inorganic eutectics including, but not limited to, CaCl2 .6H2O+CaBr2.6H2O, Triethylolethane+water+urea, C14H28O2+C10H20O2, CaCl2+MgCl2.6H2O, CH3CONH2+NH2CONH2, Triethylolethane+urea, Ca(NO3).4H2O+Mg(NO3)3.6H2O, CH3COONa.3H2O+NH2CONH2, NH2CONH2+NH4NO3, Mg(NO3)3.6H2O+NH4NO3, Mg(NO3)3.6H2O+MgCl2.6H2O, Mg(NO3)3.6H2O+MgCl2.6H2O, Mg(NO3)3.6H2O+Al(NO3)2.6H2O, Mg(NO3)3.6H2O+Al(NO3)2.9H2O, CH3CONH2+C17H35COOH, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O+MgBr2.6H2O, Napthalene+benzoic acid, NH2CONH+NH4BR, LiNO3+NH4NO3+NaNO3, LiNo3+NH4NO3+NaNO3, LiNo3+NH4NO3+KNO3, and/or LiNo3+NH4NO3+NH4Cl.
- In production, the extrusion apparatus comprises screw extruder driven by a motor. Thermoplastic material is melted and conveyed to a
die 24, as shown inFIGS. 7 a and 7 b. The molten thermoplastic material passes throughdie 24, as shown inFIGS. 7 a and 7 b, and is formed into the desired shape and cross section. Referring toFIGS. 7 a and 7 b, die 24 includes anentry portion 26, aconvergent portion 28, and anorifice 30, which has a predetermined shape. The molten thermoplastic polymer entersentry portion 26 of the die 24, and is gradually shaped by theconvergent portion 28 until the melt exits theorifice 30. The die 24 further includesinjectors 32. Eachinjector 32 has abody portion 34 having aconduit 36 therein which is fluidly connected to a phasechange material source 38 by means ofsecond conduit 40 passing through the walls ofdie 24 around which the molten thermoplastic material must flow to pass theorifice 30. Theinjector 30 further includes anoutlet 42. Theinjector 32 is arranged such that theoutlet 42 is located within theorifice 30. As the molten thermoplastic polymer exits thedie orifice 30, one or morephase change materials 12 is injected into the molten thermoplastic material thereby forming microcapillaries filled with one or morephase change materials 12. - The microcapillary films containing phase change materials according to the present invention may be used in textile (e.g. woven and nonwoven fabrics), apparel (e.g. outdoor clothing, dry suits, and protective suits), footwear (e.g. socks, boots, insoles), medical progress (e.g. thermal blankets, therapeutic pads, hot/cold packs), containers and packaging (e.g. beverage/food containers, food warmers, seat cushions), buildings (e.g. insulation or heating/cooling systems in walls, ceilings, pipes, carpets, tiles, or floors), appliances (e.g. insulation in-household appliances), furniture components such as seat cushions, electronics (e.g. cooling of processor chips, flat screens, fuel cells), and other products (e.g. automotive lighting materials, heated seats, sleeping bags, and bedding)
- One or more inventive microcapillary films containing one or more phase change materials may form one or more layers in a multilayer structure, for example, a laminated multilayer structure or a coextruded multilayer structure. The microcapillary films containing one or more phase change materials may comprise one or more parallel rows of microcapillaries (channels as shown in
FIG. 3 . Channels 20 (microcapillaries) may be disposed anywhere in matrix (10), as shown inFIGS. 3 . - Inventive microcapillary film 1 containing a phase change material was prepared according to the following process.
- The matrix material comprised linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), available under the tradename DOWLEX™ NG 5056 G having a density of approximately 0.919 g/cm3, according to ASTM-D792 and a melt index (I2) of approximately 1.1 g/10 minutes, according to ISO 1133, from The Dow Chemical Company. The phase change material comprised of methoxypolyethylene glycols, available under the tradename CARBOWAX™ MPEG750 from The Dow Chemical Company.
- Primary and secondary extruders were both single screw extruders. The primary extruder was a Betol 1820J having a screw approximately 20 mm in diameter, which was connected to a gear pump, providing a non-pulstile polymer flow. Downstream of the microcapillary film die was a set of nip rollers with an adjustable roller gap (Dr. Collin GmbH “Techline” CR72T). The secondary extruder was Betol 1420J having a screw of approximately 12 mm in diameter, which was connected to the inlet of the microcapillary film die via a heated, quarter inch, Swagelok tubing. The tubing was a short length of carefully shaped, quarter inch, tubing (SS-T4-S-049-6ME) that was wrapped in two 2 foot, heating tapes (Omega HTWC102-002), which was wrapped in a Superwool mineral wool insulation that was encapsulated in masking tape. The tubing included k-type wire thermocouples, attached to tubes surface with 3M polyamide tape (3M 70-0062-8328-0). A small amount of copper grease (Coppaslip) was smeared onto the tips of the thermocouples to assist heat transfer.
- The microcapillary film die was engineered to ensure that the open faces of the injectors were coincident with the die exit. Matrix material was extruded through a microcapillary film die containing a 14 microcapillary injector heads, having a diameter of approximately 900 μm.
- Inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change material (LLDPE/CARBOWAX™) is shown in
FIGS. 8 a and b. The inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change material (LLDPE/CARBOWAX™) had a heat capacity storage of approximately 146 J/g, which was measured according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, second heat), as described herein below. The inventive microcapillary film 1 containing phase change material (LLDPE/CARBOWAX™) had a thickness of approximately 517 μm, a width of approximately 6.44 mm, and included 19 microcapillaries, wherein each microcapillary had a diameter of approximately 230 μm, and a void volume percent of approximately 30.7. - The present invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit and the essential attributes thereof, and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/123,904 US20140113112A1 (en) | 2011-07-11 | 2012-07-03 | Microcapillary films containing phase change materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161506298P | 2011-07-11 | 2011-07-11 | |
PCT/US2012/045393 WO2013009538A2 (en) | 2011-07-11 | 2012-07-03 | Microcapillary films containing phase change materials |
US14/123,904 US20140113112A1 (en) | 2011-07-11 | 2012-07-03 | Microcapillary films containing phase change materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140113112A1 true US20140113112A1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
Family
ID=46514828
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/123,904 Abandoned US20140113112A1 (en) | 2011-07-11 | 2012-07-03 | Microcapillary films containing phase change materials |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20140113112A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2731796B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP6076973B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103649183A (en) |
BR (1) | BR112014000061A2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2666801T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013009538A2 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016168527A1 (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2016-10-20 | Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. | Aliphatic materials and uses thereof in heating and cooling applications |
CN107270258A (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2017-10-20 | 广州市雅江光电设备有限公司 | A kind of novel efficient heat radiator |
US10167116B1 (en) | 2017-08-31 | 2019-01-01 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Flexible bag with microcapillary strip |
US10486171B2 (en) | 2015-06-29 | 2019-11-26 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Process for producing flexible container with microcapillary dispensing system |
US10730222B2 (en) | 2017-06-30 | 2020-08-04 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Die assembly for producing a film |
US10730681B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2020-08-04 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Microcapillary fluid absorbing sheet |
WO2021202091A1 (en) | 2020-03-30 | 2021-10-07 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Comb-block copolymers and methods thereof |
US12138828B2 (en) | 2019-03-29 | 2024-11-12 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Hollow pellets and methods of soaking |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013096714A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Microcapillary films and foams suitable for capillary action fluid transport |
US9713894B2 (en) | 2012-06-28 | 2017-07-25 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | System, method and apparatus for producing a multi-layer, microcapillary film |
EP3154532A1 (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2017-04-19 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Microcapillary polymer films for drug delivery |
CN104153513A (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2014-11-19 | 苏州科技学院 | Capillary based phase-change energy-storage wallboard and preparation method thereof |
EP3234956B1 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2020-05-20 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Cable jackets having designed microstructures |
US10175439B2 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2019-01-08 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Cable jackets having designed microstructures and methods for making cable jackets having designed microstructures |
GB201509179D0 (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2015-07-15 | Dupont Nutrition Biosci Aps | Phase change material |
BR112018074637A2 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2019-03-06 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | microporous films and articles made of the same |
JP6814586B2 (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2021-01-20 | 大王製紙株式会社 | Tish paper packaging |
CN109952185B (en) | 2016-11-29 | 2022-06-10 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | Microcapillary wire coating die assembly |
CN107118383B (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2020-06-16 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | Special foaming agent for chlorine-free fluorine-free polyurethane and preparation method thereof |
EP3814092B1 (en) | 2018-06-26 | 2023-09-06 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coextruded articles, dies and methods of making the same |
WO2020092762A1 (en) | 2018-11-02 | 2020-05-07 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Coated infill and artificial turf with the coated infill |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5050671A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1991-09-24 | Du Pont Canada Inc. | Panel heat exchangers formed from thermoplastic polymers |
US5861050A (en) * | 1996-11-08 | 1999-01-19 | Store Heat And Produce Energy, Inc. | Thermally-managed fuel vapor recovery canister |
US20020000306A1 (en) * | 1998-07-14 | 2002-01-03 | James E. Bradley | Methods and devices for storing energy |
US20020011330A1 (en) * | 1998-06-18 | 2002-01-31 | Thomas I. Insley | Microchanneled active fluid heat exchanger |
US20050184059A1 (en) * | 2003-06-27 | 2005-08-25 | Clothier Brian L. | Dispenser assemblies and systems including a heat storage unit |
US20070089276A1 (en) * | 2005-09-15 | 2007-04-26 | Fiber Innovation Technology, Inc. | Multicomponent fiber comprising a phase change material |
US20090101308A1 (en) * | 2007-10-22 | 2009-04-23 | The Peregrine Falcon Corporation | Micro-channel pulsating heat pump |
US20100084113A1 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2010-04-08 | Jeong Hyun Lee | Method for heat transfer and device therefor |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0610719U (en) * | 1992-07-06 | 1994-02-10 | アイカ工業株式会社 | Heating flooring |
DE60126282T2 (en) * | 2000-07-06 | 2007-11-15 | Thermagen S.A. | ADSORPTIONSKÄLTEVORRICHTUNG |
JP3723554B2 (en) * | 2003-03-19 | 2005-12-07 | 正隆股▲ふん▼有限公司 | Waterproof and moisture-permeable thin film having a heat retaining function and method for manufacturing the same |
GB2408961A (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-15 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Apparatus and method |
GB0620246D0 (en) * | 2006-10-12 | 2006-11-22 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Extruded materials having capillary channels |
US20080138598A1 (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2008-06-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Apparatus and Method for Co-Extrusion of Articles Having Discontinuous Phase Inclusions |
ES2552358T3 (en) * | 2011-01-03 | 2015-11-27 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Microcapillary films and foams containing functional fillers |
CN103384698B (en) * | 2011-01-03 | 2017-01-18 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | Reinforced microcapillary films and foams |
-
2012
- 2012-07-03 WO PCT/US2012/045393 patent/WO2013009538A2/en active Application Filing
- 2012-07-03 JP JP2014520215A patent/JP6076973B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-07-03 EP EP12735745.7A patent/EP2731796B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2012-07-03 US US14/123,904 patent/US20140113112A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-07-03 ES ES12735745.7T patent/ES2666801T3/en active Active
- 2012-07-03 CN CN201280034311.9A patent/CN103649183A/en active Pending
- 2012-07-03 BR BR112014000061A patent/BR112014000061A2/en active Search and Examination
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5050671A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1991-09-24 | Du Pont Canada Inc. | Panel heat exchangers formed from thermoplastic polymers |
US5861050A (en) * | 1996-11-08 | 1999-01-19 | Store Heat And Produce Energy, Inc. | Thermally-managed fuel vapor recovery canister |
US20020011330A1 (en) * | 1998-06-18 | 2002-01-31 | Thomas I. Insley | Microchanneled active fluid heat exchanger |
US20020000306A1 (en) * | 1998-07-14 | 2002-01-03 | James E. Bradley | Methods and devices for storing energy |
US20050184059A1 (en) * | 2003-06-27 | 2005-08-25 | Clothier Brian L. | Dispenser assemblies and systems including a heat storage unit |
US20070089276A1 (en) * | 2005-09-15 | 2007-04-26 | Fiber Innovation Technology, Inc. | Multicomponent fiber comprising a phase change material |
US20100084113A1 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2010-04-08 | Jeong Hyun Lee | Method for heat transfer and device therefor |
US20090101308A1 (en) * | 2007-10-22 | 2009-04-23 | The Peregrine Falcon Corporation | Micro-channel pulsating heat pump |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016168527A1 (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2016-10-20 | Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. | Aliphatic materials and uses thereof in heating and cooling applications |
US10036598B2 (en) | 2015-04-16 | 2018-07-31 | Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. | Aliphatic materials and uses thereof in heating and cooling applications |
US10302368B2 (en) | 2015-04-16 | 2019-05-28 | Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. | Aliphatic materials and uses thereof in heating and cooling applications |
US10486171B2 (en) | 2015-06-29 | 2019-11-26 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Process for producing flexible container with microcapillary dispensing system |
US10730681B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2020-08-04 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Microcapillary fluid absorbing sheet |
US10730222B2 (en) | 2017-06-30 | 2020-08-04 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Die assembly for producing a film |
CN107270258A (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2017-10-20 | 广州市雅江光电设备有限公司 | A kind of novel efficient heat radiator |
US10167116B1 (en) | 2017-08-31 | 2019-01-01 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Flexible bag with microcapillary strip |
US12138828B2 (en) | 2019-03-29 | 2024-11-12 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Hollow pellets and methods of soaking |
WO2021202091A1 (en) | 2020-03-30 | 2021-10-07 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Comb-block copolymers and methods thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2666801T3 (en) | 2018-05-07 |
EP2731796B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
BR112014000061A2 (en) | 2017-02-07 |
JP2014520931A (en) | 2014-08-25 |
CN103649183A (en) | 2014-03-19 |
JP6076973B2 (en) | 2017-02-08 |
WO2013009538A3 (en) | 2013-02-07 |
WO2013009538A2 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
EP2731796A2 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20140113112A1 (en) | Microcapillary films containing phase change materials | |
EP1472078B1 (en) | Thermal barriers with reversible enhanced thermal properties | |
US7135424B2 (en) | Coated articles having enhanced reversible thermal properties and exhibiting improved flexibility, softness, air permeability, or water vapor transport properties | |
JP6208793B2 (en) | Polymer composite having highly reversible thermal properties and method for forming the same | |
EP1319095B1 (en) | Multi-component fibers having reversible thermal properties | |
EP2877803B1 (en) | Systems, structures and materials for electronic device cooling | |
EP2661464B1 (en) | Reinforced microcapillary films and foams | |
Cao et al. | Properties evaluation and applications of thermal energystorage materials in buildings | |
EP2661458B1 (en) | Microcapillary films and foams containing functional filler materials | |
US20030124278A1 (en) | Thermal barriers with solid/solid phase change materials | |
JP5763819B1 (en) | Laminated body | |
Dash et al. | A review on organic phase change materials and their applications | |
EP1226397A2 (en) | Thermal energy storage materials | |
US20220082337A1 (en) | Heat storage using phase change material coated with nanoparticles | |
EP1715088B1 (en) | Multi-component fibers having reversible thermal properties | |
TW200403333A (en) | Heat-storage material, composition thereof, and uses of these | |
CA2369146A1 (en) | Thermal managing foam insulation | |
Sundararajan et al. | Organic Phase Change Materials: Synthesis, Processing, and Applications | |
Pause | Guidelines for the Design of Products Equipped with Phase Change Material | |
Negev | Organic Phase Change Materials: Synthesis, Processing, and Applications |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC, MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:032367/0433 Effective date: 20111018 Owner name: THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DOW EUROPE GMBH;REEL/FRAME:032367/0360 Effective date: 20111017 Owner name: DOW EUROPE GMBH, SWITZERLAND Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOOPMANS, RUDOLF J.;ZALAMEA, LUIS G.;WOCKE, COLMAR;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20110826 TO 20110912;REEL/FRAME:032367/0318 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |