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US20130337246A1 - Electrical insulation material - Google Patents

Electrical insulation material Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130337246A1
US20130337246A1 US13/793,811 US201313793811A US2013337246A1 US 20130337246 A1 US20130337246 A1 US 20130337246A1 US 201313793811 A US201313793811 A US 201313793811A US 2013337246 A1 US2013337246 A1 US 2013337246A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
article
nonwoven
mil
nonwoven fabric
paper
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/793,811
Inventor
Robert Hamilton Turpin
David Stanley Stankes
Martin Harold Fox
Mitchell Tseng-teh Huang
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3M Innovative Properties Co
Original Assignee
3M Innovative Properties Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 3M Innovative Properties Co filed Critical 3M Innovative Properties Co
Priority to US13/793,811 priority Critical patent/US20130337246A1/en
Assigned to 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY reassignment 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TURPIN, ROBERT HAMILTON, FOX, MARTIN HAROLD, HUANG, MITCHELL TSENG-TEH, STANKES, DAVID STANLEY
Publication of US20130337246A1 publication Critical patent/US20130337246A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

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    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/48—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances fibrous materials
    • H01B3/485—Other fibrous materials fabric
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    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B27/10—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of paper or cardboard
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    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y10T428/24992—Density or compression of components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/693—Including a paper layer

Definitions

  • This invention relates to materials suitable for electrical insulation applications.
  • Laminates of electrical insulation materials are often used in the industry for this purpose. Examples of such materials are described in WO 2012/082180; JP 2000/008299; CA 2003221; and JP 9158092.
  • the materials of the present invention are suitable for insulating electrical components in transformers, motors, generators, and other devices requiring insulation of electrical components, particularly those that have flame retardancy requirements. At least some embodiments of the present invention provide a unique flexible electrical insulation article having excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, and flame resistance. At least some embodiments of the present invention are able to achieve high flame resistance ratings even though they contain some flammable materials. At least some embodiments of the present invention provide an electrical insulating material having a desirable balance of properties including flame retardancy, dielectric strength, tensile strength, and tear strength. At least some embodiments of the present invention further provide desirable thermal conductivity properties.
  • At least one embodiment of the present invention provides an article comprising a non-cellulosic nonwoven fabric layer having first and second opposing major surfaces and having a non-cellulosic nonwoven paper layer attached to each major surface of the nonwoven fabric layer wherein one or both of the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric are electrically insulating.
  • non-cellulosic means containing less than 10 wt % cellulosic material, preferably containing less than 5 wt % cellulosic material, more preferably containing only trace amounts of cellulosic material, and most preferably containing no cellulosic material.
  • nonwoven paper means a sheet material primarily comprised of short fibers
  • nonwoven fabric means a sheet material primarily comprised of long fibers
  • short fibers means fibers less than one inch long
  • long fibers means fibers greater than or equal to one inch long
  • MD machine direction
  • CD or “cross direction” refers to the direction perpendicular to the windup direction of a continuous sheet of material.
  • An advantage of at least one embodiment of the present invention is that it achieves a V-0 rating under UL 94 flame resistance testing, even though it contains flammable fiber materials, while also being flexible and having good mechanical strength.
  • At least one embodiment of the present invention provides a nonwoven fabric layer between two nonwoven paper layers.
  • Other embodiments provide alternating layers of nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric.
  • Some embodiments provide multiple layers of nonwoven fabric adjacent to each other and between nonwoven paper layers.
  • Some embodiments further include adhesive between two adjacent layers.
  • At least some embodiments of articles that provide flame resistance include flammable materials.
  • some embodiments include PET nonwoven fabrics, which are flammable.
  • the nonwoven paper layer of at least some embodiments of the present invention comprises a sheet material made of short fibers, i.e., fibers less than one inch (2.54 cm) long.
  • the majority of the fibers in the nonwoven paper are organic.
  • many embodiments may include nonwoven papers with inorganic fibers or fillers.
  • nonwoven papers suitable for use in the present invention includes those available from 3M Company, USA, under the trade designations CeQUIN, including but not limited to CeQUIN I (about 90% inorganic content), CeQUIN II (two-layer (ply) composites of CeQUIN I), CeQUIN X (enhanced wet strength for B-stage applications), and CeQUIN 3000 (about 74% inorganic content plus organic fiber reinforcement); FLAME BARRIER FRB including, but not limited to, FLAME BARRIER-FRB-NT calendered insulation paper and FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC uncalendered insulation paper; those available from DuPont (www2.dupont.com) under the trade designation NOMEX, including but not limited to NOMEX Paper Type 410, Type 411 (lower density version), Type 414, Type 418 (includes mica), Type 419 (lower density version of Type 418), and Type E56; those available from SRO Group (China) Limited under the trade designation X-FIPER; and those available from
  • Suitable nonwoven papers may include organic and inorganic fibers such as, but not limited to, aramids, including meta-aramids and para-aramids, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyester, polyamides, acrylic, melamine, glass, polyolefin, and polyimide.
  • the nonwoven paper also comprises a polymeric binder.
  • Suitable polymeric binders include, but are not limited to, acrylic, nitrile, styrene acrylic latex, guar gum, starch, and natural rubber latex.
  • the nonwoven paper also comprises one or more inorganic fillers.
  • suitable inorganic fillers include, but are not limited to, kaolin clay, talc, mica, calcium carbonate, alumina trihydrate, montmorillonite, smectite, bentonite, illite, chlorite, sepiolite, attapulgite, halloysite, vermiculite, laponite, rectorite, perlite, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, boron nitride, and combinations thereof.
  • Suitable types of kaolin clay include, but are not limited to, water-washed kaolin clay; delaminated kaolin clay; calcined kaolin clay; and surface-treated kaolin clay.
  • Nonwoven papers of the invention containing one or both of inorganic fibers and inorganic particles may be referred to as inorganic based papers.
  • Inorganic based papers provide improved long term voltage endurance in the presence of corona/partial discharge compared to, for example, completely organic based meta-aramid papers because inorganic materials are known to be much more resistant to corona than organic materials.
  • EIC Electrical Insulation Conference
  • EMCW Electrometic Manufacturing and Coil Winding
  • These inorganic based papers can also provide greater dimensional stability as well as higher thermal conductivity for improved heat dissipation compared to, for example, completely organic based meta-aramid papers.
  • the nonwoven fabric layer of at least some embodiments of the present invention comprises a sheet material made of long fibers, i.e., fibers greater than or equal to one inch (2.54 cm) long.
  • Nonwoven fabric layers are typically made primarily of organic fibers but can contain inorganic fibers.
  • suitable organic fibers for making the nonwoven fabric include, but are not limited to, aramid fibers, including meta-aramid and para-aramid fibers.
  • At least some embodiments of nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention may include one or both of meta-aramid and para-aramid fibers.
  • aramid fibers are a preferred component of the nonwoven fabric layer.
  • At least some embodiments of nonwoven fabrics of the present invention may include one or more types of aramid fibers.
  • the types of aramid fibers include, but are not limited to, meta-aramid, para-aramid, modified meta- or para-aramids, or other types of aramids.
  • the nonwoven fabric may comprise aramid fibers in an amount 0 (zero) to 100 wt %. In at least one embodiment, the nonwoven fabric comprises about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % aramid fibers.
  • Suitable non-aramid organic fibers include, but are not limited to polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyesters including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terepthalate) (PCT), glycol-modified polyester, polyphenyl sulfone, polyamide (nylon), and polypropylene fibers.
  • the nonwoven fabric may comprise non-aramid fibers in an amount of about 0 (zero) to 100 wt %. In at least one embodiment, the nonwoven fabric comprises about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % non-aramid fibers.
  • Nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention may comprise staple (i.e., non-binding) fibers and binder fibers.
  • Staple fibers may include, for example, meta-aramid and para-aramid, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyesters including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), glycol-modified polyester, polyphenyl sulfone, nylon, and polypropylene fibers.
  • Binder fibers may include, for example, meta-aramid, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyesters including polyester terephthalate (PET) and poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terepthalate) (PCT), glycol-modified polyester, polyphenyl sulfone, and polypropylene fibers.
  • PPS polyphenylene sulfide
  • PET polyester terephthalate
  • PCT poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terepthalate)
  • glycol-modified polyester polyphenyl sulfone
  • polypropylene fibers polypropylene fibers.
  • Binder fibers may comprise a single polymer and/or a bicomponent configuration with two polymers having different chemical and/or physical properties.
  • staple fibers may typically comprise about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the fabric and binder fibers may typically comprise about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % of the fabric.
  • the nonwoven fabrics may contain bonding agents to promote bonding of materials within the nonwoven fabric.
  • Other means of bonding or strengthening the nonwoven fabrics include hydro-entangling, point bonding, or calendering.
  • the fibers are typically blended together to form the nonwoven fabric.
  • the ability to blend different fibers allows greater design flexibility to meet product performance, such as improved tear strength, when compared to prior art methods such as laminating nonwoven paper to a continuous polyester film to increase paper strength.
  • the nonwoven fabrics typically comprise a network of fibers forming a flexible sheet material producible without weaving or knitting and held together by either (i) mechanically interlocking at least some of the fibers, (ii) fusing at least some parts of some of the fibers, or (iii) bonding at least some of the fibers by use of a bonding material.
  • the nonwoven fabric Prior to bonding or fusing some of the fibers, the nonwoven fabric may resemble batting, a soft bulky assembly of fibers.
  • the nonwoven fabrics may be in any suitable form such as, but not limited to, carded nonwoven webs, spunbonded webs, melt blown webs, scrims, cloths, unidirectional webs, felts, spunlaced webs, hydrolaced webs, and the like.
  • a carded nonwoven web may include about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % of blends of aramid fibers and about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of other non-aramid fibers.
  • the nonwoven fabrics of the present invention can be made by any suitable method known in the art. Typical methods include dry forming (dry-laid) processes used with fibers typically equal to or longer than one inch. The longer fibers used in dry forming processes typically result in nonwoven fabrics with open, porous structures having good mechanical strength. Examples of dry forming processes include carding and spunbonding. In a typical dry forming carding process, clumps of staple fibers are separated mechanically into individual fibers and formed into a coherent web. A carding machine uses opposed moving beds of closely spaced needles to pull and separate the clumps. To be grasped by the needles, the input fibers used in carding are typically crimped, i.e., made wavy.
  • nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention includes those available from 3M Company, under the trade designations THERMAL SHIELD (a nonwoven PPS material) and those available from DuPont (www2.dupont.com) under the trade designation NOMEX LT, including but not limited to Type 180.
  • the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric layers may comprise one or more sheets, i.e., plies or sub-layers, which are combined to form the layer.
  • the plies or sub-layers may be the same or different materials.
  • the sheets may be combined by any suitable means such as using a chemical adhesive or by processes such as hot calendering.
  • a nonwoven fabric layer is placed between two nonwoven paper layers and directly fused to the two nonwoven paper layers.
  • the nonwoven fabric layer and at least one of the nonwoven paper layers are fused together by mechanical and thermal bonding through heat and pressure by means of a hot calender stack.
  • no adhesive i.e., beyond what may have been used in forming a nonwoven paper or fabric layer
  • the nonwoven fabric layer and nonwoven paper layer(s) are bonded by calendering with only heat and pressure.
  • the adhesion may be accomplished by, e.g., the presence of a thermoplastic layer in the construction, the addition of an adhesive between layers, or adhesion enhancing surface-treatments such as plasma treatments.
  • Any suitable adhesive may be used.
  • the adhesive may be water-based or solvent-based.
  • the adhesive may have any suitable composition. Examples of suitable compositions include acrylic, styrene, and polyester.
  • a flame retardant may be added to the adhesive.
  • the flame retardant may be any suitable material. Examples of suitable flame retardant materials include metal hydroxides, e.g., ATH and MgOH, and organophosphates.
  • the flame retardant may comprise up to about 50 wt % of the adhesive, preferably up to 30 wt %. Adding too much flame retardant will decrease the adhesive properties of the adhesive.
  • An adhesive may be most suitable in embodiments having relatively thick nonwoven paper layer. In these types of thicker product construction, a longer time (slower line speed) is required for heat to transfer into the layers. Therefore, in some situations, it can be advantageous to apply an adhesive to bond certain layers together so that faster line speeds can be utilized.
  • the formulation of the nonwoven fabric can also be designed to bond to, or to facilitate integration with, the nonwoven paper so that an adhesive need not be applied.
  • the presence of binder fibers, bonding agents, or spunbonded (thermoplastic) fibers in a nonwoven fabric layer can cause the nonwoven paper and fabric layers to bond together upon the application of heat and/or pressure.
  • the nonwoven paper layer and nonwoven fabric layer(s) may be formed and combined or integrated in a continuous process (inline integration) or in discrete steps (offline integration).
  • the articles of the present invention are suitable for insulating electrical components in transformers, motors, generators, and other devices requiring insulation of electrical components. At least some embodiments of the present invention are suitable for use in transformers that have flame resistance requirements such as transformers used in the mining, shipping, and rail industries. Requirements of different product applications can be addressed with different combinations of the nonwoven papers and nonwoven fabrics of the present invention. For example, the weight ratios of the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric can be adjusted.
  • the nonwoven fabric layer comprises about 3 wt % to about 50 wt % and the nonwoven paper layers comprise about 50 wt % to about 97 wt %. Preferred structures will vary depending on layer thicknesses and other factors.
  • each layer of the insulating article can contribute to the unique properties of the final construction.
  • the nonwoven paper can provide flame resistance, long term heat resistance, and desirable electrical properties; the nonwoven fabric can provide excellent resistance to tear, while also enhancing tensile strength and overall flexibility after heat aging.
  • the combination of the two types of layers provides an article having flame resistance, physical strength, and desirable electrical properties, while maintaining excellent flexibility after high temperature heat aging at about 464° F. (240° C.).
  • the insulating article has a dielectric breakdown strength of greater than 100 volts/mil (3.9 kilovolts/mm), preferably greater than or equal to 150 V/mil (5.9 kV/mm), when measured according to ASTM D149-09.
  • the insulating article has a thermal conductivity of 0.18 W/m ⁇ K or greater when measured according to ASTM E1530-11.
  • PET Type 221 Polyester
  • CE1 and CE2 were made using only nonwoven paper layers, i.e., no nonwoven fabric layers were used.
  • CE1 and CE2 used commercially available nonwoven papers with the sources noted in the Materials List above.
  • the structure, process conditions and test results are provided in Table 1.
  • the Composite Structure of “5-5-5” for CE2 indicates that three layers of FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC uncalendered nonwoven paper, each of which would be 5 mil thick after calendering, were stacked together and calendered at the conditions indicated to form CE2.
  • Nonwoven fabric blends NW1-NW6 consisted of blends of p-aramid fibers, polyester (PET) staple fibers, undrawn PET fibers, bicomponent polyester binder fibers, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) binder fibers, and/or bicomponent PET/PPS fibers in the amounts provided in Table 2.
  • the fiber mixtures were passed through a carding machine to yield nonwoven battings with basis weights between 22-24 gsy (grams per square yard).
  • the nonwoven batting was then calendered through a steel cotton nip, with the steel roll heated to a temperature between 230-240° F. (110-116° C.) and a nip pressure between 590 lb/in (106 kg/cm)-800 lb/in (143 kg/cm.)
  • CR-9-101 catalyst was added to ROBOND L-330 adhesive dispersion and mixed for 15 minutes at room temperature.
  • TI-Rite #HA aqueous dispersion was added to the mixture and mixed until well dispersed.
  • the final composition of the adhesive formulation is provided below.
  • Nonwoven fabric blend, nonwoven paper thickness, and composite construction for Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 and Examples 1-27 are provided in Tables 3-7. All examples used FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC uncalendered nonwoven paper. The values for nonwoven paper thickness listed in Tables 2-7 refer to the thickness that each layer of FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC would have after calendering. The table below provides equivalent thicknesses for the nonwoven paper before and after calendering.
  • NW refers to the nonwoven fabric layer(s), and the numbers refer to the thickness of the nonwoven paper.
  • a composite structure of “7-NW-7” indicates that one nonwoven fabric layer was placed between two nonwoven paper layers, each of which was 7 mil thick after calendering.
  • No adhesive was applied to the surface of any layer.
  • Final composite calendering was conducted between steel rolls at a temperature between 375-385° F. (191-196° C.) and a nip pressure of 1000 lb/in (179 kg/cm). Examples CE3-CE4, 1-6, and 23-27 were passed through the steel-steel nip twice.
  • Examples 1, 4, 5, and 6 were composed of three nonwoven paper layers and two nonwoven fabric layers in alternating layers, with the structure of nonwoven paper-nonwoven fabric-nonwoven paper-nonwoven fabric-nonwoven paper.
  • Examples 2, 7, 8, and 12-26 were composed of two nonwoven fabric layers placed between two nonwoven paper layers.
  • Examples 3, 9, 10, and 11 were composed of one nonwoven fabric layer placed between two nonwoven paper layers.
  • Example 27 was prepared by placing two nonwoven fabric layers between two nonwoven paper layers, calendering to create a composite paper, applying the flame retardant adhesive described previously between two layers of this composite paper, and calendering the entire stack to create a thick composite paper.
  • Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 were formed using 1, 2, or 3 nonwoven paper layer(s) placed between two nonwoven fabric layers.
  • Examples 1-26 and Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 are shown in Tables 3-7.
  • Examples 1-6 and 23-26 and Comparative Examples CE3 and CE4 had a final composite thickness of approximately 15 mil (0.38 mm)
  • Examples 7, 8, 11, 12, and 15-18 were approximately 7 mil (0.18 mm) thick.
  • Examples 9, 10, 13, and 14 and Comparative Examples CE5-CE7 were approximately 5 mil (0.13 mm) thick.
  • Examples 19-22 had a final composite thickness of approximately 10 mil (0.25 mm)
  • Example 27 was 24.6 mil (0.62 mm) thick.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Insulating Bodies (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Adhesive Tapes (AREA)

Abstract

Provided is an article containing non-cellulosic nonwoven fabric layer between two non-cellulosic nonwoven paper layers wherein one or both of the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric are electrically insulating. At least some embodiments are flame retardant.

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • This invention relates to materials suitable for electrical insulation applications.
    • BACKGROUND
  • Electrical equipment such as electric motors, generators, and transformers often require some form of dielectric insulation to separate a conductor at one voltage from a conductor at a different voltage and/or to provide mechanical protection to electrical components. Laminates of electrical insulation materials are often used in the industry for this purpose. Examples of such materials are described in WO 2012/082180; JP 2000/008299; CA 2003221; and JP 9158092.
    • SUMMARY
  • There is a need in certain electrical insulation applications for materials that achieve a high flame resistance rating (e.g., UL 94V-0) while still providing superior mechanical strength and retained flexibility after heat aging.
  • The materials of the present invention are suitable for insulating electrical components in transformers, motors, generators, and other devices requiring insulation of electrical components, particularly those that have flame retardancy requirements. At least some embodiments of the present invention provide a unique flexible electrical insulation article having excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, and flame resistance. At least some embodiments of the present invention are able to achieve high flame resistance ratings even though they contain some flammable materials. At least some embodiments of the present invention provide an electrical insulating material having a desirable balance of properties including flame retardancy, dielectric strength, tensile strength, and tear strength. At least some embodiments of the present invention further provide desirable thermal conductivity properties.
  • At least one embodiment of the present invention provides an article comprising a non-cellulosic nonwoven fabric layer having first and second opposing major surfaces and having a non-cellulosic nonwoven paper layer attached to each major surface of the nonwoven fabric layer wherein one or both of the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric are electrically insulating.
  • As used in this specification:
  • “non-cellulosic” means containing less than 10 wt % cellulosic material, preferably containing less than 5 wt % cellulosic material, more preferably containing only trace amounts of cellulosic material, and most preferably containing no cellulosic material.
  • “directly fused” means having no intervening layer such as an adhesive layer;
  • “nonwoven paper” means a sheet material primarily comprised of short fibers;
  • “nonwoven fabric” means a sheet material primarily comprised of long fibers;
  • “short fibers” means fibers less than one inch long;
  • “long fibers” means fibers greater than or equal to one inch long;
  • “MD” or “machine direction” refers to the direction parallel to the windup direction of a continuous sheet of material; and
  • “CD” or “cross direction” refers to the direction perpendicular to the windup direction of a continuous sheet of material.
  • An advantage of at least one embodiment of the present invention is that it achieves a V-0 rating under UL 94 flame resistance testing, even though it contains flammable fiber materials, while also being flexible and having good mechanical strength.
  • The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The detailed description that follows below more specifically illustrates embodiments of the invention.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • In the following description, it is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense.
  • Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the present specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein. The use of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers and any value within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5).
  • At least one embodiment of the present invention provides a nonwoven fabric layer between two nonwoven paper layers. Other embodiments provide alternating layers of nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric. Some embodiments provide multiple layers of nonwoven fabric adjacent to each other and between nonwoven paper layers. Some embodiments further include adhesive between two adjacent layers.
  • At least some embodiments of articles that provide flame resistance include flammable materials.
  • For example, some embodiments include PET nonwoven fabrics, which are flammable. In at least some embodiments, it was found that placing the flammable nonwoven fabric layer between at least two outer nonwoven paper layers, provided excellent flame resistance properties for the articles.
  • The nonwoven paper layer of at least some embodiments of the present invention comprises a sheet material made of short fibers, i.e., fibers less than one inch (2.54 cm) long. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the majority of the fibers in the nonwoven paper are organic. However, many embodiments may include nonwoven papers with inorganic fibers or fillers.
  • Examples of commercially available nonwoven papers suitable for use in the present invention includes those available from 3M Company, USA, under the trade designations CeQUIN, including but not limited to CeQUIN I (about 90% inorganic content), CeQUIN II (two-layer (ply) composites of CeQUIN I), CeQUIN X (enhanced wet strength for B-stage applications), and CeQUIN 3000 (about 74% inorganic content plus organic fiber reinforcement); FLAME BARRIER FRB including, but not limited to, FLAME BARRIER-FRB-NT calendered insulation paper and FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC uncalendered insulation paper; those available from DuPont (www2.dupont.com) under the trade designation NOMEX, including but not limited to NOMEX Paper Type 410, Type 411 (lower density version), Type 414, Type 418 (includes mica), Type 419 (lower density version of Type 418), and Type E56; those available from SRO Group (China) Limited under the trade designation X-FIPER; and those available from Yantai Metastar Special Paper Co., Ltd., China, under the trade designation METASTAR.
  • Suitable nonwoven papers may include organic and inorganic fibers such as, but not limited to, aramids, including meta-aramids and para-aramids, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyester, polyamides, acrylic, melamine, glass, polyolefin, and polyimide. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the nonwoven paper also comprises a polymeric binder. Suitable polymeric binders include, but are not limited to, acrylic, nitrile, styrene acrylic latex, guar gum, starch, and natural rubber latex.
  • In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the nonwoven paper also comprises one or more inorganic fillers. Suitable inorganic fillers include, but are not limited to, kaolin clay, talc, mica, calcium carbonate, alumina trihydrate, montmorillonite, smectite, bentonite, illite, chlorite, sepiolite, attapulgite, halloysite, vermiculite, laponite, rectorite, perlite, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, boron nitride, and combinations thereof. Suitable types of kaolin clay include, but are not limited to, water-washed kaolin clay; delaminated kaolin clay; calcined kaolin clay; and surface-treated kaolin clay.
  • Nonwoven papers of the invention containing one or both of inorganic fibers and inorganic particles may be referred to as inorganic based papers. Inorganic based papers provide improved long term voltage endurance in the presence of corona/partial discharge compared to, for example, completely organic based meta-aramid papers because inorganic materials are known to be much more resistant to corona than organic materials. (See, e.g., The Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)/Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding (EMCW) Expo 2001, Cincinnati, Ohio October 15-18, 2001, High Temperature Electrical Insulation Short Course, p. 21). These inorganic based papers can also provide greater dimensional stability as well as higher thermal conductivity for improved heat dissipation compared to, for example, completely organic based meta-aramid papers.
  • The nonwoven fabric layer of at least some embodiments of the present invention comprises a sheet material made of long fibers, i.e., fibers greater than or equal to one inch (2.54 cm) long.
  • Nonwoven fabric layers are typically made primarily of organic fibers but can contain inorganic fibers. Examples of suitable organic fibers for making the nonwoven fabric include, but are not limited to, aramid fibers, including meta-aramid and para-aramid fibers. At least some embodiments of nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention may include one or both of meta-aramid and para-aramid fibers. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, aramid fibers are a preferred component of the nonwoven fabric layer. At least some embodiments of nonwoven fabrics of the present invention may include one or more types of aramid fibers. The types of aramid fibers include, but are not limited to, meta-aramid, para-aramid, modified meta- or para-aramids, or other types of aramids. The nonwoven fabric may comprise aramid fibers in an amount 0 (zero) to 100 wt %. In at least one embodiment, the nonwoven fabric comprises about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % aramid fibers.
  • Suitable non-aramid organic fibers include, but are not limited to polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyesters including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terepthalate) (PCT), glycol-modified polyester, polyphenyl sulfone, polyamide (nylon), and polypropylene fibers. The nonwoven fabric may comprise non-aramid fibers in an amount of about 0 (zero) to 100 wt %. In at least one embodiment, the nonwoven fabric comprises about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % non-aramid fibers. Nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention may comprise staple (i.e., non-binding) fibers and binder fibers. Staple fibers may include, for example, meta-aramid and para-aramid, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyesters including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), glycol-modified polyester, polyphenyl sulfone, nylon, and polypropylene fibers. Binder fibers may include, for example, meta-aramid, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyesters including polyester terephthalate (PET) and poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terepthalate) (PCT), glycol-modified polyester, polyphenyl sulfone, and polypropylene fibers. Typically, the binder fibers will soften and/or flow upon the application of heat and/or pressure, which allows them to bond with the staple fibers. Binder fibers may comprise a single polymer and/or a bicomponent configuration with two polymers having different chemical and/or physical properties.
  • For nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention made with staple fibers and binder fibers, staple fibers may typically comprise about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the fabric and binder fibers may typically comprise about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % of the fabric.
  • In some embodiments of the present invention, instead of, or in addition to, using binder fibers, the nonwoven fabrics may contain bonding agents to promote bonding of materials within the nonwoven fabric. Other means of bonding or strengthening the nonwoven fabrics include hydro-entangling, point bonding, or calendering.
  • The fibers are typically blended together to form the nonwoven fabric. The ability to blend different fibers allows greater design flexibility to meet product performance, such as improved tear strength, when compared to prior art methods such as laminating nonwoven paper to a continuous polyester film to increase paper strength.
  • The nonwoven fabrics typically comprise a network of fibers forming a flexible sheet material producible without weaving or knitting and held together by either (i) mechanically interlocking at least some of the fibers, (ii) fusing at least some parts of some of the fibers, or (iii) bonding at least some of the fibers by use of a bonding material. Prior to bonding or fusing some of the fibers, the nonwoven fabric may resemble batting, a soft bulky assembly of fibers.
  • The nonwoven fabrics may be in any suitable form such as, but not limited to, carded nonwoven webs, spunbonded webs, melt blown webs, scrims, cloths, unidirectional webs, felts, spunlaced webs, hydrolaced webs, and the like.
  • In at least one embodiment, a carded nonwoven web may include about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % of blends of aramid fibers and about 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of other non-aramid fibers.
  • The nonwoven fabrics of the present invention can be made by any suitable method known in the art. Typical methods include dry forming (dry-laid) processes used with fibers typically equal to or longer than one inch. The longer fibers used in dry forming processes typically result in nonwoven fabrics with open, porous structures having good mechanical strength. Examples of dry forming processes include carding and spunbonding. In a typical dry forming carding process, clumps of staple fibers are separated mechanically into individual fibers and formed into a coherent web. A carding machine uses opposed moving beds of closely spaced needles to pull and separate the clumps. To be grasped by the needles, the input fibers used in carding are typically crimped, i.e., made wavy.
  • Commercially available nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the present invention includes those available from 3M Company, under the trade designations THERMAL SHIELD (a nonwoven PPS material) and those available from DuPont (www2.dupont.com) under the trade designation NOMEX LT, including but not limited to Type 180.
  • The nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric layers may comprise one or more sheets, i.e., plies or sub-layers, which are combined to form the layer. The plies or sub-layers may be the same or different materials. The sheets may be combined by any suitable means such as using a chemical adhesive or by processes such as hot calendering.
  • In at least one other embodiment, a nonwoven fabric layer is placed between two nonwoven paper layers and directly fused to the two nonwoven paper layers. In at least one embodiment, the nonwoven fabric layer and at least one of the nonwoven paper layers are fused together by mechanical and thermal bonding through heat and pressure by means of a hot calender stack.
  • In making the articles of some embodiments of the present invention, no adhesive (i.e., beyond what may have been used in forming a nonwoven paper or fabric layer) is applied to join the various layers or sub-layers together. Instead, the nonwoven fabric layer and nonwoven paper layer(s) are bonded by calendering with only heat and pressure.
  • In making the articles of some other embodiments of the present invention, some type of adhesion of the layers is used. The adhesion may be accomplished by, e.g., the presence of a thermoplastic layer in the construction, the addition of an adhesive between layers, or adhesion enhancing surface-treatments such as plasma treatments. Any suitable adhesive may be used. For example, the adhesive may be water-based or solvent-based. The adhesive may have any suitable composition. Examples of suitable compositions include acrylic, styrene, and polyester. Optionally, and preferably, a flame retardant may be added to the adhesive. The flame retardant may be any suitable material. Examples of suitable flame retardant materials include metal hydroxides, e.g., ATH and MgOH, and organophosphates. The flame retardant may comprise up to about 50 wt % of the adhesive, preferably up to 30 wt %. Adding too much flame retardant will decrease the adhesive properties of the adhesive.
  • An adhesive may be most suitable in embodiments having relatively thick nonwoven paper layer. In these types of thicker product construction, a longer time (slower line speed) is required for heat to transfer into the layers. Therefore, in some situations, it can be advantageous to apply an adhesive to bond certain layers together so that faster line speeds can be utilized.
  • The formulation of the nonwoven fabric can also be designed to bond to, or to facilitate integration with, the nonwoven paper so that an adhesive need not be applied. For example, the presence of binder fibers, bonding agents, or spunbonded (thermoplastic) fibers in a nonwoven fabric layer can cause the nonwoven paper and fabric layers to bond together upon the application of heat and/or pressure.
  • The nonwoven paper layer and nonwoven fabric layer(s) may be formed and combined or integrated in a continuous process (inline integration) or in discrete steps (offline integration).
  • As previously stated, the articles of the present invention are suitable for insulating electrical components in transformers, motors, generators, and other devices requiring insulation of electrical components. At least some embodiments of the present invention are suitable for use in transformers that have flame resistance requirements such as transformers used in the mining, shipping, and rail industries. Requirements of different product applications can be addressed with different combinations of the nonwoven papers and nonwoven fabrics of the present invention. For example, the weight ratios of the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric can be adjusted. For at least some articles of the present invention, the nonwoven fabric layer comprises about 3 wt % to about 50 wt % and the nonwoven paper layers comprise about 50 wt % to about 97 wt %. Preferred structures will vary depending on layer thicknesses and other factors.
  • Each layer of the insulating article can contribute to the unique properties of the final construction. For example, in some embodiments the nonwoven paper can provide flame resistance, long term heat resistance, and desirable electrical properties; the nonwoven fabric can provide excellent resistance to tear, while also enhancing tensile strength and overall flexibility after heat aging. The combination of the two types of layers provides an article having flame resistance, physical strength, and desirable electrical properties, while maintaining excellent flexibility after high temperature heat aging at about 464° F. (240° C.).
  • In at least some embodiments of the present invention, the insulating article has a dielectric breakdown strength of greater than 100 volts/mil (3.9 kilovolts/mm), preferably greater than or equal to 150 V/mil (5.9 kV/mm), when measured according to ASTM D149-09.
  • In at least some embodiments of the present invention, the insulating article has a thermal conductivity of 0.18 W/m·K or greater when measured according to ASTM E1530-11.
    • EXAMPLES
  • The following examples and comparative examples are offered to aid in the understanding of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. The following test methods and protocols were employed in the evaluation of the illustrative and comparative examples that follow.
    • Materials List
  • PRODUCT NAME DESCRIPTION SOURCE
    FLAME BARRIER Calendered Insulating Nonwoven Paper 3M Company, USA
    FRB-NT
    FLAME BARRIER Uncalendered Insulating Nonwoven Paper 3M Company, USA
    FRB-NC
    TWARON Type P-Aramid Fibers, 1.7 denier × 2″ Teijin Aramid, The
    1070 Netherlands
    Type 221 Polyester (PET) Staple Fibers, 1.5 d × 1.5″ Invista, USA
    T-109 Undrawn Polyester Binder Fiber, 3 d × 1″ Fiber Innovation Technology,
    USA
    T-201 Bicomponent Polyester (PET) Binder Fiber Fiber Innovation Technology,
    with 110° C. Amorphous Outer Sheath (2 d × USA
    1.5″)
    NEXYLENE PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Binder Fibers Nexis Fibers, Switzerland
    Type S970 (2.7 d × 1.5″)
    T-184 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Binder Fibers Fiber Innovation Technology,
    (2.7 d × 2″) USA
    T-281 Bicomponent PET Binder Fiber with PPS Fiber Innovation Technology,
    Outer Sheath, Undrawn (6 d × 1.5″) USA
    ROBOND L-330 Adhesive, 45% Solids in Aqueous Dispersion Dow Chemical Company,
    USA
    CR-9-101 Coreactant/Catalyst for ROBOND L-330 Dow Chemical Company,
    USA
    TI-Rite #HA Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 51.5% in Technical Industries, USA
    Aqueous Dispersion
    • Test Methodologies
  • PROPERTY TEST METHOD TITLE
    Thickness ASTM D-645/645M-97 Standard Test Method for Thickness of
    (2007) Paper and Paperboard
    Basis Weight ASTM D-646-96 (2007) Standard Test Method for Grammage of
    Paper and Paperboard (Mass per Unit Area)
    MD Tensile Strength ASTM D-828-97 (2002) Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties
    of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-
    Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus
    MD Elongation ASTM D-828-97 (2002) Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties
    of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-
    Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus
    CD Tear Strength Tappi T-414 om-04 Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
    (Elmendorf-Type Method)
    MD Tear Strength Tappi T-414 om-04 Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
    (Elmendorf-Type Method)
    Dielectric Breakdown ASTM-D149-09 Standard Test Method for Dielectric
    Strength Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric
    Breakdown Strength of Solid Electrical
    Insulating Materials at Commercial Power
    Frequencies
    Retained Heat Aged Samples were placed in an
    MD Tensile Strength oven and exposed to 464° F.
    (240° C.) for 2 weeks.
    Samples were then cooled to
    room temperature and tested
    according to ASTM D828-
    97 (2002).
    Retained Heat Aged Samples were placed in an
    MD Elongation oven and exposed to 464° F.
    (240° C.) for 2 weeks.
    Samples were then cooled to
    room temperature and tested
    according to ASTM D828-
    97 (2002).
    Retained Heat Aged Samples were placed in an
    Dielectric Breakdown oven and exposed to 464° F.
    Strength (240° C.) for 2 weeks.
    Samples were then cooled to
    room temperature and tested
    according to ASTM ASTM-
    D149-09.
    Flammability UL 94 Standard for Safety of Flammability of
    Classification Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and
    Appliances
    Thermal Conductivity ASTM E1530-11 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the
    Resistance to Thermal Transmission of
    Materials by the Guarded Heat Flow
    Meter Technique
    • Comparative Examples CE1 and CE2
  • Comparative Examples CE1 and CE2 were made using only nonwoven paper layers, i.e., no nonwoven fabric layers were used. CE1 and CE2 used commercially available nonwoven papers with the sources noted in the Materials List above. The structure, process conditions and test results are provided in Table 1. The Composite Structure of “5-5-5” for CE2 indicates that three layers of FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC uncalendered nonwoven paper, each of which would be 5 mil thick after calendering, were stacked together and calendered at the conditions indicated to form CE2.
  • TABLE 1
    EXAMPLE
    CE1 CE2
    Nonwoven Paper FLAME FLAME BARRIER
    BARRIER FRB-NC
    FRB-NT
    Nonwoven Paper Thickness 5 mil (0.13 mm) 5 mil (0.13 mm)
    Composite Structure NA 5-5-5
    Composite Calendering NA 375-385° F.
    Temperature (191-196° C.)
    Composite Calendering Pressure NA 1000 pli
    (179 kg/cm)
    Composite Calendering Speed NA 3 ft/min (0.9 m/min)
    Composite Thickness 5 mil (0.13 mm) 13.8 mil (0.35 mm)
    Basis Weight 155 gsy 466 gsy
    (185 g/m2) (557 g/m2)
    Density 91 lbs/ft3 102 lbs/ft3
    (1.5 g/cm3) (1.6 g/cm3)
    UL 94 Vertical Burn Rating V0 V0
    MD Tensile strength 36 lbs/in 89 lbs/in
    (63 N/cm) (156 N/cm)
    MD Elongation 1.6% 2%
    CD tear strength 0.34 lb (152 g) 2.0 lb (688 g)
    MD tear strength 0.26 lb (116 g) 1.5 lb (480 g)
    Dielectric Breakdown Strength 500 V/mil 736 V/mil
    (19.7 kV/mm) (29.0 kV/mm)
    Retained Heat Aged MD 9.5 lbs/in
    Tensile Strength (17 N/cm)
    Retained Heat Aged Elongation 0.5%
    Thermal Conductivity (180° C.) 0.17 W/m · K 0.25 W/m · K
    • Nonwoven Fabric Layers:
  • Six different nonwoven fabric blends were used to prepare Examples 1-27 and Comparative Examples CE3-CE7. Nonwoven fabric blends NW1-NW6 consisted of blends of p-aramid fibers, polyester (PET) staple fibers, undrawn PET fibers, bicomponent polyester binder fibers, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) binder fibers, and/or bicomponent PET/PPS fibers in the amounts provided in Table 2. The fiber mixtures were passed through a carding machine to yield nonwoven battings with basis weights between 22-24 gsy (grams per square yard). The nonwoven batting was then calendered through a steel cotton nip, with the steel roll heated to a temperature between 230-240° F. (110-116° C.) and a nip pressure between 590 lb/in (106 kg/cm)-800 lb/in (143 kg/cm.)
  • TABLE 2
    COMPONENT NW1 NW2 NW3 NW4 NW5 NW6
    P-aramid Fibers, TWARON Type 40 wt % 40 wt % 40 wt % 40 wt % 50 wt % 60 wt %
    1070
    PET Staple Fibers, Type 221 10 wt %
    Undrawn PET Fiber, Type 109 25 wt % 15 wt % 15 wt % 20 wt % 20 wt %
    Bicomponent PET Fibers, Type 25 wt % 15 wt % 15 wt % 15 wt % 20 wt % 20 wt %
    201
    PPS Binder Fibers, NEXYLENE 30 wt %
    Type S970
    PPS Binder Fibers, Type 184 30 wt % 15 wt % 10 wt %
    Bicomponent PET/PPS Fibers, 30 wt %
    Type 281
    Total Amount of Flammable 60 wt % 30 wt % 30 wt % 27 wt % 40 wt % 40 wt %
    Fibers
    • Adhesive for Lamination of Thick Composite Papers:
  • To prepare the adhesive used in Example 27 as described later, CR-9-101 catalyst was added to ROBOND L-330 adhesive dispersion and mixed for 15 minutes at room temperature. TI-Rite #HA aqueous dispersion was added to the mixture and mixed until well dispersed. The final composition of the adhesive formulation is provided below.
  • SOLIDS WEIGHT % OF
    PRODUCT NAME FORMULATION
    ROBOND L-330 63.9%
    CR-9-101 5.7%
    TI-Rite #HA 30.4%
    • Composite Insulating Papers
  • To create the composite insulating papers for Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 and Examples 1-27, the nonwoven fabric layers and nonwoven paper layers were arranged and fused together by mechanical and thermal bonding through heat and pressure by means of a hot calender stack. Nonwoven fabric blend, nonwoven paper thickness, and composite construction for Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 and Examples 1-27 are provided in Tables 3-7. All examples used FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC uncalendered nonwoven paper. The values for nonwoven paper thickness listed in Tables 2-7 refer to the thickness that each layer of FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC would have after calendering. The table below provides equivalent thicknesses for the nonwoven paper before and after calendering.
  • EQUIVALENT
    NONWOVEN PAPER FORM THICKNESSES, MIL
    FLAME BARRIER FRB-NC Uncalendered 3 5 7 9 12
    FLAME BARRIER FRB-NT Calendered 2 3 4 5 7
  • Under the heading “Composite Structure,” in Tables 3-7, “NW” refers to the nonwoven fabric layer(s), and the numbers refer to the thickness of the nonwoven paper. For example, a composite structure of “7-NW-7” indicates that one nonwoven fabric layer was placed between two nonwoven paper layers, each of which was 7 mil thick after calendering. For Examples 1-26, no adhesive was applied to the surface of any layer. Final composite calendering was conducted between steel rolls at a temperature between 375-385° F. (191-196° C.) and a nip pressure of 1000 lb/in (179 kg/cm). Examples CE3-CE4, 1-6, and 23-27 were passed through the steel-steel nip twice.
  • Examples 1, 4, 5, and 6 were composed of three nonwoven paper layers and two nonwoven fabric layers in alternating layers, with the structure of nonwoven paper-nonwoven fabric-nonwoven paper-nonwoven fabric-nonwoven paper. Examples 2, 7, 8, and 12-26 were composed of two nonwoven fabric layers placed between two nonwoven paper layers. Examples 3, 9, 10, and 11 were composed of one nonwoven fabric layer placed between two nonwoven paper layers. Example 27 was prepared by placing two nonwoven fabric layers between two nonwoven paper layers, calendering to create a composite paper, applying the flame retardant adhesive described previously between two layers of this composite paper, and calendering the entire stack to create a thick composite paper. Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 were formed using 1, 2, or 3 nonwoven paper layer(s) placed between two nonwoven fabric layers.
  • Standard properties and UL 94 vertical burn test results for Examples 1-26 and Comparative Examples CE3-CE7 are shown in Tables 3-7. Examples 1-6 and 23-26 and Comparative Examples CE3 and CE4 had a final composite thickness of approximately 15 mil (0.38 mm) Examples 7, 8, 11, 12, and 15-18 were approximately 7 mil (0.18 mm) thick. Examples 9, 10, 13, and 14 and Comparative Examples CE5-CE7 were approximately 5 mil (0.13 mm) thick. Examples 19-22 had a final composite thickness of approximately 10 mil (0.25 mm) Example 27 was 24.6 mil (0.62 mm) thick.
  • While standard FLAME BARRIER FRB-NT nonwoven paper has excellent flame retardance properties on its own, as seen in Examples CE1 and CE2 in Table 1, combining it with nonwoven fabric layers improves mechanical (tensile and tear) strength and retained heat aged flexibility.
  • TABLE 3
    EXAMPLE
    CE3 CE4 1 2 3 4 5 6
    NW Paper 5 mil 7 mil 4 & 5 mil 7 mil 7 mil 5 mil 4 & 5 mil 4 & 5 mil
    Thickness(es) (0.13 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.10 & (0.18 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.13 mm) (0.10 & (0.10 &
    0.13 mm) 0.13 mm) 0.13 mm)
    NW Fabric Blend NW1 NW1 NW1 NW1 NW1 NW1 NW2 NW3
    NW Fabric Basis 22 gsy 22 gsy 23 gsy 23 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy 24 gsy
    Weight (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (28 g/m2) (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (29 g/m2)
    Composite Structure NW-5-5-5- NW-7-7-NW 4-NW-5- 7-NW-NW-7 7-NW-7 5-NW-5- 4-NW-5- 4-NW-5-
    NW NW-4 NW-5 NW-4 NW-4
    NW Fabric Wt % 9 9 10 9 5 9 10 11
    Composite Thickness 16.7 mil 16.4 mil 13.7 mil 14.3 mil 15 mil 15.7 mil 13.5 mil 13.6 mil
    (0.42 mm) (0.42 mm) (0.35 mm) (0.36 mm) (0.38 mm) (0.40 mm) (0.34 mm) (0.35 mm)
    Composite Basis 458 gsy 477 gsy 465 gsy 465 gsy
    Weight (548 g/m2) (570 g/m2) (556 g/m2) (556 g/m2)
    Composite Density 98 lb/ft3 95 lb/ft3 101 lb/ft3 101 lb/ft3
    (1.6 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.6 g/cc) (1.6 g/cc)
    UL 94 Vertical Burn NC* NC* NC* NC* V0 V0 V0 V0
    Rating
    MD Tensile Strength 167 lb/in 169 lb/in 148 lb/in 157 lb/in 169 lb/in 154 lb/in 150 lb/in
    (292 N/cm) (296 N/cm) (259 N/cm) (275 N/cm) (296 N/cm) (270 N/cm) (263 N/cm)
    MD Elongation 3.5% 3.1% 3.8% 3.7% 3.4% 4.3% 4.0%
    CD Tear Strength 3.14 lb 3.67 lb 1.76 lb 2.08 lb 3.17 lb 1.76 lb 1.76 lb
    (1424 g) (1664 g) (800 g) (944 g) (1440 g) (800 g) (800 g)
    MD Tear Strength 1.62 lb 1.69 lb 1.62 lb
    (736 g) (768 g) (736 g)
    Dielectric Breakdown 593 V/mil 490 V/mil 742 V/mil 534 V/mil 677 V/mil 767 V/mil 804 V/mil
    Strength (23.3 (19.3 kV/mm) (29.2 kV/mm) (21.0 kV/mm) (26.7 kV/mm) (30.2 kV/mm) (31.7 kV/mm)
    kV/mm)
    Thermal Conductivity 0.25 W/m · K
    *Not classifiable
  • TABLE 4
    EXAMPLE
    CE5 CE6 CE7 7 8 9 10 11 12
    NW Paper 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil
    Thickness (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm)
    NW Fabric Blend NW1 NW2 NW3 NW1 NW2 NW1 NW2 NW3 NW3
    NW Fabric Basis 23 gsy 22 gsy 24 gsy 23 gsy 22 gsy 23 gsy 22 gsy 24 gsy 22 gsy
    Wt (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (29 g/m2) (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (29 g/m2) (26 g/m2)
    NW Fabric Wt % 35 34 36 21 20 12 11 12 20
    Composite NW-3-NW NW-3-NW NW-3-NW 3-NW-NW-3 3-NW-NW-3 3-NW-3 3-NW-3 3-NW-3 3-NW-NW-3
    Structure
    Composite 5 mil 5 mil 5 mil 6.75 mil 6.65 mil 5.7 mil 5.75 mil 6.1 mil 6.95 mil
    Thickness (0.13 mm) (0.13 mm) (0.13 mm) (0.17 mm) (0.17 mm) (0.14 mm) (0.15 mm) (0.15 mm) (0.18 mm)
    Composite Basis 204 gsy 202 gsy 184 gsy 184 gsy 190 gsy 211 gsy
    Weight (244 g/m2) (242 g/m2) (220 g/m2) (220 g/m2) (227 g/m2) (252 g/m2)
    Composite 89 lb/ft3 89 lb/ft3 92 lb/ft3 94 lb/ft3 91 lb/ft3 89 lb/ft3
    Density (1.4 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc)
    UL 94 Vertical NC* NC* NC* NC* V0 V0 V0 V0 V0
    Burn Rating
    MD Tensile 92 lb/in 82 lb/in 63 lb/in 63 lb/in 69 lb/in 86 lb/in
    Strength (161 N/cm) (144 N/cm) (110 N/cm) (110 N/cm) (121 N/cm) (151 N/cm)
    MD Elongation 4.2% 4.3% 3.3% 3.5% 3.7% 4.3%
    Dielectric Brkdn 496 V/mil 496 V/mil 568 V/mil 583 V/mil 545 V/mil 487 V/mil
    Strength (19.5 kV/mm) (19.5 (22.4 (23.0 (21.5 (19.2
    kV/mm) kV/mm) kV/mm) kV/mm) kV/mm)
    Retained Heat 28 lb/in 28 lb/in 18 lb/in 17 lb/in 21 lb/in 28 lb/in
    Aged MD Tensile (49 N/cm) (49 N/cm) (32 N/cm) (30 N/cm) (37 N/cm) (49 N/cm)
    Strength
    Retained Heat 0.94% 0.80% 0.64% 0.50% 0.80% 0.90%
    Aged MD
    Elongation
    *Not classifiable
  • TABLE 5
    EXAMPLE
    13 14 15 16 17 18
    NW Paper Thickness 2 mil 2 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil 3 mil
    (0.051 mm) (0.051 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm) (0.076 mm)
    NW Fabric Blend NW1 NW4 NW1 NW4 NW5 NW6
    NW Fabric Basis 23 gsy 22 gsy 23 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy
    Weight (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2)
    Composite Structure 2-NW-NW-2 2-NW-NW-2 3-NW-NW-3 3-NW-NW-3 3-NW-NW-3 3-NW-NW-3
    NW Fabric Wt % 30 29 21 21 20
    Composite Thickness 5.3 mil 5.2 mil 7.2 mil 7.0 mil 7.2 mil 7.6 mil
    (0.13 mm) (0.13 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.19 mm)
    Composite Basis 153 gsy 152 gsy 218 gsy 205 gsy 218 gsy 215 gsy
    Weight (183 g/m2) (182 g/m2) (261 g/m2) (245 g/m2) (261 g/m2) (257 g/m2)
    Composite Density 85 lb/ft3 86 lb/ft3 89 lb/ft3 86 lb/ft3 89 lb/ft3 83 lb/ft3
    (1.4 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc) (1.3 g/cc)
    UL 94 Vertical Burn NC* V0 NC* V0 V0 V0
    Rating
    MD Tensile Strength 75 lb/in 73 lb/in 113 lb/in 95 lb/in 117 lb/in 122 lb/in
    (131 N/cm) (128 N/cm) (198 N/cm) (166 N/cm) (205 N/cm) (214 N/cm)
    MD Elongation 3.6% 3.7% 4.2% 4.1% 5.2% 4.4%
    CD Tear Strength 0.60 lb 0.58 lb 0.97 lb 0.97 lb 1.1 lb 2.5 lb
    (272 g) (264 g) (440 g) (442 g) (498 g) (1136 g)
    Dielectric Breakdown 306 V/mil 306 V/mil 532 V/mil 514 V/mil 465 V/mil 421 V/mil
    Strength (12.0 kV/mm) (12.0 kV/mm) (20.9 kV/mm) (20.2 kV/mm) (18.3 kV/mm) (16.6 kV/mm)
    Retained Heat Aged 41 lb/in 38 lb/in 43 lb/in 35 lb/in
    MD Tensile Strength (72 N/cm) (67 N/cm) (75 N/cm) (61 N/cm)
    Retained Heat Aged 1.2% 0.90% 1.5% 1.3%
    MD Elongation
    Retained Dielectric 456 V/mil 416 V/mil 389 V/mil 368 V/mil
    Breakdown Strength (18.0 kV/mm) (16.5 kV/mm) (15.3 kV/mm) (14.5 kV/mm)
    Thermal Conductivity 0.19 W/m · K 0.18 W/m · K
    *Not classifiable
  • TABLE 6
    EXAMPLE
    19 20 21 22
    NW Paper Thickness(es) 4 mil 4 mil 4 mil 4 mil
    (0.10 mm) (0.10 mm) (0.10 mm) (0.10 mm)
    NW Fabric Blend NW1 NW4 NW5 NW6
    NW Fabric Basis Weight 23 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy
    (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2)
    Composite Structure 4-NW-NW-4 4-NW-NW-4 4-NW-NW-4 4-NW-NW-4
    NW Fabric Wt % 14 14
    Composite Thickness 10.1 mil 9.3 mil 10.0 mil 10.2 mil
    (0.26 mm) (0.24 mm) (0.25 mm) (0.26 mm)
    Composite Basis Weight 311 gsy 297 gsy 307 gsy 302 gsy
    (372 g/m2) (355 g/m2) (367 g/m2) (361 g/m2)
    Composite Density 90 lb/ft3 94 lb/ft3 91 lb/ft3 87 lb/ft3
    (1.4 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc)
    UL 94 Vertical Burn NC* V0 V0 V0
    Rating
    MD Tensile Strength 126 lb/in 133 lb/in 124 lb/in 127 lb/in
    (221 N/cm) (233 N/cm) (217 N/cm) (222 N/cm)
    MD Elongation 4.2% 4.7% 4.8% 4.0%
    CD Tear Strength 1.38 lb 1.31 lb 1.71 lb 3.56 lb
    (624 g) (592 g) (776 g) (1616 g)
    Dielectric Breakdown 477 V/mil 634 V/mil 492 V/mil 539 V/mil
    Strength (18.8 kV/mm) (25.0 kV/mm) (19.4 kV/mm) (21.2 kV/mm)
    Retained Heat Aged MD 53 lb/in 52 lb/in 52 lb/in 39 lb/in
    Tensile Strength (93 N/cm) (91 N/cm) (91 N/cm) (68 N/cm)
    Retained Heat Aged MD 1.2% 1.2% 1.7% 1.1%
    Elongation
    Retained Dielectric 468 V/mil 583 V/mil 450 V/mil 490 V/mil
    Breakdown Strength (18.4 kV/mm) (23.0 kV/mm) (17.7 kV/mm) (19.3 kV/mm)
    *Not classifiable
  • TABLE 7
    EXAMPLE
    23 24 25 26 27
    NW Paper Thickness 7 mil 7 mil 7 mil 7 mil 5 mil
    (0.18 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.18 mm) (0.13 mm)
    NW Fabric Blend NW1 NW4 NW5 NW6 NW6
    NW Fabric Basis Weight 23 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy 22 gsy
    (28 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2) (26 g/m2)
    Composite Structure 7-NW-NW-7 7-NW-NW-7 7-NW-NW-7 7-NW-NW-7 5-NW-NW-5-
    adhesive-
    5-NW-NW-5
    NW Fabric Wt % 10 9 9 9
    Composite Thickness 15.3 mil 15.2 mil 15.1 mil 16.7 mil 24.6 mil
    (0.39 mm) (0.39 mm) (0.38 mm) (0.42 mm) (0.62 mm)
    Composite Basis Weight 483 gsy 470 gsy 488 gsy 501 gsy 761 gsy
    (578 g/m2) (562 g/m2) (584 g/m2) (599 g/m2) (910 g/m2)
    Composite Density 93 lb/ft3 91 lb/ft3 95 lb/ft3 88 lb/ft3 91 lb/ft3
    (1.5 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc) (1.4 g/cc) (1.5 g/cc)
    UL 94 Vertical Burn NC* V0 V0 V0 V0
    Rating
    MD Tensile Strength 176 lb/in 165 lb/in 165 lb/in 173 lb/in 240 lb/in
    (308 N/cm) (289 N/cm) (289 N/cm) (303 N/cm) (420 N/cm)
    MD Elongation 4.1% 3.9% 4.7% 3.4% 2.7%
    CD Tear Strength 2.38 lb 2.47 lb 2.89 lb 6.07 lb 7.05 lb
    (1080 g) (1120 g) (1312 g) (2752 g) (3200 g)
    Dielectric Breakdown 539 V/mil 548 V/mil 533 V/mil 452 V/mil 497 V/mil
    Strength (21.2 kV/mm) (21.6 kV/mm) (21.0 kV/mm) (17.8 kV/mm) (19.6 kV/mm)
    Retained Heat Aged MD 64 lb/in 62 lb/in 55 lb/in 50 lb/in
    Tensile Strength (112 N/cm) 109 N/cm) (96 N/cm) (88 N/cm)
    Retained Heat Aged MD 1.0% 1.0% 2.2% 0.90%
    Elongation
    Retained Dielectric 497 V/mil 433 V/mil 404 V/mil 437 V/mil
    Breakdown Strength (19.6 kV/mm) (17.0 kV/mm) (15.9 kV/mm) (17.2 kV/mm)
    *Not classifiable
  • Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of description of preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the preferred embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:
1. An article comprising:
a non-cellulosic nonwoven fabric layer having first and second opposing major surfaces and having a non-cellulosic nonwoven paper layer attached to each major surface of the nonwoven fabric layer wherein one or both of the nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric are electrically insulating.
2. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the nonwoven paper layers is directly fused to the nonwoven fabric layer.
3. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the nonwoven paper layers is attached to the nonwoven fabric layer by an adhesive.
4. The article of claim 3 wherein the adhesive comprises a flame retardant.
5. The article of claim 4 wherein the adhesive comprises up to 30 wt % flame retardant.
6. The article of claim 4 wherein the adhesive comprises up to 50 wt % flame retardant.
7. The article of claim 1 comprising multiple alternating layers of nonwoven paper and nonwoven fabric, wherein both exterior layers are nonwoven paper.
8. The article of claim 7 comprising five alternating layers.
9. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the nonwoven paper layers comprises more than one sheet of nonwoven paper.
10. The article of claim 9 wherein the sheets comprising at least one of the nonwoven paper layers have different properties.
11. The article of claim 10 wherein the different properties are selected from the group consisting of thickness, composition, density, flexibility, tear strength, tensile strength, dielectric strength, and flame resistance.
12. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven fabric layer comprises more than one sheet of nonwoven fabric.
13. The article of claim 7 wherein at least one nonwoven fabric layer comprises more than one sheet of nonwoven fabric.
14. The article of claim 12 wherein the sheets comprising at least one of the nonwoven fabric layers have different properties.
15. The article of claim 14 wherein the different properties are selected from the group consisting of thickness, composition, density, flexibility, tear strength, tensile strength, dielectric strength, and flame resistance.
16. The article of claim 1 having a composite part dielectric breakdown strength of greater than or equal to 150 volts/mil according to ASTM D149-09.
17. The article of claim 1 wherein the article achieves a UL 94 flame resistance test rating of V-0.
18. The article of claim 12 wherein the nonwoven fabric layer comprises flammable material.
19. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven fabric comprises aramid fibers.
20. The article of claim 1 wherein the wt % of the nonwoven fabric layer is about 3 to about 50 and the wt % of the one or more nonwoven paper layer(s) is about 50 to about 97.
US13/793,811 2012-06-15 2013-03-11 Electrical insulation material Abandoned US20130337246A1 (en)

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