US20090078021A1 - Metal sheet pressing method - Google Patents
Metal sheet pressing method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090078021A1 US20090078021A1 US12/292,320 US29232008A US2009078021A1 US 20090078021 A1 US20090078021 A1 US 20090078021A1 US 29232008 A US29232008 A US 29232008A US 2009078021 A1 US2009078021 A1 US 2009078021A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal sheet
- pressing
- perforated portion
- baking
- heated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/02—Stamping using rigid devices or tools
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D28/00—Shaping by press-cutting; Perforating
- B21D28/24—Perforating, i.e. punching holes
- B21D28/26—Perforating, i.e. punching holes in sheets or flat parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D31/00—Other methods for working sheet metal, metal tubes, metal profiles
- B21D31/02—Stabbing or piercing, e.g. for making sieves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D37/00—Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass
- B21D37/16—Heating or cooling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for pressing a steel sheet and more particularly to improvement of a pressing method for pressing a fragile portion of a steel sheet.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a metal sheet pressing method of pressing a metal sheet into an uneven-surface shape with press dies, in which a precision pressing work can be done with ease.
- the present invention aims at providing a pressing method capable of pressing only a fragile portion so as to form an uneven-surface shape accurately when a metal sheet is subjected to precision-pressing work.
- the perforated portion 1 a of the metal sheet 1 can be formed into a mesh-like shape as shown in FIG. 1 .
- the metal sheet 1 when the metal sheet 1 is precision-pressed, only a fragile portion such as the perforated portion 1 a formed by drawing is heated by baking as shown in FIG. 3 .
- the fragile portion after heated by baking is pressed with press dies 3 a , 3 b having an uneven-surface shape corresponding to the uneven-surface shape 1 b (shown in FIG. 2 ) to be finally formed. Consequently, the fragile portion can be stretched uniformly and largely through a single process. Consequently, uneven-surface shape can be formed accurately.
- a metal sheet pressing method by which uneven-surface shape can be formed accurately without any formation defect is achieved. And, according to this method, forming speed can be reduced.
- steel sheet, stainless steel sheet and the like can be employed as a metal sheet to be pressed. Namely, common steel, austenitic base stainless steel, ferrite base stainless steel, martensite stainless steel, two-phase stainless steel and the like can be employed.
- the perforated portion is heated by baking and after it is heated by baking, the perforated portion is pressed with press dies into a desired uneven-surface shape.
- a steel sheet to be adopted as that metal sheet it is preferable to use a steel sheet whose property is not changed despite annealing and which exerts the same characteristic as before heating after it is cooled.
- the before described austenitic base stainless steel, ferrite base stainless steel, martensite stainless steel and two-phase stainless steel satisfy these requirements.
- Heating of the perforated portion 1 a by baking can be carried out at temperatures of 800 to 1,000° C. with a heating unit such as a burner as shown in FIG. 3 .
- a heating unit such as a burner as shown in FIG. 3 .
- the fragile portion such as the perforated portion 1 a formed by drawing is heated accurately by baking.
- a fence 4 is provided as shown in FIG. 3 to protect a flame of the heating unit 2 from swinging.
- the fragile portion in the metal sheet formed by drawing is heated by baking, so that the uneven-surface shape can be formed precisely and easily by pressing. Consequently, the fragile portion in which a frame or meshes are formed by drawing can be stretched accurately into a proper shape with a uniform thickness and formed into an uneven-surface shape of a desired size. Consequently, productivity is improved and further, percentage of defects can be reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view for explaining a state in which a metal sheet is partially drawn
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A of a metal sheet pressed according to the method of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A in FIG. 1 for explaining heating process by baking;
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A in FIG. 1 for explaining a process of pressing a fragile portion after the heating process by baking.
- Only the perforated portion 1 a formed in the mesh form is heated by baking locally to approximately 800 to 1,000° C. with a heating unit 2 such as a gas burner as shown in FIG. 3 .
- a heating unit 2 such as a gas burner as shown in FIG. 3 .
- a fence 4 is provided to prevent a flame from the heating unit 2 from swinging so that only the perforated portion 1 a is heated accurately by baking.
- the perforated portion 1 a After that, as shown in FIG. 4 , by using pressing dies 3 a , 3 b corresponding to an uneven-surface shape to be formed finally as shown in FIG. 2 , the perforated portion 1 a , after heated by baking, is pressed into a protruded form having a radius of about 50 mm. Since at this time, other portion than the perforated portion 1 a subjected to heat treatment by baking is not heated, the other portion than the perforated portion 1 a maintains its proper shape as a frame so as to form an uneven-surface shape accurately when the perforated portion 1 a is pressed.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
This invention provides a metal sheet pressing method of precision-pressing a metal sheet, wherein after a metal sheet (1) is partially drawn so as to form a perforated portion (1 a), the perforated portion (1 a) is heated by baking and after it is heated by baking, the perforated portion (1 a) is pressed with press dies into an uneven-surface shape.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/598,072, filed Nov. 13, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/374,149, filed Mar. 14, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/141,049, filed Jun. 1, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/621,309, filed Jul. 18, 2003.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a method for pressing a steel sheet and more particularly to improvement of a pressing method for pressing a fragile portion of a steel sheet.
- 2. Description of Prior Art
- As a conventional method for pressing a metal sheet such as steel sheet, it has been well known that a thin steel sheet is placed on dies and pressed with a punch into a product configuration.
- The above-mentioned pressing method with the punch has various inconveniences described below and therefore, means for solving these problems has been demanded.
- That is, a formation method of pressing with the punch comprised of simple processes is not good at formation of a complicated uneven-surface shape. To cope with this problem, it is necessary, for example, to retard pressing speed extremely or deepen the formation gradually through multiple pressing steps.
- This problem is particularly remarkable in formation of a fragile portion in which a narrow frame or meshes are formed. In the case where such a fragile portion is formed according to the formation method of pressing with a punch, work efficiency and formation efficiency drop largely.
- In the case of forming a fragile portion having the narrow frame or meshes into an uneven-surface shape according to the method of pressing with the punch, actually, such a form as the narrow frame, meshes is punched out and then, a final product is drawn gradually through several steps using multiple dies each having a different degree of unevenness.
- Even if such a press work with a great deal of labor and time is conducted, an uniform shape in that fragile portion cannot be maintained and it is difficult to draw a target material into a correct shape with a uniform thickness. Further, because a partial fracture or the like is likely to occur, the percentage of defects and manufacturing cost are increased.
- In view of the above-described defects of the conventional method which needs a great deal of time and labor, an object of the present invention is to provide a metal sheet pressing method of pressing a metal sheet into an uneven-surface shape with press dies, in which a precision pressing work can be done with ease. Particularly, the present invention aims at providing a pressing method capable of pressing only a fragile portion so as to form an uneven-surface shape accurately when a metal sheet is subjected to precision-pressing work.
- The metal sheet pressing method of precision-pressing the metal sheet proposed by the present invention to achieve the above-described object will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. That is, after a
metal sheet 1 is partially drawn so as to form aperforated portion 1 a, theperforated portion 1 a is heated by baking and after it is heated by baking, theperforated portion 1 a is pressed with press dies 3 a, 3 b into an uneven-surface shape. - The
perforated portion 1 a of themetal sheet 1 can be formed into a mesh-like shape as shown inFIG. 1 . - According to the present invention, when the
metal sheet 1 is precision-pressed, only a fragile portion such as theperforated portion 1 a formed by drawing is heated by baking as shown inFIG. 3 . Next, as shown inFIG. 4 , the fragile portion after heated by baking is pressed withpress dies surface shape 1 b (shown inFIG. 2 ) to be finally formed. Consequently, the fragile portion can be stretched uniformly and largely through a single process. Consequently, uneven-surface shape can be formed accurately. As a result, a metal sheet pressing method by which uneven-surface shape can be formed accurately without any formation defect is achieved. And, according to this method, forming speed can be reduced. - As a metal sheet to be pressed, steel sheet, stainless steel sheet and the like can be employed. Namely, common steel, austenitic base stainless steel, ferrite base stainless steel, martensite stainless steel, two-phase stainless steel and the like can be employed.
- According to the present invention, after the metal sheet is partially drawn so as to form the perforated portion, the perforated portion is heated by baking and after it is heated by baking, the perforated portion is pressed with press dies into a desired uneven-surface shape. As a steel sheet to be adopted as that metal sheet, it is preferable to use a steel sheet whose property is not changed despite annealing and which exerts the same characteristic as before heating after it is cooled. The before described austenitic base stainless steel, ferrite base stainless steel, martensite stainless steel and two-phase stainless steel satisfy these requirements.
- Heating of the
perforated portion 1 a by baking can be carried out at temperatures of 800 to 1,000° C. with a heating unit such as a burner as shown inFIG. 3 . At this time, preferably, the fragile portion such as theperforated portion 1 a formed by drawing is heated accurately by baking. Then, as a good measure for this purpose, a fence 4 is provided as shown inFIG. 3 to protect a flame of theheating unit 2 from swinging. - As described above, according to the present invention, only the fragile portion in the metal sheet formed by drawing is heated by baking, so that the uneven-surface shape can be formed precisely and easily by pressing. Consequently, the fragile portion in which a frame or meshes are formed by drawing can be stretched accurately into a proper shape with a uniform thickness and formed into an uneven-surface shape of a desired size. Consequently, productivity is improved and further, percentage of defects can be reduced.
-
FIG. 1 is a plan view for explaining a state in which a metal sheet is partially drawn; -
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A of a metal sheet pressed according to the method of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A inFIG. 1 for explaining heating process by baking; and -
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A inFIG. 1 for explaining a process of pressing a fragile portion after the heating process by baking. - Hereinafter, the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
- When an austenitic base stainless steel sheet having a thickness of 0.5 t is formed by drawing into a desired product shape as shown in
FIG. 1 , itsperforated portion 1 a is formed into meshes about 5 mm. - Only the
perforated portion 1 a formed in the mesh form is heated by baking locally to approximately 800 to 1,000° C. with aheating unit 2 such as a gas burner as shown inFIG. 3 . - According to the embodiment shown in
FIG. 3 , a fence 4 is provided to prevent a flame from theheating unit 2 from swinging so that only theperforated portion 1 a is heated accurately by baking. - After that, as shown in
FIG. 4 , by using pressingdies FIG. 2 , theperforated portion 1 a, after heated by baking, is pressed into a protruded form having a radius of about 50 mm. Since at this time, other portion than theperforated portion 1 a subjected to heat treatment by baking is not heated, the other portion than theperforated portion 1 a maintains its proper shape as a frame so as to form an uneven-surface shape accurately when theperforated portion 1 a is pressed. - Consequently, a product in which the
perforated portion 1 a, which is the fragile portion, is formed such that it is largely protruded can be formed as shown inFIG. 2 . - In the foregoing, preferable embodiment of the present invention is described, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment and can be carried out in various modes within the technical scope described in the claims.
Claims (2)
1. A metal sheet pressing method of precision-pressing a metal sheet, wherein after a metal sheet is partially drawn so as to form a perforated portion, the perforated portion is heated by baking and after it is heated by baking, the perforated portion is pressed with press dies into an uneven-surface shape.
2. A metal sheet pressing method according to claim 1 , wherein the perforated portion of the metal sheet is formed in a mesh shape.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/292,320 US20090078021A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2008-11-17 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/585,799 US20100218584A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2009-09-24 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/960,934 US20110265542A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2010-12-06 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US13/429,481 US20120180544A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2012-03-26 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002211158A JP2004050230A (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2002-07-19 | Press forming method for metal sheet |
JP2002-211158 | 2002-07-19 | ||
US10/621,309 US20040016280A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2003-07-18 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/141,049 US20050204795A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2005-06-01 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/374,149 US20060150704A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-03-14 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/598,072 US20070056344A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-11-13 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/898,162 US20080006073A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2007-09-10 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/292,320 US20090078021A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2008-11-17 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/598,072 Continuation US20070056344A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-11-13 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/898,162 Continuation US20080006073A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2007-09-10 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/585,799 Continuation US20100218584A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2009-09-24 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20090078021A1 true US20090078021A1 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
Family
ID=30767762
Family Applications (9)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/621,309 Abandoned US20040016280A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2003-07-18 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/141,049 Abandoned US20050204795A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2005-06-01 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/374,149 Abandoned US20060150704A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-03-14 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/598,072 Abandoned US20070056344A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-11-13 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/898,162 Abandoned US20080006073A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2007-09-10 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/292,320 Abandoned US20090078021A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2008-11-17 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/585,799 Abandoned US20100218584A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2009-09-24 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/960,934 Abandoned US20110265542A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2010-12-06 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US13/429,481 Abandoned US20120180544A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2012-03-26 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Family Applications Before (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/621,309 Abandoned US20040016280A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2003-07-18 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/141,049 Abandoned US20050204795A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2005-06-01 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/374,149 Abandoned US20060150704A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-03-14 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/598,072 Abandoned US20070056344A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2006-11-13 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US11/898,162 Abandoned US20080006073A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2007-09-10 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Family Applications After (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/585,799 Abandoned US20100218584A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2009-09-24 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US12/960,934 Abandoned US20110265542A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2010-12-06 | Metal sheet pressing method |
US13/429,481 Abandoned US20120180544A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2012-03-26 | Metal sheet pressing method |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (9) | US20040016280A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004050230A (en) |
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JP6085878B2 (en) * | 2012-09-12 | 2017-03-01 | 内山工業株式会社 | Metal plate processing method and metal net |
CN104014674B (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2016-09-28 | 中国第一重型机械集团大连加氢反应器制造有限公司 | A kind of baking type steel sheet pressure head heating device and using method thereof |
CN105887705B (en) * | 2016-06-21 | 2017-11-10 | 管伟 | A kind of horizontal concrete goes up spike devices automatically |
CN109108131A (en) * | 2018-07-24 | 2019-01-01 | 阜阳市圣贝诺装饰工程有限公司 | A kind of electromechanical equipment Hardware fitting heat pressing forming device |
CN111421049B (en) * | 2018-12-23 | 2022-03-08 | 南京理工大学 | A kind of preparation method of double-phase isomerism strengthening weldless box body |
KR20210155437A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2021-12-23 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | Window molding apparatus and window molding method using the same |
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US3307387A (en) * | 1963-12-11 | 1967-03-07 | Rohr Corp | Method and apparatus for perforating and corrugating metallic ribbon |
US3373480A (en) * | 1965-12-08 | 1968-03-19 | Western Electric Co | Methods for shaping honeycomb structures |
US3627608A (en) * | 1969-06-16 | 1971-12-14 | Woodall Industries Inc | Method of forming a panel having a compound curvature |
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US3914969A (en) * | 1973-04-18 | 1975-10-28 | Nasa | Apparatus for forming dished ion thruster grids |
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-
2002
- 2002-07-19 JP JP2002211158A patent/JP2004050230A/en active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-07-18 US US10/621,309 patent/US20040016280A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-06-01 US US11/141,049 patent/US20050204795A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-03-14 US US11/374,149 patent/US20060150704A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-11-13 US US11/598,072 patent/US20070056344A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-09-10 US US11/898,162 patent/US20080006073A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2008
- 2008-11-17 US US12/292,320 patent/US20090078021A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2009
- 2009-09-24 US US12/585,799 patent/US20100218584A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2010
- 2010-12-06 US US12/960,934 patent/US20110265542A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2012
- 2012-03-26 US US13/429,481 patent/US20120180544A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US3373480A (en) * | 1965-12-08 | 1968-03-19 | Western Electric Co | Methods for shaping honeycomb structures |
US3627608A (en) * | 1969-06-16 | 1971-12-14 | Woodall Industries Inc | Method of forming a panel having a compound curvature |
US3703093A (en) * | 1969-11-11 | 1972-11-21 | Aisin Seiki | Process and apparatus for performing a simultaneous and combined press-forming and heat-treatment of steel stock |
US3914969A (en) * | 1973-04-18 | 1975-10-28 | Nasa | Apparatus for forming dished ion thruster grids |
US4462144A (en) * | 1980-03-20 | 1984-07-31 | White Charles A | Stamped low friction bearing, and process for making same |
US4615205A (en) * | 1984-06-18 | 1986-10-07 | Rca Corporation | Forming a shadow mask from a flat blank |
US4846747A (en) * | 1986-07-04 | 1989-07-11 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Shadow mask, and method of manufacturing the same |
US5119658A (en) * | 1989-12-18 | 1992-06-09 | Sollac | Method and device for forming a sheet-metal blank in particular in order to make a cathode ray tube mask, and cathode ray tube mask obtained according to this method |
US5271142A (en) * | 1991-05-09 | 1993-12-21 | Soundwich, Inc. | Method for producing a sound-dampened automotive enclosure |
US5306190A (en) * | 1991-10-23 | 1994-04-26 | Videocolor Spa | Forming process for a sheet of perforated metal and process implementation device |
US5390519A (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1995-02-21 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Method for manufacturing long products by press working |
US5626051A (en) * | 1994-04-22 | 1997-05-06 | Packinox | Process and device for forming a corrugated metal sheet and corrugated metal sheet obtained by this process |
US6003359A (en) * | 1997-03-04 | 1999-12-21 | Institute Of Technology Precision Electrical Discharge Works | Progressive deep-drawing machine |
US6401509B1 (en) * | 1999-09-17 | 2002-06-11 | Peter Amborn | Method for producing a hollow body made of metal |
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US20050204795A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
US20080006073A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
US20120180544A1 (en) | 2012-07-19 |
JP2004050230A (en) | 2004-02-19 |
US20060150704A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
US20040016280A1 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
US20100218584A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
US20070056344A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
US20110265542A1 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
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