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US20080076744A1 - Method for treating inflammatory conditions with progesterone or progesterone analogs - Google Patents

Method for treating inflammatory conditions with progesterone or progesterone analogs Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080076744A1
US20080076744A1 US11/889,572 US88957207A US2008076744A1 US 20080076744 A1 US20080076744 A1 US 20080076744A1 US 88957207 A US88957207 A US 88957207A US 2008076744 A1 US2008076744 A1 US 2008076744A1
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progesterone
disease
patient
treatment
psoriasis
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Alan Schreiber
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University of Pennsylvania Penn
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/14—Vasoprotectives; Antihaemorrhoidals; Drugs for varicose therapy; Capillary stabilisers

Definitions

  • This invention provides methods for treating inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis using progesterone and progesterone analogs.
  • inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis
  • other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids
  • psoriasis using progesterone and progesterone analogs.
  • IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
  • UC ulcerative colitis
  • CD Crohn's disease
  • proctitis a chronic inflammatory bowel disease
  • IBD affects up to 1,000,000 Americans and disease symptoms can be so severe as to prevent the patient from carrying on a normal life.
  • the total cost of the disease, including lost productivity, in the US is two billion dollars per year.
  • IBD spastic colon or irritable bowel syndrome
  • UC is characterized by a diffuse, continuous, superficial, ulcerative inflammation of the colon, not due to any known single cause. The inflammation often begins within the rectum and extends proximally into the bowel.
  • UC affects the inner mucosal layer of the colon (lamina propria) in a continuous manner, with no portions of healthy tissues between the diseased areas. Additionally, it affects only the colon, not other areas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, except in rare instances.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • UC may be accompanied by bloody diarrhea, constipation, very frequent bowel movements (often 15 to 20 per day), explosive diarrhea, rectal incontinence, pus, mucus, gas, fever, tachycardia, weakness, and anemia.
  • UC creates striking changes in the mucosa and submucosa of the colon and rectum.
  • the disease causes diffuse severe ulceration, inflammation, and congestion of the lining of the colon and rectum. More severe disease states include thinning of the bowel, susceptibility to ulcers, fibrosis, contraction, and narrowing of the intestinal lumen.
  • CD is characterized by focal, asymmetric, transmural inflammation affecting any portion of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus.
  • the ileum and right colon are, however, most often involved.
  • CD affects all layers of the intestine, but there can be patches of normal bowel in between the diseased regions. Depending on where in the bowel the disease manifests itself, CD can cause nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, loss of appetite, fever, night sweats, malaise, arthralgias, and weight loss.
  • Proctitis inflammation of the rectum, is invariably present in UC and is sometimes present in CD. It may also occur independently from these diseases. Proctitis is another manifestation of IBD with pathology similar to UC. A patient presenting with proctitis may later develop full-blown UC or CD.
  • the diseases may be caused by a pathogen or other antigen that initiates the inflammatory response in the bowel, accompanied by a defect in the ability to down-regulate the immune response. Once initiated, many of the pathophysiological events in IBD are related to amplification of the inflammatory process. In response to antigens, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators are released. Some cytokines promote T cell activity. The inflammatory cascade continues with IL-2, helper T cells, B-cell proliferation, and antibody synthesis. Stimulated neutrophils and macrophages accumulate and further damage the tissue by releasing reactive oxygen species and other biologically active products. Additional acute inflammatory cells respond to the tissue damage, whether or not the primary initiating stimulus has ceased.
  • TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
  • antisense oligonucleotides Prevention of adhesion and recruitment has been suggested by using antisense oligonucleotides to ICAM-1.
  • Other miscellaneous therapies that have been suggested include arachidonic acid metabolites, anti-free radicals, short-chain fatty acids, nicotine, bismuth, ketotifen, heparin, interferon- ⁇ , chloroquinone/hydroxychloroquine, hyperbaric oxygen, IV immunoglobulin, and leukapheresis.
  • Infliximab an anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody
  • TNF- ⁇ Biological activities attributed to TNF- ⁇ include induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6, enhancement of leukocyte migration by increasing endothelial layer permeability and expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells and leukocytes, and activation of neutrophil and eosinophil functional activity.
  • REMICADETM Infliximab
  • Additional medical management strategies include psychotherapy, diet control, fluid and electrolytes.
  • a significant number of patients must resort to surgical removal of the affected portion of the bowel.
  • None of the known therapies provide successful long term treatment for all patients, and many of the therapies have serious side effects.
  • patients treated with steroid drugs such as glucocorticoids, can develop diabetes, hypertension, psychological changes, Cushings syndrome, changes in protein metabolism, osteoporosis, cataracts, avascular hip necrosis, and infection.
  • Patients taking immunosuppressants run serious risk of infection and may have an increased incidence of cancer.
  • Improved treatments are also needed for other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract, including but not limited to microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids.
  • Microscopic colitis is another form of colitis, where only microscopic changes are seen in the GI tract tissue. No gross clinical manifestations are visible upon colonoscopy. Patients with microscopic colitis commonly have diarrhea.
  • Allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis can be diagnosed upon biopsy of the GI tract tissue, which will show predominantly eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall.
  • This inflammatory condition is induced by an allergic reaction to food, microbes, or other ingested substance that come in contact with the bowel wall. Cramping pain, diarrhea, and weight loss are common. This condition is often treated with prednisone. Food allergies can also cause other inflammatory conditions in the GI tract, and are often treated with steroid hormones, such as the glucocorticoids.
  • Pill-induced esophagitis is an inflammatory condition of the esophagus caused when a pill becomes lodged in the esophagus during swallowing.
  • the inflammatory condition can continue even after the pill becomes dislodged.
  • Celiac disease is an inflammatory condition of the small intestine, precipitated by the ingestion of wheat, rye, and barley, in individuals sensitive or allergic to these foods. While sensitive individuals can try to avoid these foods, it is very difficult to prevent accidental ingestion, and patients very often require treatment. Symptoms of celiac disease include diarrhea, bloating, and discomfort.
  • Recurrent polyps are also thought to have an inflammatory component, with inflammation in the colon and around the polyps.
  • Polyps are a serious, precancerous GI condition, and are generally removed surgically. A treatment is needed to prevent polyps from recurring or treat them without surgical intervention.
  • Hemorrhoids enlarged and inflamed veins in the wall of the anus, are usually a consequence of prolonged constipation or diarrhea.
  • the inflammatory process affects the veins and the tissues surrounding the veins. Hemorrhoids can occur with IBD (UC, CD, and proctitis) and may also occur independently of these diseases.
  • IBD UC, CD, and proctitis
  • This inflammatory condition of the GI tract can be treated with anti-inflammatory steroid drugs, such as glucocorticoids, or surgery.
  • Psoriasis another inflammatory condition, affects more than 7 million Americans. It is a noncontaigious skin disorder that most commonly appears as inflamed swollen skin lesions covered with silvery white scale. The exact cause of psoriasis is not known, but a patient's keratinocytes grow as if there was a wound, in a regenerative maturation process. The skin cannot shed the extra cells fast enough, and excessive skin cells build up and form elevated, scaly lesions.
  • Psoriasis occurs in several forms including: plaque psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, scalp psoriasis, and nail psoriasis.
  • Topical steroid medications are one of the most common therapies prescribed. Steroids can also be injected into the lesions. Topical retinioids have also been useful. Phototherapy offers a second level of treatment for more persistent cases. The third level of treatment includes systemic drugs such as methotrexate, oral retinoids, and cyclosporin.
  • TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor alpha
  • psoriasis may respond to treatment with an anti-TNF- ⁇ monoclonal antibody.
  • Oh, C. J., et al. Treatment with anti - tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF - ⁇ ) monoclonal antibody dramatically decreases the clinical activity of psoriasis lesions, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 42:829-30 (2000). Elevated levels of TNF- ⁇ have been associated with psoriasis, especially psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris.
  • Ritchlin C., et al. Patterns of cytokine production in psoriatic synovium, J.
  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate is a derivative of progesterone and is a white, odorless crystalline powder, stable in air, melting between 200° and 210° C.
  • the chemical name for medroxyprogesterone acetate is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 17-(acetyloxy)-6-methyl-, (6 ⁇ )-. Its structural formula is as follows:
  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate is currently prescribed for secondary amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance, and contraception. Medroxyprogesterone acetate has also been combined with estrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, acting through its regulation of the menstrual cycle, can also be used for reduced iron-deficiency anemia, protection against pelvic inflammatory disease, protection from endometrial cancer, and improved hematologic parameters among users with sickle cell disease. Cullins, Noncontraceptive Benefits and Therapeutic Uses of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 41:428-433 (1996).
  • progesterone or progesterone analogs is effective in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis.
  • inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis
  • other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids
  • inflammatory conditions including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemor
  • inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis
  • other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids
  • psoriasis wherein medroxy
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating a patient suffering from at least one of the following inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, wherein progesterone or a progesterone analog is administered to the patient.
  • inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis
  • other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids
  • psoriasis wherein
  • Progesterone analogs for use in the invention include, but are not limited to: acetophenone derivative of 16 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxyprogesterone, allyestrenol, chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, desogestrel, dimethisterone, dydrogesterone, esthisterone, estrenols, ethinylestrenol, ethlestrenol, ethynodiol diacetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, norethandrolone, norethindrone, norethindrone enanthate, norethisterone, norethynodrel, norgestimate, norgestrel, 19-nortestosterone, and valerate and caproate esters of progesterone.
  • the progesterone analog is medroxyprogesterone acetate.
  • Other embodiments include medroxyprogesterone and its other salts and derivatives. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that during IBD and other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the bowel, lymphocytes may infiltrate the bowel, drawn there by a cytokine or other chemotactic or inflammatory mediators. Progesterone and progesterone analogs may inhibit the release of the cytokine or other chemotactic agent from a cell in the bowel, thus decreasing the number of lymphocytes that are recruited to the bowel.
  • Progesterone and progesterone analogs downregulate the Fc receptors in macrophages.
  • the Fc receptor recognizes antibodies or immune complexes present in an inflammatory process, and such stimulation of the Fc receptor is one of the ways that the macrophage is signaled to release TNF- ⁇ and IL-6.
  • Progesterone analogs with higher “classic progestational activity”, as determined by in vitro binding to the uterus or other uterine activity, can provide more effective treatment in the present invention.
  • the presence and extent of classic progesterone activity are determined by the effect of the compound on the uterus. For example, in the rabbit the extent of the effect on the uterine endometrium is determined.
  • Terenius L. Affinities of progestogen and estrogen receptors in rabbit uterus for synthetic progestogens, Steroids 23:909-919 (1974); Goth A., Medical Pharmacology , C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, p.
  • the progesterone or progesterone analog will have low bioavailability, so that much of it will remain in the GI tract, in bowel disorders, or on the skin, for topical psoriasis disorders, directly treating the diseased tissue.
  • Lower bioavailability may be advantageous because decreased systemic absorption could result in decreased systemic side effects and complications. This could allow patients with chronic conditions to receive treatment for longer periods of time.
  • the invention may work through a combination of local and systemic effects.
  • a selective delivery system should provide even more effective treatment.
  • a selective delivery system could include an enteric coated tablet or capsule, a low solubility tablet, capsule, suspension, suppository, enema, liquid, foam, cream, gel, ointment, powder, or any of the following forms discussed below.
  • Enteric coatings can be applied to tablets to gain local delivery to various portions of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, upper versus lower).
  • Other coatings can allow for a controlled release of the medication.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,888 teaches that controlled release dosage forms can be prepared using an external phase of a polyethylene glycol polymer with an average molecular weight of from 3000 to 10000.
  • the '888 patent teaches mixing a drug with certain gel forming polymers, allowing for sustained and controlled release in the stomach.
  • the combination of the drug with a non-chemically cross-linked alkyl-substituted cellulose can also provide sustained release in the stomach, according to the method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,837.
  • Enteric coating materials include cellulose acetate phthalate or a plasticized cellulose acetate phthalate, and are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,106.
  • pH sensitive capsules can allow for delivery to the more neutral environment of the lower GI tract, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,648. This can be accomplished by using a coating which is insoluble in gastric juices of a pH below 4, but soluble in intestinal juice exhibiting a pH from 4 to 7.
  • PVAP polyvinyl acetate phthalate
  • HPMCP Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
  • Low solubility formulations can be achieved by mixing the progesterone or progesterone analog with cyclodextrans according to the method presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,064. These can be used as suspensions, or dried into powders for conversion into tablets, capsules, or other solid dose forms. Certain oils have also been routinely used for suspensions of water insoluble agents to form liquid preparations or gel capsules.
  • progesterone or progesterone analog can be encapsulated in microspheres by a coating of a cross linked coacervate of gelatin and chondroitin sulfate, allowing for time release of the drug, according to the method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,582.
  • Tablets and capsules can be coated with a gum that is broken down by enzymes found in the gut, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,294.
  • Hydrocolloid gums obtainable from higher plants, such as guar gum, locust bean gum, gum tragacanth, or karaya gum can be used.
  • Very specific delivery can be achieved by using an enteric feeding tube to delivers the progesterone or progesterone analog composition directly to the inflamed section of the gastrointestinal tract, according to the method presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,306.
  • This technique works especially well for delivery to the proximal small bowel. It could also be applied to the large bowel, either by using an enteric feeding tube or by using similar tubing entering the gastrointestinal tract rectally.
  • the progesterone or progesterone analog could be topically applied to the lesion, injected into the lesion, or injected into the body near the lesion.
  • the progesterone or progesterone analogs used in the methods of the present invention may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents, tableting agents, liposomes, or lipid formulations, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, antiinflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be topically (including on the skin), rectally (by suppository or enema), intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular injection, or injection into an area requiring treatment.
  • Administration may be topically (including on the skin), rectally (by suppository or enema), intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular injection, or injection into an area requiring treatment.
  • the activity and metabolism of the composition should be used as a guide when determining the route of administration.
  • Formulations for topical, rectal, and intranasal administration may include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, enemas, ointments, suppositories, sprays, liquids, and powders.
  • Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners, and the like may be necessary or desirable.
  • Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or nonaqueous media, capsules, or tablets. Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids, tableting agents, or binders may be desirable.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions optionally containing buffers, liposomes, diluents and other suitable additives.
  • Dosing is dependent on the severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, with a course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved.
  • dosing is as follows. Optimal dosing schedules and dosing amounts can be calculated based on the severity of the disease and the weight of the patient according to the general guidelines below. Dosages and frequencies would be greater for a patient with a more severe disease state or a higher weight. Depending on the formulation or whether local/targeted delivery is employed, slightly lower doses would be appropriate.
  • One oral dosing schedule is to treat a patient suffering from inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, with from about 10 mg to about 5 g, alternatively from about 20 mg to about 4 g, alternatively from about 50 mg to 3 g, alternatively from about 100 mg to 2 g, alternatively from about 500 mg to about 2 g, and alternatively from about 500 mg to about 1 g, total daily dose.
  • inflammatory bowel disease including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and proctitis
  • other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract microscopic colitis, allergic eo
  • dosing is as follows. Optimal dosing schedules and dosing amounts can be calculated based on the severity of the disease, the area of skin to be treated (when applied to the skin) or the volume of the rectal administration (when applied rectally). Dosages and frequencies would be greater for a patient with a more severe disease state. Dosages, as percent of active ingredient to vehicle, could be reduced when very large areas of the skin are to be treated, and could be reduced if a larger volume rectal treatment was used (i.e., a larger suppository, for example).
  • One topical dosing schedule is to treat a patient suffering from inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, with from about 20 mg to about 4 g, alternatively from about 225 mg to about 1.25 g, alternatively from about 550 mg to 750 mg, alternatively about 650 mg, total daily dose.
  • inflammatory bowel disease including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis)
  • other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids
  • psoriasis
  • Both oral and topical dosing can occur once a day, every other day, three times a week, or twice a week. It can also occur in divided doses, twice, three, or four times a day.
  • One acceptable dosing schedule is once a day.
  • Initial treatment can continue for up to 2 weeks for an acute condition, or about 4 weeks to about 16 weeks for a chronic condition, or alternatively about 8 weeks to about 12 weeks for a chronic condition. Longer therapy may also be needed.
  • Patients can be treated for up to six months, or up to one year. Maintenance treatment can last up to or longer than one year. Patients can be treated on a maintenance basis or on an as needed basis during a problematic episode, depending on the severity of the patient's condition.
  • Patients can also be treated on a rotating treatment basis, where treatment is provided for a period of time and then the patient is given a drug holiday before treatment resumes again.
  • patients may receive no treatment, treatment with another mediation or treatment protocol, or treatment with a reduced dosage.
  • patients could receive treatment with a higher dose of the composition until a desired reduced disease state is achieved, and then continued on a lower dose of the composition.
  • the composition could be administered concomitantly with another treatment for the inflammatory conditions.
  • the drug may be administered with aminosalicylic acid (ASA) or another aminosalicylate, including but not limited to, mesalamine.
  • ASA aminosalicylic acid
  • the second drug may be administered in the same composition, or in a different composition. If different compositions are contemplated, the same or different routes of administration could be used depending upon factors including the pharmacokinetics of the compositions, possible interactions, and patient convenience/preference.
  • the scid (severe combined immunodeficient) C.B.-17 line of mice provide an effective model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
  • the disease state in these mice is triggered by the intraperitoneal injection of CD4+ T cells from a normal BALB/C mouse.
  • the induced disease is characterized by intestinal inflammation in the large intestine, leukocytic infiltrates into the mucosa, submucosa, and mucularis, epithelial cell hyperplasia, loss of mucin-secreting cells, and ulcers with deep fissures, and diarrhea.
  • CD4+ T cells and macrophages infiltrate the bowel.
  • the scid mouse is recognized by the art as a model for IBD. Powrie et al., Inhibition of Th 1 Responses Prevents Inflammatory Bowel Disease in scid Mice Reconstituted with CD 45 RBhi CD 4 + T Cells, Immunity 1:553-562 (1994).
  • 500,000 to 1 ⁇ 106 T cells derived from the lymph nodes of normal BALB/C mice were injected intraperitoneally into scid mice 6 weeks prior to sacrifice. 2 days before lymphocyte administration, treatment of the scid mice began with buffer control, medroxyprogesterone acetate, or 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The treatment mice (5 in each group) received 25 mg/kg of drug orally each day until sacrifice. Two BALB/C mice served as an additional negative control for the mouse model, and did not receive the intraperitoneal injections.
  • lymphocytes were isolated from each animal. The total number of lymphocytes, number of CD4+ lymphocytes, and the percent of CD4+ lymphocytes was determined.
  • CD4+ lymphocytes were identified by using a first antibody directed to CD4, and a second antibody directed to the first antibody. The second antibody was tagged with fluorescein, which lights up as green in a flow cytometer, identifying which lymphocytes are the CD4+ form. The results are shown in Table 1. Lymphocyte infiltration into the bowel is a predictor of the progress of the disease because lymphocytes are involved in the inflammatory response leading to damage of the bowel wall.
  • mice show the normal baseline level of lymphocytes in the bowel and the buffer control shows the state of the disease model without any treatment.
  • Table 1 shows the effect of treatment on lymphocytes infiltration in the large bowel lamina limbal.
  • mice from Example 1 The spleens of six of the mice from Example 1 were removed after the animals were sacrificed. Macrophages were isolated from the spleen of the medroxyprogesterone acetate or buffer control treated mice. TNF- ⁇ release from these macrophages was measured by ELISA following stimulation with either (1) rat anti-mouse macrophage Fc receptor antibody 2.4G2 and F(ab′) 2 IgG goat anti-rat antibody, or (2) phorbol myristate acetate (“PMA”), a phorbol ester.
  • PMA phorbol myristate acetate
  • medroxyprogesterone acetate may be inhibiting TNF- ⁇ release from macrophages, either by inhibiting its production, release, or down-regulating Fc receptors on the macrophages.
  • Macrophages are involved in inflammatory processes, and infiltrate the bowel wall causing damage in inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • mice from Example 1 The spleens of four of the mice from Example 1 were removed after the animals were sacrificed. Macrophages were isolated from the spleen of the medroxyprogesterone acetate or buffer control treated mice. IL-6 release from these macrophages was measured by ELISA following stimulation with rat anti-mouse macrophage Fc receptor antibody 2.4G2 and F(ab′) 2 IgG goat anti-rat antibody. The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on IL-6 release is illustrated in Table 3.
  • medroxyprogesterone acetate may be inhibiting IL-6 release from macrophages, either by inhibiting its production, release, or down-regulating Fc receptors on the macrophages.
  • Macrophages are involved in inflammatory processes, and infiltrate the bowel wall causing damage in inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • Patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis were evaluated for their response to treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate.
  • Patients in the treatment group (8 patients) received a loading dose of 1 gram of medroxyprogesterone acetate every 6 hours for 8 doses. These patients were then given 500 mg of medroxyprogesterone every 12 hours for 8 weeks.
  • DAI Disease Activity Index
  • medroxyprogesterone acetate represents a good treatment for ulcerative colitis.
  • Patients with mild to moderate Crohn's disease were evaluated for their response to treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate.
  • CDAI Crohn's Disease Activity Index
  • Disease remission was defined as a CDAI score of 150 or below. Disease response was defined as either a decrease of 70 or greater in the CDAI or disease remission. Table 6 shows patient response to treatment. TABLE 6 Patient Response to Treatment for Crohn's Disease Number of Patient Type Patients Remissions Responders Completers 10 7 8 Ongoing 1 — — Drop out 1 — —

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Abstract

The present invention provides methods for treating inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, using progesterone or progesterone analogs such as medroxyprogesterone acetate.

Description

    PRIORITY INFORMATION
  • This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/156,434, filed Sep. 28, 1999.
    • TECHNICAL FIELD
  • This invention provides methods for treating inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis using progesterone and progesterone analogs.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • “Inflammatory bowel disease” (IBD) encompasses the idiopathic, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and proctitis. Researchers do not know the cause of these diseases, but believe that they involve genetic and immunologic influences on the gastrointestinal tract's ability to distinguish foreign from self-antigens and/or to alter the mucosal immune response. They share many overlapping epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic features. IBD affects up to 1,000,000 Americans and disease symptoms can be so severe as to prevent the patient from carrying on a normal life. The total cost of the disease, including lost productivity, in the US is two billion dollars per year. Ward et al., Clinical economics review: medical management of inflammatory bowel disease, Ailment Pharmacol Ther 13:15-25 (1999). Drug therapies that allow patients to avoid surgical intervention could reduce the cost significantly.
  • IBD (UC, CD, and proctitis) is different from spastic colon or irritable bowel syndrome, which is a motility disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. UC is characterized by a diffuse, continuous, superficial, ulcerative inflammation of the colon, not due to any known single cause. The inflammation often begins within the rectum and extends proximally into the bowel. UC affects the inner mucosal layer of the colon (lamina propria) in a continuous manner, with no portions of healthy tissues between the diseased areas. Additionally, it affects only the colon, not other areas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, except in rare instances. UC may be accompanied by bloody diarrhea, constipation, very frequent bowel movements (often 15 to 20 per day), explosive diarrhea, rectal incontinence, pus, mucus, gas, fever, tachycardia, weakness, and anemia. UC creates striking changes in the mucosa and submucosa of the colon and rectum. The disease causes diffuse severe ulceration, inflammation, and congestion of the lining of the colon and rectum. More severe disease states include thinning of the bowel, susceptibility to ulcers, fibrosis, contraction, and narrowing of the intestinal lumen.
  • CD is characterized by focal, asymmetric, transmural inflammation affecting any portion of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. The ileum and right colon are, however, most often involved. CD affects all layers of the intestine, but there can be patches of normal bowel in between the diseased regions. Depending on where in the bowel the disease manifests itself, CD can cause nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, loss of appetite, fever, night sweats, malaise, arthralgias, and weight loss.
  • Proctitis, inflammation of the rectum, is invariably present in UC and is sometimes present in CD. It may also occur independently from these diseases. Proctitis is another manifestation of IBD with pathology similar to UC. A patient presenting with proctitis may later develop full-blown UC or CD.
  • Physicians and medical researchers have not been successful in identifying a cause for these diseases, although several theories have been postulated. The diseases may be caused by a pathogen or other antigen that initiates the inflammatory response in the bowel, accompanied by a defect in the ability to down-regulate the immune response. Once initiated, many of the pathophysiological events in IBD are related to amplification of the inflammatory process. In response to antigens, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators are released. Some cytokines promote T cell activity. The inflammatory cascade continues with IL-2, helper T cells, B-cell proliferation, and antibody synthesis. Stimulated neutrophils and macrophages accumulate and further damage the tissue by releasing reactive oxygen species and other biologically active products. Additional acute inflammatory cells respond to the tissue damage, whether or not the primary initiating stimulus has ceased.
  • Other research on IBD suggests that abnormalities in the immune system, nonimmune cells in the intestinal mucosa, genetic risk determinants, and random environmental factors may all be necessary to induce IBD. Papadakis et al., Current Theories on the Causes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenterol Clin North Am 28:283-296 (1999). Researchers have also postulated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Sanborn et al, Antitumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a review of agents, pharmacology, clinical results, and safety, Inflamm Bowel Dis 5:119-33 (1999). The uncertainty about the cause of IBD has lead to confusion about the appropriate treatment strategy.
  • Currently, no treatment exists that will cure or effectively manage both forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Present treatments include aminosalicylates (sulfasalazine, mesalamine), glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, prednisone), antibiotics (to reduce secondary infection), immunosuppressants (6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine), belladonna, atropine, and phenobarbital. Immunosuppressants (6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, FK-506/tacrolimus) and neuroimmunomodulation agents (somatostatin, substance P, local anesthetics) have also been used as therapy for IBD. Prevention of adhesion and recruitment has been suggested by using antisense oligonucleotides to ICAM-1. Other miscellaneous therapies that have been suggested include arachidonic acid metabolites, anti-free radicals, short-chain fatty acids, nicotine, bismuth, ketotifen, heparin, interferon-α, chloroquinone/hydroxychloroquine, hyperbaric oxygen, IV immunoglobulin, and leukapheresis. Sands, Novel Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease 28:323-351 (1999).
  • Infliximab, an anti-TNF-α antibody, has recently been developed as a treatment for Crohn's disease, because overproduction of TNF-α leads to inflammation. Biological activities attributed to TNF-α include induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6, enhancement of leukocyte migration by increasing endothelial layer permeability and expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells and leukocytes, and activation of neutrophil and eosinophil functional activity. REMICADE™ (Infliximab) Prescribing Information.
  • Additional medical management strategies include psychotherapy, diet control, fluid and electrolytes. A significant number of patients must resort to surgical removal of the affected portion of the bowel. None of the known therapies provide successful long term treatment for all patients, and many of the therapies have serious side effects. For example, patients treated with steroid drugs, such as glucocorticoids, can develop diabetes, hypertension, psychological changes, Cushings syndrome, changes in protein metabolism, osteoporosis, cataracts, avascular hip necrosis, and infection. Patients taking immunosuppressants run serious risk of infection and may have an increased incidence of cancer.
  • Other Noninfectious, Inflammatory Conditions of the GI Tract
  • Improved treatments are also needed for other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract, including but not limited to microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids.
  • Microscopic colitis is another form of colitis, where only microscopic changes are seen in the GI tract tissue. No gross clinical manifestations are visible upon colonoscopy. Patients with microscopic colitis commonly have diarrhea.
  • Allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis can be diagnosed upon biopsy of the GI tract tissue, which will show predominantly eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall. This inflammatory condition is induced by an allergic reaction to food, microbes, or other ingested substance that come in contact with the bowel wall. Cramping pain, diarrhea, and weight loss are common. This condition is often treated with prednisone. Food allergies can also cause other inflammatory conditions in the GI tract, and are often treated with steroid hormones, such as the glucocorticoids.
  • Pill-induced esophagitis is an inflammatory condition of the esophagus caused when a pill becomes lodged in the esophagus during swallowing. The inflammatory condition can continue even after the pill becomes dislodged.
  • Celiac disease is an inflammatory condition of the small intestine, precipitated by the ingestion of wheat, rye, and barley, in individuals sensitive or allergic to these foods. While sensitive individuals can try to avoid these foods, it is very difficult to prevent accidental ingestion, and patients very often require treatment. Symptoms of celiac disease include diarrhea, bloating, and discomfort.
  • Recurrent polyps are also thought to have an inflammatory component, with inflammation in the colon and around the polyps. Polyps are a serious, precancerous GI condition, and are generally removed surgically. A treatment is needed to prevent polyps from recurring or treat them without surgical intervention.
  • Hemorrhoids, enlarged and inflamed veins in the wall of the anus, are usually a consequence of prolonged constipation or diarrhea. The inflammatory process affects the veins and the tissues surrounding the veins. Hemorrhoids can occur with IBD (UC, CD, and proctitis) and may also occur independently of these diseases. This inflammatory condition of the GI tract can be treated with anti-inflammatory steroid drugs, such as glucocorticoids, or surgery.
  • Psoriasis
  • Psoriasis, another inflammatory condition, affects more than 7 million Americans. It is a noncontaigious skin disorder that most commonly appears as inflamed swollen skin lesions covered with silvery white scale. The exact cause of psoriasis is not known, but a patient's keratinocytes grow as if there was a wound, in a regenerative maturation process. The skin cannot shed the extra cells fast enough, and excessive skin cells build up and form elevated, scaly lesions. Psoriasis occurs in several forms including: plaque psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, scalp psoriasis, and nail psoriasis.
  • Various treatment strategies have been used for psoriasis, though none are completely effective. Topical steroid medications are one of the most common therapies prescribed. Steroids can also be injected into the lesions. Topical retinioids have also been useful. Phototherapy offers a second level of treatment for more persistent cases. The third level of treatment includes systemic drugs such as methotrexate, oral retinoids, and cyclosporin.
  • Recent research has suggested that psoriasis may respond to treatment with an anti-TNF-αmonoclonal antibody. Oh, C. J., et al., Treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody dramatically decreases the clinical activity of psoriasis lesions, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 42:829-30 (2000). Elevated levels of TNF-α have been associated with psoriasis, especially psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris. Ritchlin C., et al., Patterns of cytokine production in psoriatic synovium, J. Rheumatol., 25:1544-52 (1998); Okubo Y, et al., Peripheral blood monocytes in psoriatic patients overproduce cytokines, J. Dermatol. Sci., 17:223-32 (1998).
  • Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate is a derivative of progesterone and is a white, odorless crystalline powder, stable in air, melting between 200° and 210° C. The chemical name for medroxyprogesterone acetate is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 17-(acetyloxy)-6-methyl-, (6α)-. Its structural formula is as follows:
    Figure US20080076744A1-20080327-C00001
  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate is currently prescribed for secondary amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance, and contraception. Medroxyprogesterone acetate has also been combined with estrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, acting through its regulation of the menstrual cycle, can also be used for reduced iron-deficiency anemia, protection against pelvic inflammatory disease, protection from endometrial cancer, and improved hematologic parameters among users with sickle cell disease. Cullins, Noncontraceptive Benefits and Therapeutic Uses of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 41:428-433 (1996). Thus, it is surprising that the administration of progesterone or progesterone analogs is effective in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating a patient suffering from at least one of the following conditions: inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis wherein a progesterone or progesterone analog is administered to the patient.
  • It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating a patient suffering from inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, wherein medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered to the patient.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a method for treating a patient suffering from at least one of the following inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, wherein progesterone or a progesterone analog is administered to the patient.
  • Progesterone analogs for use in the invention include, but are not limited to: acetophenone derivative of 16α,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone, allyestrenol, chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, desogestrel, dimethisterone, dydrogesterone, esthisterone, estrenols, ethinylestrenol, ethlestrenol, ethynodiol diacetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, norethandrolone, norethindrone, norethindrone enanthate, norethisterone, norethynodrel, norgestimate, norgestrel, 19-nortestosterone, and valerate and caproate esters of progesterone.
  • In one embodiment of the invention, the progesterone analog is medroxyprogesterone acetate. Other embodiments include medroxyprogesterone and its other salts and derivatives. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that during IBD and other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the bowel, lymphocytes may infiltrate the bowel, drawn there by a cytokine or other chemotactic or inflammatory mediators. Progesterone and progesterone analogs may inhibit the release of the cytokine or other chemotactic agent from a cell in the bowel, thus decreasing the number of lymphocytes that are recruited to the bowel. Progesterone and progesterone analogs downregulate the Fc receptors in macrophages. The Fc receptor recognizes antibodies or immune complexes present in an inflammatory process, and such stimulation of the Fc receptor is one of the ways that the macrophage is signaled to release TNF-α and IL-6.
  • Progesterone analogs with higher “classic progestational activity”, as determined by in vitro binding to the uterus or other uterine activity, can provide more effective treatment in the present invention. The presence and extent of classic progesterone activity are determined by the effect of the compound on the uterus. For example, in the rabbit the extent of the effect on the uterine endometrium is determined. Terenius L., Affinities of progestogen and estrogen receptors in rabbit uterus for synthetic progestogens, Steroids 23:909-919 (1974); Goth A., Medical Pharmacology, C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, p. 429 (1966); Duncan M R, et al., An in vivo study of the action of antiglucocorticoids on thymus weight ratio, antibody titre, and the adrenal pituitary hypothalamus axis, J. Steroid Biochemistry 10:245-59 (1979). 17-hydroxyprogesterone and analogs of progesterone that have less progestational classic sex hormone activity may be less effective in the present method. However, derivatives of 17-hydroxyprogesterone that have progestational activity will be effective in the invention.
  • In one advantageous embodiment, the progesterone or progesterone analog will have low bioavailability, so that much of it will remain in the GI tract, in bowel disorders, or on the skin, for topical psoriasis disorders, directly treating the diseased tissue. Lower bioavailability may be advantageous because decreased systemic absorption could result in decreased systemic side effects and complications. This could allow patients with chronic conditions to receive treatment for longer periods of time. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the invention may work through a combination of local and systemic effects.
  • A selective delivery system should provide even more effective treatment. Such a selective delivery system could include an enteric coated tablet or capsule, a low solubility tablet, capsule, suspension, suppository, enema, liquid, foam, cream, gel, ointment, powder, or any of the following forms discussed below. Enteric coatings can be applied to tablets to gain local delivery to various portions of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, upper versus lower). Other coatings can allow for a controlled release of the medication. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,888, teaches that controlled release dosage forms can be prepared using an external phase of a polyethylene glycol polymer with an average molecular weight of from 3000 to 10000. Additionally, the '888 patent teaches mixing a drug with certain gel forming polymers, allowing for sustained and controlled release in the stomach. The combination of the drug with a non-chemically cross-linked alkyl-substituted cellulose can also provide sustained release in the stomach, according to the method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,837.
  • Other techniques allow for delivery of medication to the lower GI tract. Enteric coating materials include cellulose acetate phthalate or a plasticized cellulose acetate phthalate, and are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,106. Furthermore, pH sensitive capsules can allow for delivery to the more neutral environment of the lower GI tract, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,648. This can be accomplished by using a coating which is insoluble in gastric juices of a pH below 4, but soluble in intestinal juice exhibiting a pH from 4 to 7. For example, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) results in release of active ingredients in the duodenum. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) resists solubility until the environment achieves a pH of at least 5-6. The HPMCP compounds are available in several forms, some providing protection for tablets up to pH 6 and 7, respectively, for release into the colon.
  • Low solubility formulations can be achieved by mixing the progesterone or progesterone analog with cyclodextrans according to the method presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,064. These can be used as suspensions, or dried into powders for conversion into tablets, capsules, or other solid dose forms. Certain oils have also been routinely used for suspensions of water insoluble agents to form liquid preparations or gel capsules.
  • Additionally, the progesterone or progesterone analog can be encapsulated in microspheres by a coating of a cross linked coacervate of gelatin and chondroitin sulfate, allowing for time release of the drug, according to the method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,582.
  • Tablets and capsules can be coated with a gum that is broken down by enzymes found in the gut, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,294. Hydrocolloid gums, obtainable from higher plants, such as guar gum, locust bean gum, gum tragacanth, or karaya gum can be used.
  • Other strategies for targeted delivery to the colon include those presented in Friend et al, Drug Glycosides: potential prodrugs for colon-specific drug delivery, J. Med. Chem. 28:51-57 (1985); Rubenstein, Microbially controlled drug delivery to the colon, Biopharm & Drug Dispos 11:465-475 (1990); Salyers et al, Cellular location of enzymes involved in chondroitin sulfate breakdown by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, J. Bacteriol 143:772-780 (1980). Various strategies for rectal administration of compounds are described in Marshall et al., Putting Rectal 5-Aminosalicylic Acid in its Place: The Role in Distal Ulcerative Colitis, Am. J. Gastroenterology, 95:1628-1636 (2000).
  • Very specific delivery can be achieved by using an enteric feeding tube to delivers the progesterone or progesterone analog composition directly to the inflamed section of the gastrointestinal tract, according to the method presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,306. This technique works especially well for delivery to the proximal small bowel. It could also be applied to the large bowel, either by using an enteric feeding tube or by using similar tubing entering the gastrointestinal tract rectally. For psoriasis, the progesterone or progesterone analog could be topically applied to the lesion, injected into the lesion, or injected into the body near the lesion.
  • The progesterone or progesterone analogs used in the methods of the present invention may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents, tableting agents, liposomes, or lipid formulations, and the like. The pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, antiinflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like.
  • The pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be topically (including on the skin), rectally (by suppository or enema), intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular injection, or injection into an area requiring treatment. The activity and metabolism of the composition should be used as a guide when determining the route of administration.
  • Formulations for topical, rectal, and intranasal administration may include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, enemas, ointments, suppositories, sprays, liquids, and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners, and the like may be necessary or desirable. Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or nonaqueous media, capsules, or tablets. Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids, tableting agents, or binders may be desirable. Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions optionally containing buffers, liposomes, diluents and other suitable additives.
  • Dosing is dependent on the severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, with a course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved.
  • For treatment with an oral composition, in tablet form, for example, dosing is as follows. Optimal dosing schedules and dosing amounts can be calculated based on the severity of the disease and the weight of the patient according to the general guidelines below. Dosages and frequencies would be greater for a patient with a more severe disease state or a higher weight. Depending on the formulation or whether local/targeted delivery is employed, slightly lower doses would be appropriate.
  • One oral dosing schedule is to treat a patient suffering from inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, with from about 10 mg to about 5 g, alternatively from about 20 mg to about 4 g, alternatively from about 50 mg to 3 g, alternatively from about 100 mg to 2 g, alternatively from about 500 mg to about 2 g, and alternatively from about 500 mg to about 1 g, total daily dose.
  • For treatment with a topical composition, applied to the skin as a cream, gel, or lotion, or administered rectally as a cream, foam, enema, or suppository, dosing is as follows. Optimal dosing schedules and dosing amounts can be calculated based on the severity of the disease, the area of skin to be treated (when applied to the skin) or the volume of the rectal administration (when applied rectally). Dosages and frequencies would be greater for a patient with a more severe disease state. Dosages, as percent of active ingredient to vehicle, could be reduced when very large areas of the skin are to be treated, and could be reduced if a larger volume rectal treatment was used (i.e., a larger suppository, for example).
  • One topical dosing schedule is to treat a patient suffering from inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, with from about 20 mg to about 4 g, alternatively from about 225 mg to about 1.25 g, alternatively from about 550 mg to 750 mg, alternatively about 650 mg, total daily dose.
  • Both oral and topical dosing can occur once a day, every other day, three times a week, or twice a week. It can also occur in divided doses, twice, three, or four times a day. One acceptable dosing schedule is once a day. Initial treatment can continue for up to 2 weeks for an acute condition, or about 4 weeks to about 16 weeks for a chronic condition, or alternatively about 8 weeks to about 12 weeks for a chronic condition. Longer therapy may also be needed. Patients can be treated for up to six months, or up to one year. Maintenance treatment can last up to or longer than one year. Patients can be treated on a maintenance basis or on an as needed basis during a problematic episode, depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Patients can also be treated on a rotating treatment basis, where treatment is provided for a period of time and then the patient is given a drug holiday before treatment resumes again. During the drug holiday, patients may receive no treatment, treatment with another mediation or treatment protocol, or treatment with a reduced dosage. Additionally, patients could receive treatment with a higher dose of the composition until a desired reduced disease state is achieved, and then continued on a lower dose of the composition.
  • Alternatively, the composition could be administered concomitantly with another treatment for the inflammatory conditions. For example, the drug may be administered with aminosalicylic acid (ASA) or another aminosalicylate, including but not limited to, mesalamine. The second drug may be administered in the same composition, or in a different composition. If different compositions are contemplated, the same or different routes of administration could be used depending upon factors including the pharmacokinetics of the compositions, possible interactions, and patient convenience/preference.
    • EXAMPLES
  • The following examples are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
    • Example 1 Treatment of Mice with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
  • The scid (severe combined immunodeficient) C.B.-17 line of mice provide an effective model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The disease state in these mice is triggered by the intraperitoneal injection of CD4+ T cells from a normal BALB/C mouse. The induced disease is characterized by intestinal inflammation in the large intestine, leukocytic infiltrates into the mucosa, submucosa, and mucularis, epithelial cell hyperplasia, loss of mucin-secreting cells, and ulcers with deep fissures, and diarrhea. In the mouse model, CD4+ T cells and macrophages infiltrate the bowel. The scid mouse is recognized by the art as a model for IBD. Powrie et al., Inhibition of Th1 Responses Prevents Inflammatory Bowel Disease in scid Mice Reconstituted with CD45RBhi CD4+ T Cells, Immunity 1:553-562 (1994).
  • 500,000 to 1×106 T cells derived from the lymph nodes of normal BALB/C mice were injected intraperitoneally into scid mice 6 weeks prior to sacrifice. 2 days before lymphocyte administration, treatment of the scid mice began with buffer control, medroxyprogesterone acetate, or 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The treatment mice (5 in each group) received 25 mg/kg of drug orally each day until sacrifice. Two BALB/C mice served as an additional negative control for the mouse model, and did not receive the intraperitoneal injections.
  • After sacrifice, lamina propria (bowel wall) lymphocytes were isolated from each animal. The total number of lymphocytes, number of CD4+ lymphocytes, and the percent of CD4+ lymphocytes was determined. CD4+ lymphocytes were identified by using a first antibody directed to CD4, and a second antibody directed to the first antibody. The second antibody was tagged with fluorescein, which lights up as green in a flow cytometer, identifying which lymphocytes are the CD4+ form. The results are shown in Table 1. Lymphocyte infiltration into the bowel is a predictor of the progress of the disease because lymphocytes are involved in the inflammatory response leading to damage of the bowel wall.
  • The results show that medroxyprogesterone acetate is effective in decreasing lymphocyte infiltration into the bowel, compared to the buffer control and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. 17-hydroxyprogesterone did not work in treating the mice. This may be due in part to the lesser classic sex organ progestational activity of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, which is believed to be one mode of action of the progesterone analogs in treating IBD. The BALB/C mice show the normal baseline level of lymphocytes in the bowel and the buffer control shows the state of the disease model without any treatment. Table 1 shows the effect of treatment on lymphocytes infiltration in the large bowel lamina propria.
    TABLE 1
    Effect of treatment on lymphocytes infiltrating
    the large bowel lamina propria
    CD4+ as a
    CD4+ percent Total
    Lymphocytes of total Lymphocytes
    Treatment (1 × 106) Lymphocytes (1 × 106)
    Buffer Control 19.3 89 23
    22 88 25
    3.2 88 3.6
    22 69 31.8
    32 87 36.9
    Average 19.7 84.2 24.1
    Medroxy- 1.6 81 2
    progesterone 4.1 87 4.8
    Acetate 1.3 65 2
    3.0 83 3.6
    9.2 91 10.2
    Average 3.8 81.4 4.5
    17-hydroxy- 8.9 89 10
    progesterone 1.6 81 2
    15 93 16.5
    23 91 25.2
    Average 16.3 88.0 18.4
    BALB/C mice 2.2 19 11.6
    0.8 18 5.4
    Average 1.5 18.5 8.5
    • Example 2 Effect of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Macrophage TNF-α Release
  • The spleens of six of the mice from Example 1 were removed after the animals were sacrificed. Macrophages were isolated from the spleen of the medroxyprogesterone acetate or buffer control treated mice. TNF-α release from these macrophages was measured by ELISA following stimulation with either (1) rat anti-mouse macrophage Fc receptor antibody 2.4G2 and F(ab′)2 IgG goat anti-rat antibody, or (2) phorbol myristate acetate (“PMA”), a phorbol ester. The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on TNF-α release is illustrated in Table 2.
    TABLE 2
    Effect of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on TNF-α Release
    TNF-α
    TNF-α Repeat
    Measurement Measurement
    Mouse Treatment Stimulation (pg/ml) (pg/ml)
    1 Buffer 2.4G2 and F(ab′)2 2575 2053
    2 IgG anti-rat 1873 1112
    3 MPA 1843 0
    4 2314 1026
    5 Buffer 2.4G2 and F(ab′)2 56220 936
    6 MPA IgG anti-rat for 1st 27563 0
    Measurement and
    PMA for Repeat
    Measurement
  • Thus, these results suggest that medroxyprogesterone acetate may be inhibiting TNF-α release from macrophages, either by inhibiting its production, release, or down-regulating Fc receptors on the macrophages. Macrophages are involved in inflammatory processes, and infiltrate the bowel wall causing damage in inflammatory bowel diseases.
    • Example 3 Effect of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Macrophage IL-6 Release
  • The spleens of four of the mice from Example 1 were removed after the animals were sacrificed. Macrophages were isolated from the spleen of the medroxyprogesterone acetate or buffer control treated mice. IL-6 release from these macrophages was measured by ELISA following stimulation with rat anti-mouse macrophage Fc receptor antibody 2.4G2 and F(ab′)2 IgG goat anti-rat antibody. The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on IL-6 release is illustrated in Table 3.
    TABLE 3
    Effect of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on IL-6 Release
    Mouse Treatment Stimulation IL-6 Measurement
    1 Buffer 2.4G2 and F(ab′)2 323,406
    2 IgG anti-rat 310,750
    3 MPA 298,940
    4 266,557
  • Thus, these results suggest that medroxyprogesterone acetate may be inhibiting IL-6 release from macrophages, either by inhibiting its production, release, or down-regulating Fc receptors on the macrophages. Macrophages are involved in inflammatory processes, and infiltrate the bowel wall causing damage in inflammatory bowel diseases.
    • Example 4 Treatment of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
  • Patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis were evaluated for their response to treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Patients in the treatment group (8 patients) received a loading dose of 1 gram of medroxyprogesterone acetate every 6 hours for 8 doses. These patients were then given 500 mg of medroxyprogesterone every 12 hours for 8 weeks.
  • Disease improvement was measured using the Disease Activity Index (DAI). The DAI is a total score for stool frequency, blood in the stool, the investigator's global assessment (IGA), and the physician's evaluation of the appearance of mucosa during flexible sigmoidoscopy of the colon. Patients showed improvement if they had a reduction of one or more units in the DAI score at the end of the study, when compared to baseline. Table 4 shows patient improvement with treatment.
    TABLE 4
    Patient Improvement with Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis
    Patient Number Improvement
    1 Yes
    2 No
    3 Yes
    4 No
    5 Yes
    6 Yes
    7 Yes
    8 No
  • Thus, medroxyprogesterone acetate represents a good treatment for ulcerative colitis. Five out of eight patients showed improvement with treatment (8 weeks). Of the 3 patients who did not respond at the end of the 8 week study, 2 patients demonstrated a reduction in symptoms and complaints during initial treatment.
    • Example 5 Treatment of Patients with Crohn's Disease
  • Patients with mild to moderate Crohn's disease were evaluated for their response to treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Patients in the treatment group (12 patients) received a loading dose of 1 gram of medroxyprogesterone acetate every 6 hours for 8 doses. These patients were then given 500 mg of medroxyprogesterone every 12 hours for 8 weeks.
  • Disease improvement was measured using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI). The CDAI score for a patient was calculated by multiplying the numerical value for each variable by the multiplication factor indicated for that variable, and totaling all of the resultant values, as shown in Table 5. A score below 150 indicated remission and a score above 450 indicated severe disease. In order to enter the study, patients were required to have a total CDAI score of 200 to 400 at baseline.
    TABLE 5
    Determination of CDAI Score
    Multiplication
    Variable Factor
    Number of liquid or soft stools (over 7 days) 2
    Abdominal pain (sum of scores over 7 days) 5
    0 = none, 1 or 2 = intermediate, 3 = severe
    General well-being (sum of scores over 7 days) 7
    0 = good to 4 = terrible
    Number of complications (on day of 20
    assessment except for fever)
    arthalgias or arthritis
    iritis or uveitis
    erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum,
    or aphthous stomatits
    anal fissure, fistula, or abscess
    other fistula
    fever (>37.8° C., over 7 days)
    Use of opiates for diarrhea 30
    0 = no, 1 = yes
    Abdominal Mass (on day of assessment) 10
    0 = none, 2 = questionable, 5 = definite
    47 minus hematocrit (men), 42 minus 6
    hematocrit (women) (day of assessment)
    Percentage deviation above or below standard 1
    weight (on day of assessment) according to the
    Metropolitan Life Insurance Height and Weight
    Tables for Men and for Women
  • Disease remission was defined as a CDAI score of 150 or below. Disease response was defined as either a decrease of 70 or greater in the CDAI or disease remission. Table 6 shows patient response to treatment.
    TABLE 6
    Patient Response to Treatment for Crohn's Disease
    Number of
    Patient Type Patients Remissions Responders
    Completers 10 7 8
    Ongoing 1 — —
    Drop out 1 — —
  • Of the patients treated, eight out of ten responded to therapy (8 weeks). One patient dropped out for a minor adverse event (fatigue) and had no efficacy data. The remaining patient is still continuing on the study. Thus, medroxyprogesterone acetate represents a good treatment for Crohn's disease.
  • Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. All of the documents cited within this application are hereby incorporated by reference.

Claims (11)

1. A method of treating a patient suffering from at least one of the following inflammatory conditions: inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, hemorrhoids, and psoriasis, wherein a progesterone or progesterone analog is selected and administered to the patient.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the progesterone analog has high progestational activity.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the progesterone analog is medroxyprogesterone acetate.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the patient is treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate once a day.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the patient is treated with from about 500 mg to about 2 grams of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the progesterone analog is administered orally.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is suffering from at least one of the following inflammatory conditions: inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the progesterone analog is formulated in an enteric coated tablet to allow for targeted delivery to the affected portion of the bowel.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the progesterone analog is administered rectally using a composition chosen from an enema, a suppository, a foam, a cream, a gel, an ointment, and a suspension.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is suffering from psoriasis.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the progesterone analog is applied to the skin, injected into at least one psoriasis lesion, or injected into the body near at least one psoriasis lesion.
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