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US20080073205A1 - Integrated photovoltaic-electrolysis cell - Google Patents

Integrated photovoltaic-electrolysis cell Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080073205A1
US20080073205A1 US11/974,191 US97419107A US2008073205A1 US 20080073205 A1 US20080073205 A1 US 20080073205A1 US 97419107 A US97419107 A US 97419107A US 2008073205 A1 US2008073205 A1 US 2008073205A1
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photovoltaic
electrolysis
component
cell
integrated
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Mahabala Adiga
Xunming Deng
Aarohi Vijh
Liwei Xu
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MIDWEST OPTOELECTRONICS
MWOE Inc
University of Toledo
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MWOE Inc
University of Toledo
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Assigned to UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO, THE reassignment UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO, THE CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO RE-RECORD ASSIGNMENT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED UNDER REEL: 020236 AND FRAME: 0677 TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNOR FROM MALABALA ADIGA TO MAHABALS ADIGA Assignors: ADIGA, MAHABALA, DENG, XUNMING
Publication of US20080073205A1 publication Critical patent/US20080073205A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms

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  • the instant invention relates generally to the generation of hydrogen and oxygen from water through a photo-electrolysis process and more particularly to the generation of hydrogen using solar radiation.
  • An electrolysis process using only sunlight and water is considered to be one choice for hydrogen generation.
  • Such hydrogen fuel is ideal for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications since it contains extremely low concentrations of undesirable carbon monoxide, which is poisonous to platinum catalysts in PEM fuel cells.
  • PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell
  • indirect photo-electrolysis in which the photovoltaic cells and electrodes are separated and connected electrically using external wires, is not cost-effective.
  • An integrated photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) offers the potential to generate hydrogen renewably and cost effectively.
  • Modeling of advanced alkaline electrolyzers a system simulation approach, Oystein Ulleberg, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 28(1), 2003, 21-33.
  • photoelectrochemical cells used for generation of hydrogen are based on photocatalysts and semiconducting materials which have a common photocatalyst and electrolyte configuration.
  • the main drawbacks of these systems include the limitation of spectral response in the solar energy spectrum, the lack of established long term stability, and in some cases, photo-corrosion of the cell components.
  • newer doped photo-catalysts based on TiO 2 exhibit some promise, only long term establishment of stability and reliability will prove its capability as a useful solution.
  • the photovoltaic cell does not generate sufficient voltage to split water
  • the photovoltaic cell needs an external electrical bias for the electrolysis
  • the photovoltaic device will not survive for extended use in the electrolyte due to inappropriate protection
  • the photovoltaic device cannot be fabricated using low-cost methods; and/or,
  • the photovoltaic device does not have potential for high conversion efficiency.
  • MPPT maximum power point tracker
  • the state-of-the-art integrated photovoltaic electrolyzers use photovoltaic cells and the DC-DC converters (MPPT's) that track the locus of maximum power points of the Current-Voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic panels in order to keep the load along the maximum power points and to keep electrolyzer separate from the solar cells.
  • the DC-DC converters most of which are microprocessor controlled load matching devices, have a maximum efficiency of 92% at the rated load for MOSFET based systems. This maximum efficiency is observed only at the maximum rated load. At lower load ratings, the efficiency drops considerably.
  • This invention relates to the field of art of solar photovoltaic cells for conversion of sunlight into hydrogen generation by electrolysis.
  • An integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has a photovoltaic component and an electrolysis component which are integrated, through an interconnect design, into a single unit.
  • the photovoltaic component is comprised of: a superstrate or a substrate; a transparent conducting front electrode; one or more of photovoltaic junction(s); and, an electrically conductive back electrode.
  • the electrolysis component is comprised of: an electrolyte and an enclosure that confines the electrolyte.
  • the electrolysis component includes a reduction compartment for hydrogen generation, and an oxidation compartment for oxygen generation.
  • a cathode is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the photovoltaic component.
  • Such cathode is either made of or coated with a stable hydrogen generation catalyst material that has low hydrogen evolution overpotential and is electrochemically stable under reduction environment.
  • An anode is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the photovoltaic component.
  • Such anode is either made of or coated with a stable oxygen generation catalyst material that has low oxygen evolution overpotential and is electrochemically stable under oxidation environment.
  • the electrolysis component further includes an electrolyte inlet for each or both of the reduction and oxidation compartments; an outlet for electrolyte and hydrogen in the reduction compartment; and, an outlet for electrolyte and oxygen in the oxidation compartment.
  • the photovoltaic component is a superstrate-type thin-film photovoltaic cell deposited on a glass superstrate.
  • the photovoltaic component can be subdivided into a multiple of subcells; with appropriate dimensions such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front contact is minimal.
  • the photovoltaic component is a substrate-type thin-film photovoltaic cell which is deposited on a conducting substrate and has one or more photovoltaic junctions, so that the photovoltage is sufficient to drive electrolysis.
  • the substrate-type thin film photovoltaic cell can comprise electrical grids applied on top of the transparent conducting front electrode; wherein spacing of the grids is such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front electrode is minimal.
  • the electrical grids are electrically connected together and to one electrode of the electrolysis component.
  • the conducting substrate is electrically connected to the other electrode of the electrolysis component, or itself is the other electrode.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective illustration of a substrate-type integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell.
  • IPE photovoltaic electrolysis
  • FIG. 2 a is a schematic perspective illustration, partially in phantom, of a photovoltaic component and an electrolysis component on a superstrate-type IPE cell.
  • FIG. 2 b is a schematic side elevational illustration of the photovoltaic component in an superstrate-type IPE cell shown in FIG. 2 a.
  • FIG. 2 c is a schematic perspective illustration, partially in phantom, of the electrolysis component shown in FIG. 2 a.
  • FIG. 2 d is a schematic bottom illustration of a superstrate type IPE cell shown in FIG. 2 a.
  • the integrated, or unitary, photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell described herein allows photo-generated voltage from photovoltaic cells to be directly applied to anodes and cathodes that are in contact with an electrolyte. This close proximity avoids any voltage drop.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell allows, in any situation where the photo-generated voltage is not sufficient to split water, the voltage from neighboring subcells being stacked in an integrated and cost-effective manner, to drive electrolysis of water.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell also allows hydrogen to be generated efficiently over extended periods of time. Further, the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell allows for the fabrication of such devices at low cost.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell described herein is not based on water splitting using photo-catalytic semiconductor for photoelectrochemical cells.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell provides a method for the photovoltaic electrochemical production of hydrogen (and oxygen) by incorporating, in a unitary manner either a substrate type or a superstrate type photovoltaic component with an electrolysis component.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell minimizes the electrical power losses and hence improves the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency.
  • the required electrical potential is generated by a multijunction photovoltaic cell with an open circuit voltage in excess of approximately 2 V.
  • the substrate of the photovoltaic cell itself functions as an electrode for electrolysis.
  • the required electric potential for electrolysis is generated by a multijunction photovoltaic cell with a high open-circuit voltage, or by combining the potentials of two or more lower open-circuit voltage cells by the use of scribes.
  • the current produced by the photovoltaic cell is collected through a scribing arrangement and, via connection bus bars, is fed to a load matched electrolyzer housed in the same enclosure as the photovoltaic cell.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell eliminates the need for the use of the DC-DC converter and thus eliminates the power dissipation losses normally associated with its use.
  • the improved integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell maximizes the load matching efficiency.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell operates nearer the maximum power points of the Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic cell than prior devices.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has two different configurations, each which achieves the desired results without using the DC-DC converter interface.
  • the first configuration uses the surface of a photovoltaic cell itself as one of the electrodes. Electrolytes flow adjacent to the cell, in what is called herein a substrate-type configuration of the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell.
  • the second configuration uses etchings, bifurcations and/or interconnections on the photovoltaic cell itself to provide an open circuit voltage from 2 to 2.8 volts.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell is designed to match the load for tandem photovoltaic cells so that the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell is operated near the maximum power points of the current-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic cells.
  • the hydrogen is generated right next to the cells, and the generated hydrogen is transported to a desired point of collection.
  • This hydrogen generation substantially reduces the I 2 R power losses, where I is the current and R is the resistance of the connecting cable.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell 3 includes photovoltaic components 1 and electrolysis components 2 which are closely integrated in a manner that minimizes power losses in interconnections.
  • a photovoltaic cell 8 comprises a substrate 16 , photovoltaic layers 11 and transparent conducting front electrode 10 .
  • the photovoltaic cell 8 is deposited on a back contact plate 16 , such as a stainless steel substrate.
  • the photovoltaic cell 8 has p-i-n junctions composed of semiconducting-layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, amorphous germanium or their alloys, transparent conducting layers of zinc oxide and/or indium-tin oxide, and metallic reflector layers of silver or aluminum.
  • the stainless steel back plate 16 may itself be coated with a hydrogen evolution (H-E) catalyst for electrolysis; i.e., thus forming a cathode 21 .
  • H-E hydrogen evolution
  • the photovoltaic cell 8 may be bonded to a second plate (not shown) which has the same or similar size and is coated with the H-E catalyst such that the second plate acts as the first electrode, or cathode.
  • the conductive substrate could itself be a catalyst.
  • An anode, or second electrode, 22 is also employed.
  • the anode 22 is separated from the first electrode 21 by a membrane 17 that allows flow of ions and molecules, but not of gas bubbles.
  • the membrane can be secured with a porous support 17 a and/or a plastic mesh 17 b.
  • the anode 22 is electrically connected via interconnections 18 to one or more grids 19 on a front surface of the photovoltaic cell 8 .
  • These electrical connections 18 are made sufficiently numerous so that the effective connection length and the corresponding electrical power loss is minimized.
  • the electrodes 21 and 22 have areas of the same order as that of the photovoltaic cell 8 ; therefore, the current density at the electrodes 21 and 22 is of the same order as the photovoltaic cell current density (5-10 mA/cm 2 ). It is to be understood that those familiar with this area of knowledge will recognize that this current density, especially in combination with an effective catalyst, is sufficiently low as to minimize problems of electrode overpotential.
  • the anode 22 is coated with an effective catalyst (O-G) for oxygen generation while, as stated above, the cathode 21 is coated with an effective catalyst (H-G) for hydrogen generation.
  • a space S between the electrodes 21 and 22 is approximately 2-3 cm.
  • the space S between the electrodes and the membrane 17 is filled with an electrolyte E; for example, a 30% aqueous solution of KOH.
  • EVA electrolyte
  • the enclosure 40 has at least two electrolyte inlets, generally shown as 41 and 42 , one on each side of the membrane, and one or more outlets (not shown), on each side of the membrane 17 for the exiting of the electrolyte and evolved gases.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell comprises a photovoltaic component 1 ′ and an electrolysis component 2 ′.
  • the superstrate photovoltaic cell 8 ′ has a superstrate 10 ′ and photovoltaic layers 11 ′, such as p-i-n junctions composed of semiconducting layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, amorphous germanium or their alloys, transparent conducting layers of zinc oxide and/or indium-tin oxide, and metallic reflector layers of silver or aluminum.
  • the photovoltaic layers 10 ′ are deposited on the superstrate 10 , which, for example, can be glass or another transparent material. The light enters through the superstrate 10 ′ of photovoltaic cell 8 ′.
  • the photovoltaic component 1 ′ is subdivided into a multiple of subcells, with appropriate dimensions such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front contact is minimal since scribes 34 , as shown in FIG. 2 d , (such as laser scribe, chemical scribe or mechanical scribe) are connected to current collection bus bars 36 .
  • two or more subcells can be connected, through appropriate scribes, into a photovoltaic unit cell which has sufficient voltage to drive water electrolysis at or near its maximum power point.
  • each subcell is a photovoltaic unit cell.
  • An additional scribe is made to bring the positive electrode of the photovoltaic unit cell from the transparent conducting front contact to an electrically isolated contact on the back contact, without shorting the positive and negative electrodes, and with minimized photovoltaic dead area; such as, for example, dead areas used for the purposed of interconnections.
  • the subcells within a photovoltaic unit cell have approximately equal active area so that the photocurrent generated in each subcell within the unit cell is approximately the same.
  • the subcells and unit cells are positioned in such a way that, during operation, the longer sides are placed horizontally or approximately horizontally.
  • the electrolysis 2 ′ component includes an electrical connections 21 ′′ for the cathode 21 ′, an electrical connections 22 ′′ for the anode 22 ′, a separator membrane 23 ′, an inlet 31 ′ for the electrolyte, an outlet 31 ′′ for the electrolyte and hydrogen; an inlet 32 ′ for electrolyte, and an outlet 32 ′′ for electrolyte and oxygen.
  • the negative electrodes of some or all photovoltaic unit cells are electrically connected together to the negative contact, which is electrically connected to the cathode of the electrolysis component.
  • the positive electrodes of some or all photovoltaic unit cells are electrically connected together to a positive contact, which is electrically connected to the anode of the electrolysis component.
  • the electrolysis component 2 ′ is positioned at, or near, the back of the photovoltaic component 1 ′ in such an orientation that the reduction compartment 24 ′ is on, or close to, the first side; and, the oxidation compartment 25 ′ is on, or close to, the second side for low-loss electrical connections.
  • a triple-junction amorphous silicon photovoltaic cell was used as the photovoltaic component of an integrated photovoltaic electrochemical (IPE) cell of the substrate type.
  • IPE integrated photovoltaic electrochemical
  • the cell had amorphous silicon and silicon-germanium semiconducting layers on a stainless steel substrate coated with aluminum and zinc-oxide.
  • An ITO top contact and metal grids were used to collect the current from the front surface of the photovoltaic cell.
  • the back of the photovoltaic cell was bonded to one surface of a metallic plate of the same size. The other side of the plate served as the cathode of the electrolysis component.
  • the metal chosen was a good catalyst for the evolution of hydrogen.
  • the front contact of the photovoltaic cell was connected to a second metal electrode which was a suitable catalyst for oxygen evolution.
  • the electrolyte used was a 30% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).
  • the area of the photovoltaic cell was 107.6 square centimeters and the amount of irradiation was 0.88 suns or 88 mW/cm 2 .
  • the IPE cell produced hydrogen at a rate of 2.28 ml/minute, which corresponds to a gross solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 4.2%.
  • the photovoltaic component is a substrate-type thin-film silicon based solar cell deposited on a stainless substrate, comprises: a stainless steel substrate; a reflective and textured metal layer deposited on the stainless steel substrate; optionally, a transparent conducting oxide layer serving as a buffer layer; two or more of photovoltaic junction(s) which is comprised of an optically transparent and electrically conductive front contact such as indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, or a combination or alloys of these oxide materials.
  • each of the photovoltaic junction(s) is comprised of: an undoped or lightly doped hydrogenated semiconductor material based on amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous germanium, microcrystalline germanium, nanocrystalline germanium, or alloys of two or more of these materials, having bandgap (or bandgaps) appropriately selected, by adjusting, for example, the content of germanium or hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-Si1-xGex:H), so that the photovoltaic component and electrolysis component are load matched; a p-type Si-based semiconductor material; and, an n-type Si-based semiconductor.
  • an undoped or lightly doped hydrogenated semiconductor material based on amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous germanium, microcrystalline germanium, nanocrystalline germanium, or alloys of two or more of these materials, having bandgap (or bandgaps) appropriately selected, by adjusting, for example, the content of german
  • An amorphous silicon-amorphous silicon tandem panel deposited on a glass substrate was used as the photovoltaic component in an integrated photovoltaic electrochemical (IPE) cell of the superstrate type.
  • IPE integrated photovoltaic electrochemical
  • the a-Si-a-Si tandem cell produces an open circuit voltage of approximately 1.5 V, which is somewhat insufficient for electrolysis.
  • the panel was divided into two-cell pairs, each pair producing an open circuit voltage of approximately 3 V, which is sufficient for electrolysis.
  • the anodes and cathodes of the cell pairs were connected together to produce a single cell.
  • This cell had an open circuit voltage of ⁇ 3V.
  • This cell was connected to an electrolyzer box, the length of which was the same as the length of the photovoltaic panel.
  • the electrolyzer incorporated electrodes with hydrogen and oxygen evolution catalysts, as well as a membrane to keep the evolved gases separate.
  • the electrolyte used was a 30% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).
  • the area of the photovoltaic cell was 855 square centimeters and the amount of irradiation was 1 sun or 100 mW/cm 2 .
  • the IPE cell produced hydrogen at a rate of 10.1 ml/minute, which corresponds to a gross solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 2.1%.
  • the photovoltaic component is a superstrate-type thin-film silicon based solar cell deposited on a glass superstrate, comprising: a glass superstrate; a transparent conducting oxide deposited on the glass superstrate; one or more of photovoltaic junction(s); and, an optically reflective and electrically conductive back contact.
  • each of the photovoltaic junction(s) is comprised of: an undoped or lightly doped hydrogenated semiconductor material based on amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous germanium, microcrystalline germanium, nanocrystalline germanium, or alloys of two or more of these materials, having bandgap (or bandgaps) appropriately selected, by adjusting, for example, the content of germanium or hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-Si1-xGex:H), so that the photovoltaic component and electrolysis component are load matched; a p-type Si-based semiconductor material; and, an n-type Si-based semiconductor
  • An integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell includes a photovoltaic component and an electrolysis component which are integrated, through an interconnect design, into a single unit.
  • the photovoltaic component, a is comprised of:
  • a 1 a superstrate or a substrate
  • a 2 a transparent conducting front electrode
  • a 3 one or more of photovoltaic junction(s); and.
  • a 4 an electrically conductive back electrode.
  • the electrolysis component is comprised of:
  • b 2 an enclosure that confines the electrolyte
  • a cathode that is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the photovoltaic component; such cathode is either made of or coated with a stable hydrogen generation catalyst material that has low hydrogen evolution overpotential and is electrochemically stable under reduction environment;
  • anode that is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the photovoltaic component; such anode is either made of or coated with a stable oxygen generation catalyst material that has low oxygen evolution overpotential and is electrochemically stable under oxidation environment;
  • b 12 an outlet for electrolyte and oxygen in the oxidation compartment.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has a photovoltaic component which is a superstrate-type thin-film photovoltaic cell deposited on a glass superstrate; and, a water electrolysis component is used.
  • the interconnect design is comprised of one or more of the following aspects:
  • the photovoltaic component is subdivided into a multiple of subcells, with appropriate dimensions such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front contact is minimal, using scribes such as laser scribe, chemical scribe or mechanical scribe.
  • c 2 for a photovoltaic structure that does not produce sufficient voltage to drive water electrolysis, two or more subcells are connected, through appropriate scribes, into a photovoltaic unit cell which has sufficient voltage to drive water electrolysis at or near its maximum power point.
  • each subcell is a photovoltaic unit cell.
  • An integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has a photovoltaic component which is a substrate-type thin-film photovoltaic cell, deposited on a conducting substrate, and has one or more photovoltaic junctions, so that the photovoltage is sufficient to drive water electrolysis.
  • the interconnect design is comprised of one or more of the following aspects:
  • c 1 electrical grids are applied on top of the transparent conducting front electrode; and the spacing of the grids is such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front electrode is minimal;
  • the conducting substrate is electrically connected to the other electrode of the electrolysis component, or itself is the other electrode.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has an electrolysis component comprised of:
  • b 5 a membrane that keeps hydrogen and oxygen separated while allowing ions to conduct through;
  • the electrolysis component has a compact design:
  • the width is determined using one or more of the following criteria:
  • the thickness of the electrolysis component is minimal for low materials and fabrication costs and for broader device applications.
  • the IPE cell further includes one or more of the following:
  • b 12 an outlet for electrolyte and oxygen placed at the upper end of the oxidation compartment.
  • An integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has a photovoltaic component which is a superstrate-type thin-film silicon based photovoltaic cell deposited on a glass superstrate, comprising
  • a 1 a glass superstrate
  • a 2 a transparent conducting oxide deposited on the glass superstrate
  • a 3 one or more of photovoltaic junction(s) which is comprised of:
  • a 3 . 1 an undoped or lightly doped hydrogenated semiconductor material based on amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous germanium, microcrystalline germanium, nanocrystalline germanium, or alloys of two or more of these materials, having bandgap (or bandgaps) appropriately selected, by adjusting, for example, the content of germanium or hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-Si 1-x Ge x :H), so that the photovoltaic component and electrolysis component are load matched;
  • a 4 an optically reflective and electrically conductive back contact.
  • An integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell has a photovoltaic component which is a substrate-type thin-film silicon based photovoltaic cell deposited on a metallic substrate, comprising one or more of the following:
  • a 1 a metallic substrate sheet
  • a 2 a reflective and textured metal layer deposited on the metallic substrate;
  • a 3 optionally, a transparent conducting oxide layer serving as a buffer layer.
  • two or more of photovoltaic junction(s) are comprised of
  • a 3 . 1 an undoped or lightly doped hydrogenated semiconductor material based on amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous germanium, microcrystalline germanium, nanocrystalline germanium, or alloys of two or more of these materials, having bandgap (or bandgaps) appropriately selected, by adjusting, for example, the content of germanium or hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-Si 1-x Ge x :H), so that the photovoltaic component and electrolysis component are load matched;
  • a 5 an optically transparent and electrically conductive front contact such as indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, or a combination or alloys of these oxide materials.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell includes one or more of the following:
  • the metallic substrate which comprises stainless steel; and/or,
  • a 2 the metallic substrate which is coated with, or bonded to, a catalyst material.
  • the substrate is coated with, or bonded to, a catalyst material; the substrate for the photovoltaic component is itself a catalyst; the catalyst material comprises a nickel material; the substrate material comprises a nickel material.
  • the integrated photovoltaic electrolysis cell of claim 1 wherein the electrode material is nickel-based catalyst or porous nickel-based catalyst.
  • the metallic substrate for the photovoltaic component is itself a catalyst material is nickel.
  • the substrate material is nickel.
  • the electrode material is nickel-based catalyst or porous nickel-based catalyst.
  • a method for forming an integrated photovoltaic electrolysis (IPE) cell includes a integrating photovoltaic component and an electrolysis component, through an interconnect design, into a single unit.
  • the photovoltaic component is comprised of one or more of the superstrate or substrate components as described herein.
  • the photovoltaic component is a superstrate-type thin-film photovoltaic cell deposited on a glass superstrate; the electrolysis component is water; and the photovoltaic component is subdivided into a multiple of subcells; with appropriate dimensions such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front contact is minimal.
  • the photovoltaic component is a substrate-type thin-film photovoltaic cell, deposited on a conducting substrate, having one or more photovoltaic junctions, so that the photovoltage is sufficient to drive water electrolysis.
  • the electrical grids are applied on top of the transparent conducting front electrode; wherein spacing of the grids is such that the electrical loss in the transparent and conducting front electrode is minimal.
  • the electrical grids are electrically connected together and to one electrode of the electrolysis component.
  • the conducting substrate is electrically connected to the other electrode of the electrolysis component, or itself is the other electrode.
  • compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

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