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US20080003467A1 - Purging water with reactant air pump powered by operational fuel cell system during shutdown - Google Patents

Purging water with reactant air pump powered by operational fuel cell system during shutdown Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080003467A1
US20080003467A1 US11/900,194 US90019407A US2008003467A1 US 20080003467 A1 US20080003467 A1 US 20080003467A1 US 90019407 A US90019407 A US 90019407A US 2008003467 A1 US2008003467 A1 US 2008003467A1
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Prior art keywords
coolant
flow fields
fuel cell
pump
fuel cells
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Abandoned
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US11/900,194
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Matthew Wilson
Harold Couch
Gennady Resnick
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Priority to US11/900,194 priority Critical patent/US20080003467A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
    • H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
    • H01M8/04179—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal by purging or increasing flow or pressure of reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
    • H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
    • H01M8/04253—Means for solving freezing problems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
    • H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
    • H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Definitions

  • This invention relates to using the reactant air pump of a fuel cell power plant to force water out of coolant fields, coolant passageways and coolant equipment, as part of a shutdown procedure, utilizing power generated by the fuel cell power plant while it is still operational, just prior to shutdown.
  • Damage can occur to fuel cell power plant components as a result of water freezing, whenever a fuel cell power plant is to be non-operational in an ambient environment in subfreezing temperatures. It is known to have an accumulator placed at the lowest point in the coolant system so that freezable coolant that actually flows through the fuel cell stack can drain toward the accumulator. It is also known to use external pumps to blow air or inert gas through various parts of the system in order to purge water therefrom.
  • auxiliary power source such as batteries or supercapacitors
  • auxiliary power sources must be utilized in order to power the purging pump equipment. This either reduces auxiliary power available for various functions, such as melting of ice or warming of the fuel cell stack, or else requires larger, heavier and more expensive auxiliary power sources, which also may be prohibitive in electric vehicles.
  • Objects of the invention include: purging water from coolant channels, passages and equipment without the use of either an auxiliary purge pump or auxiliary power; purging coolant water from a fuel cell power plant without requiring additional expense, weight or space for auxiliary pumping equipment or auxiliary power; and improved purging of water from a fuel cell power plant in anticipation of subfreezing temperatures.
  • the reactant air pump of a fuel cell power plant is utilized to purge water from water coolant flow fields, coolant passages and coolant equipment, utilizing fuel cell power plant power while the fuel cell power plant is still operational, during shutdown of the fuel cell power plant in anticipation of being non-operational at subfreezing temperatures.
  • coolant water is blown out of the coolant flow fields, coolant pump, and a coolant heat exchanger by the air pump using power generated by the fuel cell power plant.
  • the invention is disclosed in a simple embodiment but is equally applicable to coolant systems operating with different pump arrangements, including arrangements having a primary pump and a secondary pump utilized to educt froth from an air separator.
  • FIGURE is a simplified, schematized, block diagram of a fuel cell power plant employing the invention.
  • a fuel cell power plant 9 employing the invention includes a fuel cell stack 10 which may be a conventional polymer electrolyte proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, including conventional anode flow fields 11 , the configuration and nature of which are not peculiar to the present invention and need not be described further.
  • a fuel cell stack 10 which may be a conventional polymer electrolyte proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, including conventional anode flow fields 11 , the configuration and nature of which are not peculiar to the present invention and need not be described further.
  • PEM polymer electrolyte proton exchange membrane
  • the stack 10 includes cathode flow fields 13 which provide oxidant gas to the cathode catalyst.
  • the cathode flow fields are provided air at an inlet 16 through a conduit 17 from an air pump 18 , receiving air through a conduit 19 from ambient.
  • the exit 20 of the cathode flow fields is exhausted through a conduit 21 and a valve 22 to ambient 23 .
  • the stack 10 has coolant flow fields 27 , the exit 28 of which is connected through a valve 29 and conduits 30 , 31 to the inlet 32 of a conventional accumulator 33 .
  • coolant flows through a conduit 34 , a coolant pump 35 , over a conduit 38 and through the primary flow passage 39 of a heat exchanger 40 , and thence through a conduit 41 into the inlet 42 of the coolant flow fields 27 .
  • the heat exchanger 40 is conventional, the details of it are not important to the invention and it is not described further.
  • the accumulator may have an outlet 43 through a valve 44 .
  • air from the conduit 17 is applied, during shutdown, through a conduit 45 , a valve 46 and a conduit 47 to the coolant flow field exit 28 .
  • the valve 46 is closed, the valve 29 is open, and the pump 35 is operational.
  • the fuel cell power plant operation may be regulated during shutdown, such as by means of a controller and an auxiliary load.
  • Maintaining the operation of the fuel cell power plant 9 without coolant flow may cause the temperature of the stack 10 to increase above the normal operating temperature, to about 65° C.-80° C., for instance.
  • the temperature rise results in an increase in vapor pressure of the water remaining in the coolant flow channels as the air passes through the coolant flow fields, thereby assisting in dryout of the coolant flow fields.
  • This shutdown process may last for between a fraction of a minute and several minutes, depending on the system configuration and size of the conduits and channels.
  • the primary flow of air is over the conduit 45 through the now-open valve 46 , over the conduit 47 and backwardly through the exit 28 of the coolant flow fields 27 .
  • water which is blown ahead of the air, and moisture which is picked up by the air will flow over the conduit 41 , through the heat exchanger 40 , and over the conduit 38 , backwardly through the coolant pump 35 and over the conduit 34 into the accumulator 33 .
  • the air pump 18 may be a positive displacement pump, or any other suitable pump which can provide sufficient pressure and flow volume to clear water from the coolant flow fields 27 , the heat exchanger 40 , and the coolant pump 35 , while at the same time providing sufficient process air to the cathode flow fields for generating the required pump power.
  • the invention may be used to clear water from less than all of the water passages in a fuel cell power plant, if desired.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

The air blower (18) of a fuel cell power plant (9) is used to force water out of the coolant flow fields (27) of a fuel cell stack (10), a coolant pump (35) and a heat exchanger (40) through a valve (46) which is closed during normal operation. The water removal occurs as part of a shutdown procedure in which the fuel cell stack continues to operate so that it provides the power for the air pump and to assist in water removal (such as retaining low vapor pressure). The water flow to an accumulator (33) is blocked by a valve (29) during the shutdown procedure.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/996,512 filed Nov. 24, 2004.
    • TECHNICAL FIELD
  • This invention relates to using the reactant air pump of a fuel cell power plant to force water out of coolant fields, coolant passageways and coolant equipment, as part of a shutdown procedure, utilizing power generated by the fuel cell power plant while it is still operational, just prior to shutdown.
    • BACKGROUND ART
  • Damage can occur to fuel cell power plant components as a result of water freezing, whenever a fuel cell power plant is to be non-operational in an ambient environment in subfreezing temperatures. It is known to have an accumulator placed at the lowest point in the coolant system so that freezable coolant that actually flows through the fuel cell stack can drain toward the accumulator. It is also known to use external pumps to blow air or inert gas through various parts of the system in order to purge water therefrom.
  • However, use of an external pump increases the cost, size, weight and complexity of a fuel cell power plant and may be prohibitive in fuel cell power plants used to power electric vehicles. In addition, when the fuel cell power plant is shut down, an auxiliary power source, such as batteries or supercapacitors, must be utilized in order to power the purging pump equipment. This either reduces auxiliary power available for various functions, such as melting of ice or warming of the fuel cell stack, or else requires larger, heavier and more expensive auxiliary power sources, which also may be prohibitive in electric vehicles.
    • DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
  • Objects of the invention include: purging water from coolant channels, passages and equipment without the use of either an auxiliary purge pump or auxiliary power; purging coolant water from a fuel cell power plant without requiring additional expense, weight or space for auxiliary pumping equipment or auxiliary power; and improved purging of water from a fuel cell power plant in anticipation of subfreezing temperatures.
  • According to the present invention, the reactant air pump of a fuel cell power plant is utilized to purge water from water coolant flow fields, coolant passages and coolant equipment, utilizing fuel cell power plant power while the fuel cell power plant is still operational, during shutdown of the fuel cell power plant in anticipation of being non-operational at subfreezing temperatures.
  • In accordance with the invention, coolant water is blown out of the coolant flow fields, coolant pump, and a coolant heat exchanger by the air pump using power generated by the fuel cell power plant.
  • The invention is disclosed in a simple embodiment but is equally applicable to coolant systems operating with different pump arrangements, including arrangements having a primary pump and a secondary pump utilized to educt froth from an air separator.
  • Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in the light of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The sole FIGURE is a simplified, schematized, block diagram of a fuel cell power plant employing the invention.
    • MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
  • Referring to the FIGURE, a fuel cell power plant 9 employing the invention includes a fuel cell stack 10 which may be a conventional polymer electrolyte proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, including conventional anode flow fields 11, the configuration and nature of which are not peculiar to the present invention and need not be described further.
  • The stack 10 includes cathode flow fields 13 which provide oxidant gas to the cathode catalyst. The cathode flow fields are provided air at an inlet 16 through a conduit 17 from an air pump 18, receiving air through a conduit 19 from ambient. The exit 20 of the cathode flow fields is exhausted through a conduit 21 and a valve 22 to ambient 23.
  • The stack 10 has coolant flow fields 27, the exit 28 of which is connected through a valve 29 and conduits 30, 31 to the inlet 32 of a conventional accumulator 33. From the accumulator, coolant flows through a conduit 34, a coolant pump 35, over a conduit 38 and through the primary flow passage 39 of a heat exchanger 40, and thence through a conduit 41 into the inlet 42 of the coolant flow fields 27. The heat exchanger 40 is conventional, the details of it are not important to the invention and it is not described further. The accumulator may have an outlet 43 through a valve 44.
  • In accordance with the invention, air from the conduit 17 is applied, during shutdown, through a conduit 45, a valve 46 and a conduit 47 to the coolant flow field exit 28. During normal operation, the valve 46 is closed, the valve 29 is open, and the pump 35 is operational.
  • During shutdown, the pump 35 is off, the valve 29 is closed and the valve 46 is open. However, the fuel cell power plant 9 is still producing electricity, at least of sufficient magnitude so as to provide full power to the air pump 18. This is a first aspect of the present invention. The fuel cell power plant operation may be regulated during shutdown, such as by means of a controller and an auxiliary load.
  • Maintaining the operation of the fuel cell power plant 9 without coolant flow may cause the temperature of the stack 10 to increase above the normal operating temperature, to about 65° C.-80° C., for instance. The temperature rise results in an increase in vapor pressure of the water remaining in the coolant flow channels as the air passes through the coolant flow fields, thereby assisting in dryout of the coolant flow fields. This shutdown process may last for between a fraction of a minute and several minutes, depending on the system configuration and size of the conduits and channels.
  • During shutdown, the primary flow of air is over the conduit 45 through the now-open valve 46, over the conduit 47 and backwardly through the exit 28 of the coolant flow fields 27. From the inlet 42 of the coolant flow fields, water which is blown ahead of the air, and moisture which is picked up by the air, will flow over the conduit 41, through the heat exchanger 40, and over the conduit 38, backwardly through the coolant pump 35 and over the conduit 34 into the accumulator 33.
  • The air pump 18 may be a positive displacement pump, or any other suitable pump which can provide sufficient pressure and flow volume to clear water from the coolant flow fields 27, the heat exchanger 40, and the coolant pump 35, while at the same time providing sufficient process air to the cathode flow fields for generating the required pump power.
  • The invention may be used to clear water from less than all of the water passages in a fuel cell power plant, if desired.
  • Thus, although the invention has been shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and various other changes, omissions and additions may be made therein and thereto, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (3)

1. A fuel cell power plant comprising:
a plurality of fuel cells arranged in a stack including coolant flow fields, said fuel cells including oxidant reactant gas flow fields;
an air pump that provides, during normal operation, air to said oxidant reactant gas flow fields; and
means operable as part of a procedure of shutting down the operation of said stack of fuel cells, while said stack of fuel cells is still producing electrical power, for connecting said air pump to water passages comprising at least one of (a) the coolant flow fields in said fuel cell stack, (b) a coolant pump that during normal operation causes coolant to flow through said coolant flow fields, and (c) the primary flow passage of a coolant heat exchanger interconnected with said coolant flow fields, said air pump utilizing at least a portion of said electrical power to operate during said shutdown procedure.
2. A fuel cell power plant comprising:
a plurality of fuel cells arranged in a stack including coolant flow fields, said fuel cells including oxidant reactant gas flow fields;
an air pump that provides, during normal operation, oxidant reactant gas to said oxidant reactant gas flow fields, and, as part of a procedure of shutting down the operation of said stack of fuel cells, while said stack of fuel cells is still producing electrical power, is powered by at least a portion of said electrical power;
a coolant pump that during normal operation causes coolant to flow through said coolant flow fields;
a heat exchanger having a primary flow passage interconnected with said coolant pump and said coolant flow fields; and
means operable during said procedure for connecting said air pump to water passages comprising at least one of (a) said coolant flow fields, (b) said coolant pump, and (c) said heat exchanger.
3. A method of operating a fuel cell power plant having a plurality of fuel cells arranged in a stack including coolant flow fields, said fuel cells including oxidant reactant gas flow fields which are provided air by an air pump during normal operation, a coolant pump that during normal operation causes coolant to flow through said coolant flow fields, and a heat exchanger having a primary flow passage interconnected with said coolant pump and said coolant flow fields,
said method comprising:
as part of a procedure of shutting down the operation of said stack of fuel cells, while said stack of fuel cells is still producing electrical power, connecting said air pump to water passages comprising at least one of (a) said coolant flow fields, (b) said coolant pump, and (c) said heat exchanger, and using at least a portion of said electrical power to operate said air pump.
US11/900,194 2004-11-24 2007-09-10 Purging water with reactant air pump powered by operational fuel cell system during shutdown Abandoned US20080003467A1 (en)

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US10/996,512 US7282287B2 (en) 2004-11-24 2004-11-24 Purging water with reactant air pump powered by operational fuel cell system during shutdown
US11/900,194 US20080003467A1 (en) 2004-11-24 2007-09-10 Purging water with reactant air pump powered by operational fuel cell system during shutdown

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EP (1) EP1815551A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2008522367A (en)
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US8034500B2 (en) * 2007-05-30 2011-10-11 Idatech, Llc Systems and methods for starting and operating fuel cell systems in subfreezing temperatures
GB2453126B (en) * 2007-09-26 2013-02-06 Intelligent Energy Ltd Fuel cell system
ITTO20091026A1 (en) * 2009-12-22 2011-06-23 Electro Power Systems Spa MANAGEMENT OF THE FUNCTIONING OF A PEM STACKED CELL BACK-UP ELECTRIC GENERATOR
US20140193734A1 (en) * 2013-01-04 2014-07-10 Lilliputian Systems, Inc. Fuel Cell System Having a Pump and Related Method
CN111129646B (en) * 2018-11-01 2024-04-12 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 Cooling system

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US6534210B2 (en) * 2001-01-16 2003-03-18 Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. Auxiliary convective fuel cell stacks for fuel cell power generation systems
US20050186454A1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2005-08-25 Clingerman Bruce J. Starting a fuel cell system using ambient air and a low voltage blower

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US20060110641A1 (en) 2006-05-25
CN101065873A (en) 2007-10-31
EP1815551A4 (en) 2010-05-19
KR20070085877A (en) 2007-08-27
JP2008522367A (en) 2008-06-26
WO2006083345A1 (en) 2006-08-10
CN100502121C (en) 2009-06-17
EP1815551A1 (en) 2007-08-08

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