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US20070128491A1 - Advanced solid acid electrolyte composites - Google Patents

Advanced solid acid electrolyte composites Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070128491A1
US20070128491A1 US11/485,715 US48571506A US2007128491A1 US 20070128491 A1 US20070128491 A1 US 20070128491A1 US 48571506 A US48571506 A US 48571506A US 2007128491 A1 US2007128491 A1 US 2007128491A1
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solid acid
membrane
proton conducting
secondary component
conducting membrane
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Calum Chisholm
Sossina Haile
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California Institute of Technology
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California Institute of Technology
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Priority to US11/485,715 priority Critical patent/US20070128491A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/027340 priority patent/WO2007009059A2/fr
Assigned to CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY reassignment CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAILE, SOSSINA M., CHISHOLM, CALUM
Publication of US20070128491A1 publication Critical patent/US20070128491A1/en
Assigned to TRIPLEPOINT CAPITAL LLC reassignment TRIPLEPOINT CAPITAL LLC SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: SUPERPROTONIC, INC.
Priority to US12/268,202 priority patent/US7932299B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0088—Composites
    • H01M2300/0091—Composites in the form of mixtures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • Electrochemical devices depend on the flow of protons, or the flow of both protons and electrons, though a proton conducting material, such as a membrane. Accordingly, materials which conduct protons, or both protons and electrons, have applications as electrolytes or electrodes in a number of electrochemical devices including fuel cells, hydrogen pumps, supercapacitors, sensors, hydrogen separation membranes and membrane reactors.
  • Fuel cells are attractive alternatives to combustion engines for power generation, because of their higher efficiency and the lower level of pollutants produced from their operation.
  • a fuel cell generates electricity from the electrochemical reaction of a fuel, e.g. methane, methanol, gasoline, or hydrogen, with oxygen normally obtained from air.
  • fuel cells There are three common types of fuel cells i.e., 1) direct hydrogen/air fuel cells, in which hydrogen is stored and then delivered to the fuel cell as needed; 2) indirect hydrogen/air fuel cells, in which hydrogen is generated on site from a hydrocarbon fuel, cleaned of carbon monoxide, and subsequently fed to the fuel cell; and 3) direct alcohol fuel cells, such as methanol (“DMFC”), ethanol, isopropanol and the like, in which an alcohol/water solution is directly supplied to the fuel cell.
  • DMFC methanol
  • ethanol isopropanol and the like
  • the operating efficiency of the device is partly limited by the efficiency of the electrolyte at transporting protons.
  • perfluorinated sulphonic acid polymers, polyhydrocarbon sulfonic polymers, and composites thereof are used as electrolyte membrane materials for fuel cells.
  • these conventional materials utilize hydronium ions (H 3 O + ) to facilitate proton conduction. Accordingly, these materials must be hydrated, and a loss of water immediately results in degradation of the conductivity of the electrolyte and therefore the efficiency of the fuel cell. Moreover, this degradation is irreversible, i.e., a simple reintroduction of water to the system does not restore the conductivity of the electrolyte.
  • peripheral systems to ensure water recirculation and temperature control to keep the water from evaporating.
  • These peripheral systems increase the complexity and cost of these fuel cells, from the use of expensive noble catalysts (Pt) to temperature requirements that cannot exceed much above 100° C.
  • Pt noble catalysts
  • the fuel cell catalysts and other systems cannot be operated to maximum efficiency. Higher temperatures can also reduce carbon monoxide poisoning of the fuel cell catalyst.
  • CsHSO 4 solid acids such as CsHSO 4 can be used as the electrolyte in fuel cells operated at temperatures of 140-160° C.
  • Use of this material greatly simplifies fuel cell design relative to polymer electrolyte fuel cells because hydration of the electrolyte is not necessary and, because of the elevated temperature of operation, residual CO in the fuel stream can be better tolerated.
  • the high conductivity of CsHSO 4 and analogous materials results from a structural phase transition (referred to as a superprotonic phase transition) that occurs at 141° C.
  • CsH 2 PO 4 has as superprotonic transition and is stable under fuel cell conditions (Boysen, D. A., et al. Science 2004, 303, 68-70).
  • the compound meets the necessary conditions of long term chemical stability for operation as a fuel cell electrolyte, the compound is water soluble and only becomes useful as an electrolyte above its superprotonic phase transition (Baranov, A. I., et al. Ferroelectrics 1989, 100, 135-141). Therefore, a need exists for solid acid electrolyte materials with high proton conductivity over a large range of temperatures that are stable under fuel cell conditions.
  • the present invention is directed to a proton conducting membrane comprising a stable electrolyte composite material having high protonic conductivity, improved mechanical properties and capability of extended operation at a wide range of temperatures; methods of preparing such a proton conducting membrane; devices incorporating such a membrane; and uses of such a membrane in applications, such as fuel cells, hydrogen separations, membrane reactors and sensors.
  • the proton conducting membrane comprises a stable electrolyte composite material comprising a solid acid component, a surface-hydrogen-containing secondary component and an interface formed between the solid acid component and the secondary component.
  • the composite material has improved mechanical property.
  • the secondary component can improve the mechanical stability of solid acid electrolyte membrane with respect to thermal creep by reducing the propensity of solid acids to plastically deform both at ambient and elevated temperatures.
  • the interactions between the solid acid surface and the surface of the secondary compound can also stabilize the surface of the solid acid with respect to dehydration, thus allowing operation of the electrochemical device using the composite electrolyte to higher temperatures with respect to the same device using a solid acid compound alone as its electrolyte.
  • the composite material can have one or more features or advantages, such as, for example, high conductivity from near ambient to elevated temperature; mechanically stabilizing with respect to thermal creep; kinetically stabilizing with respect to dehydration; and increased conductivity in its superprotonic phases.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane.
  • the membrane includes a solid acid component capable of conducting protons in a solid state through a superprotonic mechanism, a secondary component having surface hydrogen, and a plurality of interfaces formed by the solid acid component and the secondary component.
  • the interfaces are formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between the solid acid component and the secondary component.
  • the proton conducting membrane further includes a structural binder selected from, for example, carbon materials, graphite, a polymer, a ceramic, glass, a metal, a nanostructure or a mixture thereof.
  • the proton conducting membrane further includes a separate electrically conducting material.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane having a plurality of solid acid particles capable of conducting protons in a solid state through a superprotonic mechanism, a plurality of secondary component particles having surface hydrogen, and a plurality of interfaces formed by the solid acid particles and the secondary component particles.
  • the interfaces are formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between the solid acid particles and the secondary component particles.
  • the proton conducting membrane includes a structural binder selected from, for example, carbon materials, graphite, a polymer, a ceramic, glass, a metal, a nanostructure or a mixture thereof.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane made by contacting a solid acid component and a secondary component having a plurality of surface hydrogen under conditions sufficient to generate a composite, wherein the solid acid interact with the secondary component to form a plurality of interfaces.
  • the proton conducting membrane of the present invention comprises a solid acid having the formula: M a H b (XO t ) c ; a secondary component having surface hydrogen and selected from the group consisting of a polymer and ceramic; and a plurality of interfaces formed between the solid acid and the secondary component, wherein M is a cation having a charge from +1 to +7, preferably from +1 to +4, and more preferably from +1 to +3; X is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, P, As, Si, Ge, V, Cr and Mn; and a, b, t and c are each independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, more preferably from 1 to 9, and even more preferably from 1 to 4.
  • the proton conducting membrane of the present invention comprises an eulytite solid acid, a secondary component having surface hydrogen a plurality of interfaces formed between the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the proton conducting membrane of the present invention comprises a solid acid; a secondary component having the formula: M′ d (X′O y ) e *nH 2 O(H f X′′O z ) g ; and a plurality of interfaces formed between the solid acid and the secondary component, wherein M′ is a cation having a charge from +1 to +7, preferably from +1 to +4, and more preferably from +1 to +3; X′ and X′′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of S, Se, P, As, Si, Ge; n and g are non-negative real numbers; and d, e, f, y and z are each independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, more preferably from 1 to 9, and even more preferably from 1 to 4.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a proton conducting membrane.
  • the method includes contacting a solid acid component with a secondary component having a plurality of surface hydrogen to generate a composite, wherein the solid acid interacts with the secondary component to form a plurality of interfaces.
  • the present invention provides a method of rehydrating a solid acid composite.
  • the method includes contacting the solid acid composite with a water molecule under conditions sufficient for rehydrating.
  • the present invention provides a method of melt-processing.
  • the method includes contacting a solid acid with a preformed membrane, of the secondary component, in a melting state.
  • the present invention provides a fuel system comprising a proton conducting membrane.
  • the membrane includes a solid acid component, a secondary component and a plurality of interfaces formed by the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the fuel cell system provides electrical power to an external device.
  • the present invention provides a use of the proton conducting membrane for hydrogen separation and in a device selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, a membrane reactor and a sensor.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a comparison of conductivity of pure CsH 2 PO 4 versus a CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) g composite, where n and g are non-negative real numbers.
  • the composite has higher or equal conductivity to that of pure CsH 2 PO 4 at all measured temperatures. Measurements were taken upon cooling at 1° C./min, under flowing air atmospheres with a partial pressure ⁇ 0.7 atm.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the ability of the CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) g composite to rehydrate below ⁇ 300° C.
  • the conductivity of the composite can be measured up to 400° C. All measurements were taken with heating/cooling rates of 1° C./min, under flowing air atmospheres with a partial pressure ⁇ 0.7 atm.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the ability of the CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) g composite to rehydrate at 156° C. after having been dehydrated at 400° C. for 6 hrs. Measurements were taken under flowing air atmospheres with a partial pressure ⁇ 0.7 atm.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a composite membrane prepared from CsH 2 PO 4 and SiC by mechanical mixing, followed by mechanical or thermal densification.
  • FIG. 4A shows a top view of SC(0001) down the hexagonal axis.
  • FIG. 4B shows a side view of the structure schematically absorbed species (represented by small spheres) on both Si and C surfaces (represented by large and medium spheres), respectively.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an ionomer structure of a sulfonated terafluorethylene.
  • FIG. 6 illustrate scanning electron micrographs of the 3DOM polyimide membrane prepared by using a 550 nm silica template: (a) surface view; and (b) cross-sectional view.
  • metal cation includes to elements of the periodic table that are metallic or semi-metallic and positively charged as a result of having fewer electrons in the valence shell than are present for the neutral metallic element.
  • Metals that are useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, the lanthanides, and post-transition metals.
  • proton conducting membrane includes to a matrix of material that is capable of conducting protons through the matrix.
  • the proton conducting membrane can also conduct electrons.
  • Proton conducting membranes of the present invention comprise solid acid composites and, optionally, a material that binds the composite together.
  • solid acid includes to compounds, in particular, inorganic compounds, which have properties that are intermediate between those of a normal acid, such as, H 2 SO 4 , and a normal salt, such as Cs 2 SO 4 .
  • a normal acid such as, H 2 SO 4
  • a normal salt such as Cs 2 SO 4
  • the chemical formula of the solid acids of the type used according to the present invention can be written as a combination of the salt and the acid, such as, M a H b (XO t ) c , where M is metal, XO t is oxyanion, subscripts a, b and c are non-negative real numbers.
  • An example of a solid acid is CsH 2 PO 4 .
  • the solid acid used in the present invention have structural hydrogen, which are superprotonic.
  • a further example of the solid acid is a compound having eulytite structure, for example, with a space group I 4 3d.
  • Solid acids have properties that are intermediate between those of a normal acid, such as, H 2 SO 4 , and a normal salt, such as, Cs 2 SO 4 .
  • Solid acids generally comprise oxyanions, such as, SO 4 2 ⁇ , SO 3 2 ⁇ , SeO 4 2 ⁇ , SeO 3 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ , PO 3 F 2 ⁇ , PO 3 H 2 ⁇ , AsO 4 3 ⁇ , SiF 6 2 ⁇ or AlF 6 3 ⁇ , SiO 4 4 ⁇ , GeO 4 4 ⁇ , SeO 4 4 ⁇ , CrO 4 2 ⁇ , VO 4 3 ⁇ , MnO 4 2 ⁇ , MnO 4 ⁇ , WO 4 2 ⁇ , MoO 4 2 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ , and the like, which are linked together via O—H—O hydrogen bonds.
  • oxyanions such as, SO 4 2 ⁇ , SO 3 2 ⁇ , SeO 4 2 ⁇ , SeO 3 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ , PO 3 F 2 ⁇ , PO 3 H 2 ⁇ , AsO 4 3 ⁇ , SiF 6 2 ⁇ or AlF 6 3 ⁇
  • the structure can contain more than one type of oxyanion XO 4 , XO 3 , XO 3 A, XF 4 or XF 6 group, and can also contain more than one type of cation M species.
  • the term “superprotonic” includes to a phase transition from an ordered structure to a disordered structure accompanying by a significant increase in proton conductivity.
  • CsHSO 4 undergoes superprotonic transition at 141° C. with an increase in proton conductivity by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude from 10 ⁇ 6 ⁇ ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 to 10 ⁇ 3 - 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • structural binder includes to a matrix material that enhances the mechanical integrity and/or chemical stability of the proton conducting membrane.
  • Structural binders useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, carbon, graphite, a polymer, ceramic, glass, silicon dioxide (e.g., quartz), a semiconductor, a nanostructure, a metal and a mixture thereof.
  • the structural binder can be electrically conducting or insulating. When the structural binder is electrically conducting it can conduct protons, electrons or both, such that the proton conducting membrane can conduct either protons across the membrane, or both protons and electrons across the membrane.
  • the structural binder can be ionically conducting.
  • non-negative real number includes to any number (e.g., whole or fractions) that is either a positive number or zero.
  • the non-negative real numbers are selected such that the inorganic solid acids or the secondary component inorganic compounds are charge neutral.
  • the present invention is directed to a proton conducting membrane comprising a stable electrolyte composite material.
  • the composite material comprises a solid acid component, a secondary component and a plurality of interfaces formed by the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the solid acid and the secondary component can exist as particles of micrometer or nanometer dimensions with enhanced interactions between the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the interfaces are formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the membrane further comprises a structural binder.
  • the solid acid composite or the proton conducting membrane can be made by contacting a solid acid component with a secondary component having a plurality of surface hydrogen under conditions sufficient to generate a composite, wherein said solid acid component interacts with said secondary component to form a plurality of interfaces.
  • the solid acid composites have one or more features or advantages, for example, high protonic conductivity; mechanically stabilizing with respect to thermal creep; kinetically stabilizing with respect to dehydration; and increased conductivity in their superprotonic phases.
  • the current invention is directed to solid acid composites that have high efficiency and do not suffer reduction in the presence of catalytic materials, such as Ru, Pt and other transition metals, are stable in a liquid water environment, and have high proton conductivity over a large range of temperatures.
  • catalytic materials such as Ru, Pt and other transition metals
  • some solid acids composites are likely to express superprotonic conductivity from or even below ambient temperatures to elevated temperatures i.e., up to the dehydration point of the particular compound.
  • These advantageous properties are attributed to the stabilizing effect of the secondary component and the formation of extended hydrogen bonding network interfaces.
  • certain oxyanions, such as PO 4 and SiO 4 have shown better stabilities to reduction in the presence of catalytic materials than other oxyanions.
  • the solid acid component can be organometllic compounds, inorganic compounds or mixtures thereof.
  • the solid acids are compounds that are stable at an elevated temperature and can undergo superprotonic transitions. More preferably, the solid acids are inorganic compounds that can undergo superprotonic phase transitions.
  • the superprotonic transition can take place at an ambient temperature, for example, about 20° C. or less, or at an elevated temperature, for example, greater than 130° C., such as in the range of 140° C. to 450° C.
  • An exemplary example of such solid acid is CsH 2 PO 4 .
  • the solid acids used herein are inorganic compounds containing one or more cations and one or more anions whose properties are intermediate between those of a normal acid, such as H 2 SO 4 and a normal salt, such as Cs 2 SO 4 .
  • a normal acid such as H 2 SO 4
  • a normal salt such as Cs 2 SO 4 .
  • An example of a solid acid is CsHSO 4 .
  • the chemical formula of the solid acids can be written as a combination of the salt and acid.
  • the cation can be a metal cation or non-metal cation, such as NH 4 + .
  • the solid acids are comprised of oxyanions, which are linked together via O—H—O hydrogen bonds, dipolar interactions, van der Waals interactions, ionic interactions or combinations of the foregoing interactions. preferably, the solid acids are linked via O—H—O hydrogen bonds.
  • the structure can have more than one type of oxyanion.
  • Metals that are useful in the present invention include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, the lanthanides, and post-transition metals.
  • Alkali metals include, for example, Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs.
  • Alkaline earth metals include, but are not limited to, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.
  • Transition metals include, but are not limited to, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and Ac.
  • the lanthanides include, for example, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Dg, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.
  • Post-transition metals include, for example, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, and Po. Additional metals include the semi-metals.
  • One of skill in the art will appreciate that many of the metals described above can each adopt several different oxidation states, all of which are useful in the present invention. In some instances, the most stable oxidation state is formed, but other oxidation states are also useful in the present invention.
  • Metal cations useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, metal cations having a 1+ charge, a 2+ charge, a 3+ charge, a 4+ charge, a 5+ charge, a 6+ charge and a 7+ charge. Metal cations having other charges are also useful in the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention can include more than one type of metal.
  • Useful elements for the oxyanions of the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, B, P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, Sb, W, Cr, Mn and V. Some of the useful cations of these elements include, but are not limited to, B 3+ , P 4+ , P 5+ , Si 4+ , As 5+ , Ge 4+ , S 4+ , S 5+ , S 6+ , Se 4+ , Se 6+ , Sb 6+ , W 3+ , W 4+ , W 5+ , W 6+ , Cr 6+ , V 4+ , V 5+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 4+ , Mn 6+ and Mn 7+ .
  • B B, P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, Sb, W, Cr, Mn and V.
  • Oxyanions useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, SO 4 2 ⁇ , SO 3 2 ⁇ , SeO 4 2 ⁇ , SeO 3 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ , PO 3 F 2 ⁇ , PO 3 H 2 ⁇ , AsO 4 3 ⁇ , SiF 6 2 ⁇ or AlF 6 3 ⁇ , SiO 4 4 ⁇ , GeO 4 4 ⁇ , SeO 4 4 ⁇ , CrO 4 2 ⁇ , VO 4 3 ⁇ , MnO 4 2 ⁇ , MnO 4 ⁇ , WO 4 2 ⁇ , MoO 4 2 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ .
  • the oxyanions are linked together via O—H—O hydrogen bonds.
  • the oxyanions can be linked together via O—H—O hydrogen bonds, dipolar interactions, van der Waals interactions, ionic interactions or combinations of interactions.
  • the compounds of the present invention can contain more than one type of oxyanions.
  • One of skill in the art will appreciate that other oxyanions are also useful in the present invention.
  • the solid acid component is a compound having formnula I: M a H b (XO t ) c , where M is a cation having a charge from +1 to +7, preferably, from +1 to +4, more preferably from +1 to +3, most preferably from +1 to +2;
  • X is an element that can form oxyanions; and
  • a, b, t and c are each independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, such as more preferably from 1 to 9, and even more preferably from 1 to 4, such as, for example, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0.
  • M can be a metal cation, including, but not limiting to, alkali and alkaline metals, such as Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ ; transition metals, such as, Sc 3+ , V 3+ , V 5+ , Cr 3+ , Cr 5+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 6+ , Mn 7+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Y 3+ , Nb 3+ , Mo 3+ , Mo 6+ , Ta 3+ , Ta 5+ , W 3+ , W 6+ , Ru 2+ , Rh 2+ , Rh 3+ , Pd 2+ , Pd 4+ , Ag + , Cd 2
  • M is a metal cation selecting from the group consisting of Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ru 2+ , Rh 2+ , Pd 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pt 2+ , Au + , Hg + , Hg 2+ , In + , Tl + , Ge 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ and mixtures thereof.
  • M is a non-metal cation, including, but not limiting to, for example, NH 4 + .
  • X is an element selected from the group consisting of S, Se, P, As, Si, Ge, V, Cr, W and Mn.
  • the solid acid component can also be a mixture of different kinds of solid acid.
  • the solid acid component is a compound having the formula Cs 2 (HSO 4 )(H 2 PO 4 ), which is a mixture of CsHSO 4 and CsH 2 PO 4 .
  • the solid acid component can be a compound having different types of cations and/or oxyanions.
  • the solid acid component is a compound having the formula Ia: (M A ) a′ (M B ) a′′ H b (XO t ) c , where M A and M B are each independently a cation having +1 to +7 charge; preferably, from +1 to +4; and more preferably, from +1 to +3.
  • Suitable cations include, but are not limited to, alkali and alkaline metals, such as Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ ; transition metals, such as, Sc 3+ , V 3+ , V 5+ , Cr 3+ , Cr 5+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 6+ , Mn 7+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Y 3+ , Nb 3+ , Mo 3+ , Mo 6+ , Ta 3+ , Ta 5+ , W 3+ , W 6+ , Ru 2+ , Rh 2+ , Rh 3+ , Pd 2+ , Pd 4+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Cd 3+ ,
  • X is an element that can form oxyanions and selected from the group consisting of S, Se, P, As, Si, Ge, V, Cr, W and Mn.
  • Each of the subscripts a′, a′′, b, t, and c is independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, more preferably from 1 to 9, and ven more preferably from 1 to 4, such as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0.
  • Preferred cations for M A and M B include, but are not limited to, Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ru 2+ , Rh 2+ , Pd 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pt 2+ , Au + , Hg + , Hg 2+ , In + , Tl + , Ge 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , NH 4 + and mixtures thereof.
  • M A and M B are cations include, but are not limited to, one or more species selected from the group consisting of Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ and NH 4 + .
  • An exemplary of the solid acid of this type is CsKHPO 4 .
  • the solid acid is a compound having the formula Ib: (M A ) a′ (M B ) a′′ (M C ) a′′′ H b (XO t ) c , where M A , M B and M C are each independently a cation having a charge from +1 to +7; preferably from +1 to +4; and more preferably from +1 to +3. M A , M B and M C are each independent cations and are selected from the group as defined above. X is the same as defined above.
  • Each of the subscripts a′, a′′, a′′′, b, t, and c is independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, more preferably from 1 to 9, and even more preferably from 1 to 4, such as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0.
  • solid acids include, but are not limited to, CsH 2 PO 4 , Cs 2 HPO 4 , Cs 5 (HSO 4 ) 3 (H 2 PO 4 ) 2 , Cs 2 (HSO 4 )(H 2 PO 4 ), Cs 3 (HSO 4 ) 2 (H 2 PO 4 ), Cs 3 (HSO 4 ) 2 (H 1.5 (S 0.5 P 0.5 )O 4 ), Cs 3 H 3 (SO 4 ) 3 .xH 2 O, TlHSO 4 , CsHSeO 4 , Cs 2 (HSeO 4 )(H 2 PO 4 ), Cs 3 H(SeO 4 ) 2 (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 (HSO 4 )(H 2 PO 4 ), Rb 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 , Rb 3 H(SeO 4 ) 2 , Cs 1.5 Li 1.5 H(SO 4 ) 2 , Cs 2 Na(HSO 4 ) 3
  • the solid acids of the formulas I, Ia and Ib can undergo superprotonic transition at an elevated temperature, for example, CsHSO 4 and CsH 2 PO 4 can undergo superprotonic transition at about 140° C. and 230° C., respectively.
  • the structural hydrogens of the solid acids of the formulas I, Ia and Ib are capable of forming hydrogen bonding network with the secondary component, which has hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors.
  • the solid acids have an eulytite structure with structural hydrogen, are superprotonic and have a space group of I 4 3d, a body-centered cubic crystal structure having rotoinversion symmetry for every 90° of rotation about the face axis, a three-fold axis of symmetry down the body diagonal, and a diagonal glide with steps of one quarter unit cell edge in each direction.
  • the solid acids are represented by formula II: M 4i H j (XO k ) 3i , wherein M is at least one metal and each independently a metal cation.
  • X is at least one member and each independently selected from the group consisting of P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, W, Cr and V.
  • each of subscripts i, j and k is independently a non-negative real number.
  • the solid acids are compounds having the formula IIa: M 1+ i M 2+ j M 3+ k M 4+ l M 5+ m H(3n+4o+2p ⁇ i ⁇ 2j ⁇ 3k ⁇ 4l ⁇ 5m)(X +5 O 4 ) n (X +4 O 4 ) o (X +6 O 4 ) p , wherein each M is a metal cation of the labeled charge state, and each X is an element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, W, Cr and V, having the labeled charge state.
  • each of subscripts i, j, k, l, m, n, o and p is a non-negative real number.
  • the solid acids are compounds of the formula III: M 2+ 4 H(XO 4 ) 3 , wherein M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge.
  • M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge.
  • compound Ba 4 H(PO 4 ) 3 can be thought of as an intermediate to Ba 3 La(PO 4 ) 3 , and Ba 4 (PO 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ). With the incorporation of hydrogen and the inherent rotation of the PO 4 groups, this compound is a preferred solid acid of the present invention.
  • the solid acids are compounds of the formula IIIa: M 2+ 4 H (1+i+j) (X +5 O 4 ) (3 ⁇ i ⁇ j) (X +4 O 4 ) i (X +6 O 4 ) j , wherein M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge, and each X is an element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, W, Cr and V, having the labeled charge state.
  • each of subscripts i and j is a non-negative real number.
  • the solid acids are compounds of the formula IV: M 2+ 3 M 3+ H j (XO 4 ) 3 ⁇ j (X′O 4 ) j , wherein M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge; M 3+ is a metal cation having a +3 charge; X is a member selected from the group consisting of P, V and As; and X′ is a member selected from the group consisting of Si and Ge.
  • the compound Ba 3 BiH(PO 4 ) 2 (SiO 4 ) is an intermediate compound between Ba 3 Bi(PO 4 ) 2 (SiO 4 ) and Bi 4 (SiO 4 ) 3 .
  • the reduced charge of the SiO 4 group (formally, +4 for Si) compared to a PO 4 group (formally, +5 for P) requires the incorporation of a proton for charge balance.
  • the present invention provides compounds of the formula V: M 1+ j M 2+ 3 ⁇ j M 3+ H j (XO 4 ) 3 , wherein M 1+ is a metal cation having a +1 charge; M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge; and M 3+ is a metal cation having a +3 charge.
  • the compound KBa 2 BiH(PO 4 ) 3 is an intermediate compound between KBaBi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , and Ba 3 Bi(PO 4 ) 3 .
  • Superprotonic conductivity arises due to the presence of protons attached to the rotationally disordered tetrahedral of the compound.
  • the present invention provides compounds of the formula Va: M 1+ i M 2+ (4 ⁇ i ⁇ j) M 3+ j H (1+i+j+k ⁇ l) (X 5+ O 4 ) (3 ⁇ k ⁇ l) (X +4 O 4 ) k (X +6 O 4 ) l , wherein each M is a metal cation of the labeled charge state, and each X is an element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, W, Cr and V, having the labeled charge state.
  • each of subscript i, j, k and l are independently a non-negative real number.
  • the present invention provides compounds of the formula VI: M 1+ j M 2+ (4n ⁇ l ⁇ j) M (2+n) H j (XO 4 ) 3n , wherein M 1+ is a metal cation having a +1 charge; M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge; M (2+n) is a metal cation having a +3, +4 or +5 charge; and subscript n is a non-negative real number.
  • the compound KBa 6 ZrH(PO 4 ) 6 because of the incorporation of hydrogen into the eulytite structure (with its inherent rotations of the PO 4 groups) is another preferred compound for expressing superprotonic conductivity.
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula VIa: M 1+ j M 2+ (4n ⁇ l ⁇ j) M (2+n) H (j+k*n ⁇ l*n) (X +5 O 4 ) (3 ⁇ k ⁇ l)*n (X +4 O 4 ) k*n (X +6 O 4 ) l*n , wherein each M is a metal cation of the labeled charge state, and each X is an element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, W, Cr and V, having the labeled charge state.
  • each of subscripts j, k, l and n are independently a non-negative real number.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula VII: M 2+ (4n ⁇ l) M (2+n ⁇ j) H j (XO 4 ) 3n , wherein M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge; M (2+n ⁇ j) is a metal cation having a +3, +4 or +5 charge; and subscript n is a non-negative real number.
  • M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge
  • M (2+n ⁇ j) is a metal cation having a +3, +4 or +5 charge
  • subscript n is a non-negative real number.
  • the known compound Ba 7 Sn +4 (PO 4 ) 6 can have the Sn +4 atoms reduced, in the presence of a hydrogen containing atmosphere, to Sn +2 atoms.
  • Hydrogen is then simultaneously incorporated in to the eulytite structure (creating Ba 7 Sn +2 H 2 (PO 4 ) 6 ) for charge balance.
  • the combination of the inherent rotations of the PO 4 groups in this eulytite structure and the presence of acid protons effectuate superprotonic conductivity.
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula VIIa: M 2+ (4n ⁇ l) M (2+n+j) H (j+k*n ⁇ l*n) (X +5 O 4 ) (3 ⁇ k ⁇ l)*n (X +4 O 4 ) k*n (X +6 O 4 ) l*n , wherein each M is a metal cation of the labeled charge state, and each X is an element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, As, Ge, S, Se, W, Cr and V, having the labeled charge state.
  • each of subscripts j, k, l and n are independently a non-negative real number.
  • the solid acid is selected from the group consisting of M 2+ 4 H(XO 4 ) 3 , M 2+ 3 M 3+ H j (XO 4 ) 3 ⁇ j (X′O 4 ) j , M 1+ j M 2+ 3 ⁇ j M 3+ H j (XO 4 ) 3 , M 1+ j M 2+ (4n ⁇ l ⁇ j) M (2+n) H j (XO 4 ) 3n and M 2+ (4n ⁇ l) M (2+n ⁇ j) H j (XO 4 ) 3n , wherein M 1+ is a metal cation having a +1 charge; M 2+ is a metal cation having a +2 charge; M 3+ is a metal cation having a +3 charge; M (2+n) is a metal cation having a +3, +4 or +5 charge; M (2+n ⁇ j) is a metal cation having a +3, +4 or +5 charge; and subscripts j
  • any combination of the above examples have superprotonic conductivity over a large temperature range and are stable in a liquid water environment.
  • a 4:3 of cation to anion ratio (corresponding to M 4 (XO 4 ) 3 , i.e., the general formula) is maintained, while the hydrogen atoms are incorporated into the structure for charge neutrality.
  • the incorporation of the appropriate amount of protons into the structure is possible.
  • the most general formula for superprotonic solid acid eulytites simply maintains an overall ratio of 4:3 for the number of metal cations to number of anions in the structure, regardless of the exact stoichiometry, with some amount of stoichiometric hydrogen incorporated into the crystal structure.
  • This generalization also applies to non-homogenous tetrahedral anions such as PO 3 F, PO 3 H, AsO 3 F, SiO 3 F, and the like, as well as non-tetrahedral anions that might be in the eulytite structure (such as I ⁇ 1 in the compound Pb 8 (PO 4 ) 5 I).
  • the cations need not to be individual atoms such as K, Ba, or Bi, but can equally be NH 4 + , or other small molecules. As long as the eulytite structure is maintained (with the inherent rotations of the oxyanions) and protons are incorporated into the crystalline structure, all such compounds exhibit superprotonic conductivity.
  • Some solid acids can be prepared by contacting a metal, a carbonate salt, a metal oxide or a metal hydoxide with a predetermined amount of an acid in an aqueous solution, then evaporating the solvent.
  • CsH 2 PO 4 can be prepared by reacting one equiv. of Cs 2 CO 3 with one equiv. of H 3 PO 4 .
  • CsHSO 4 can be prepared by reacting one equiv. of Cs 2 CO 3 with one equiv. of H 2 SO 4 .
  • Synthesis routes to superprotonic solid acids include, but are not limited to: hydrothermal methods, melt processing, high pressure/temperature methods, single crystal growth from phosphate and silicate gels, ion exchange procedures, and solid state synthesis followed by reduction/incorporation of hydrogen.
  • Various methods for preparing solid acids are described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,684 and US Patent Application No. 2006/0020070 incorporated herein by reference.
  • the secondary component in the solid acid composite can be an organic compound, an organometallic compound, an inorganic compound, a ceramic, a nanostructure, a metal or a polymer.
  • the secondary component has a plurality of surface hydrogens and is capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the solid acids.
  • suitable secondary component includes, but is not limited to, an inorganic compound, a ceramic material, a nanostructure and a polymer, each of the compounds, material structures or polymers having hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors on the respective surfaces.
  • the surface hydrogen of the secondary compounds can interact with solid acids through hydrogen bonding, dipolar interactions, van der Waals interactions or combinations of interactions.
  • the surface hydrogen of the secondary component interact with the surface of the solid acid compounds, for example, through hydrogen bonding, to form a plurality of interfaces that are favorable with respect to high protonic conductivities and stabilities.
  • the secondary component can interact with the solid acid to form a hydrogen bonded network at the interfaces leading to increased resistance for mechanical creep and high conductivity for solid acid.
  • the secondary component is an inorganic compound.
  • inorganic compounds have hydrogen atoms on their surfaces. In general, these compounds can be classified into four groups: 1) crystallographic hydrates, where the water is incorporated into the crystal structure (e.g., Na 2 H 2 SiO 4 *3H 2 O, Sr 3 (PO 4 )*4H 2 O, BaHAsO 4 *H 2 O, Ca 8 (HPO 4 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 4 *5H 2 O, etc. see, Schmid, R. L. et al. Acta Cryst. 1985 , C 41, 638-641; Collin, R. L. J. Chem. and Eng. Data 1964, 9(2), 165-66; Nabar, M. A.
  • the secondary component is an inorganic compound of the formula VIII: M′ d (X′O y ) e *nH 2 O(H f X′′O z ) g , where M′ is a cation having a charge from +1 to +7; preferably from +1 to +4; more preferably, from +1 to +3.
  • X′ and X′′ are each independently an element that can form oxyanions.
  • Subscripts d, e, f, y and z are each independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, more preferably from 1 to 9, and even more preferably from 1 to 4, such as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0.
  • M′ can be a metal cation selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline metals, such as Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ ; transition metals, such as, Sc 3+ , V 3+ , V 5+ , Cr 3+ , Cr 5+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 6+ , Mn 7+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Y 3+ , Nb 3+ , Mo 3+ , Mo 6+ , Ta 3+ , Ta 5+ , W 3+ , W 6+ , Ru 2+ , Rh 2+ , Rh 3+ , Pd 2+ , Pd 4+ , Ag + , Cd 2+
  • M′ is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K 30 , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ru 2+ , Rh 2+ , Pd 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pt 2+ , Au + , Hg + , Hg 2+ , In + , Tl + , Ge 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ and mixtures thereof.
  • M′ is a metal cation including, but not limiting to, Li + , Be 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , Rb + , Sr 2+ , Cs + , Ba 2+ and mixtures thereof.
  • M′ is a non-metal cation, including, but not limiting to, NH 4 + , pyridinium ion, pyrrolium ion, imidazolium ion, (R 1 )NH 3 + , (R 1 )(R 2 )NH 2 + and (R 1 )(R 2 )(R 3 )NH + , where R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
  • Alkyl groups include linear alkyl or branched alkyl, preferably C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Cycloalkyl groups include monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and spiro alkyls.
  • Aryl groups include C 6-12 aryl and fused aromatic compounds.
  • Heteroalkyl groups refer to alkyl groups containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, N and S. Preferred heteroalkyls are C 1-6 heteroalkyls.
  • Heteroaryl groups refer to aryl groups that contain from one to five heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.
  • ammonium ions include, but are not limited to, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH 2 + , CH 3 NH 3 + , (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + , (CH 3 ) 3 NH + , C 5 H 6 N + (pyridinium ion), C 4 H 5 N + (pyrrolium ion), C 3 H 5 N 2 + (imidazolium ion) and C 3 H 4 ON + (oxazolium ion).
  • X′ and X′′ are each independently an element selected from the group consisting of S, Se, P, As, Si, Ge, V, Cr, W and Mn.
  • Exemplary secondary component inorganic compounds include SiO 2 *xH 2 O, LaPO 4 *xH 2 O, LaPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , CePO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , PrPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , NdPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , PmPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , SmPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , EuPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , GdPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , TbPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , DyPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , HoPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , ErPO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4
  • the secondary component of the formula VIII has surface hydrogens resulting from the bonded H 2 O and/or acid, H f X′′O z .
  • the compound is capable of forming a hydrogen bond network with the solid acid component resulting in a solid acid composite with increased thermal stability, improved mechanical properties, and high proton conductivity.
  • the secondary component can be an inorganic eulytite compound.
  • M Na, K, Rb, Ag, Ba, Sr, Ca, La, Ce, Pr, Bi, Pb, and the like
  • X Si, Ge, P, As, V, S, Se, Cr
  • Table 1 A list of some known eulytite compounds can be found in Table 1. In addition to the types of compounds listed in Table 1, there is evidence of significant solubilities of the different compounds with each other and hence, a large number of intermediate compounds can be synthesized (Perret, R. et al.
  • the secondary inorganic compounds can be prepared by contacting a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide or a metal carbonate with a predetermined amount of acid in an aqueous solution; a protic organic solvent, such as an alcohol; a polar aprotic organic solvent, such as an amide or a sufoxide; or a mixed aqueous-organic solution.
  • a protic organic solvent such as an alcohol
  • a polar aprotic organic solvent such as an amide or a sufoxide
  • a mixed aqueous-organic solution Preferably, the reaction is conducted in an aqueous environment.
  • La(PO 4 ) can be prepared by reacting of La 2 O 3 with a stoichiometric amount of H 3 PO 4 in water.
  • the secondary component can be an eulytite compound having a formula selected from the group consisting of M +3 4 (XO 4 ) 3 *nH 2 O(H f X′O z ) g , M +2 3 M +3 (XO 4 ) 3 *nH 2 O(H f X′O z ) g , M +1 j M +2 3 ⁇ j M +3 1+j (XO 4 ) 3 *nH 2 O(H f X′O z ) g , M +2 4 (XO 4 ) 2 (X′O 4 ) *nH 2 O(H f X′′O z ) g and M +2 4n ⁇ l M +(2+n) (XO 4 ) 3n *nH 2 O(H f X′O z ) g , where M is a metal as defined above and having the stated charge; X and X′ are each independently an element selected from the group consisting of
  • Subscripts j, f, z, g and n are as defined above.
  • the secondary component itself can be a composite material, such as ceramics having hydrogen bond donors and/or hydrogen bond acceptors molecules attached to the surfaces to provide hydrogen bonding active surface hydrogens.
  • a composite material such as ceramics having hydrogen bond donors and/or hydrogen bond acceptors molecules attached to the surfaces to provide hydrogen bonding active surface hydrogens.
  • Such composite materials include, but are not limited to ceramics, metals and glass.
  • Preferred ceramic material includes, for example, silicon carbide (SiC), Si 3 N 4 , LaPO 4 , YPO 4 , AlPO 4 , CePO 4 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , BaZrO 3 , BaTiO 3 or Y 2 O 3 .
  • Preferred metals include gold, silver, platinum, cobalt, nickel and palladium.
  • the surface of SiC can contain a functional group, such as —OH, —NH 2 , NH 2 C(O)—, —COOH, —Si—H; or a molecule, such as NH 3 or H 2 O.
  • the SiC can contain silanol groups, eg., Si—OH, absorbed hydrogen atoms (Si/C—H), water molecules (Si/C—OH 2 ) or ammonia (Si/C—NH 3 ).
  • the surface of the ceramic materials can be modified through physical or chemical absorption by contacting the surface with the appropriate chemicals, including H 2 O, NH 3 , alcohols, amide, thiols, hydroxides or acids at ambient to elevated temperatures.
  • the absorption reaction is carried out in solution, such as an aqueous solution.
  • the acids used for absorption on the surface can be inorganic acids, such as HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , hydrogen halide, H 3 BO 3 , H 2 SeO 4 and H 2 WO 4 ; and organic acids, such as carboxylic acids.
  • inorganic acids such as HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , hydrogen halide, H 3 BO 3 , H 2 SeO 4 and H 2 WO 4
  • organic acids such as carboxylic acids.
  • the chemicals used to modify the surface structure can be in either gas, liquid or solution phase.
  • the absorbed species can remain stable on the surface at high temperatures (e.g. ⁇ 300° C.) for an extended period of time as a result of the formation of dative bonds between the donor molecules and the surface. Examples of stabilizing interactions of the absorbed species, such as NH 3 , water and hydroxyl ion on the SiC surface are shown below.
  • the secondary component can be hompolymers, copolymers or polymer blends having hydrogen bond donor and/or acceptors attached to the polymers, preferably having a plurality of surface hydrogen suitable for hydrogen bonding.
  • Suitable polymers can contain acid and/or base functionalities.
  • polymers include, but are not limited to, polyimides; polyimidazoles, such as polybenzimidazoles, poly(2-hydroxybenzimidazole), poly(benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid) and poly(2-nonyl benimidazole); poly(trimesic acid)s; polyamic acids; polyamic acids/polyimides; polyamines, polyamides, such as polyphthalamide; poly(monododecylphosphate); poly(dihexadadecyl phosphate), poly(phenyl phosphoric acid); polyaniline; a phosphated tetrafluroethylene coplolymer; and Nafion®, a sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer manufactured by Dupont de Nemours chemical company.
  • polyimides such as polybenzimidazoles, poly(2-hydroxybenzimidazole), poly(benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid) and poly(2-nony
  • the polymers have a cross-linked structure with surface hydrogens.
  • the cross-linked polymers can be synthesized by homopolymerizing a multifunctional monomer or copolymerizing at least two multifunctional monomers.
  • the monomers used for preparing cross-linked polymers typically have at least two reactive functional groups.
  • An example of such a monomer is trimesic acid having the formula: C 6 H 3 (COOH) 3 with three carboxylic acid groups at 1, 3 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.
  • the compound is a crystalline powder and has a melting temperature about ⁇ 375° C., and is used as a plasticizer to engineer the mechanical properties, epoxy resins and synthetic fibers.
  • a composite membrane of a solid acid and trimesic acid can be formed by grinding the two compounds together and then mechanically compressing the mixture into the desired membrane shape.
  • the trimesic acid can then be cross-linked to itself by heating at 250° C., forming a polymer support structure in the composite membrane.
  • the hydrogens on the carboxylic groups can then interact with the non-bonded oxygens of the solid acid, while the hydrogens of the solid acid can form bonds with the double bonded carbonyl oxygens of the carboxylic groups and the residues of the hydroxyl groups of the carboxylic acids.
  • the interaction of the solid acids and the polymer particles result in hydrogen bonds of medium strength being formed between the solid acid and polymer particles. These bonds are formed at random, greatly enhancing the protonic conductivity at the solid acid/polymer interface. At the same time, the medium strength bonds mechanically strengthen the interaction between the solid acid and polymer, thus transferring the mechanical properties of the polymer to the solid acid.
  • the secondary component is a polyimidazole, such as polybenzimidazole (PBI), which can be mixed and made into a proton conducting electrolyte membrane with properties well suited for applications such as fuel cells, hydrogen separation membranes, electrolyzers, electrochromic displays, supercapacitors, and gas sensors (H 2 , CO, etc.).
  • PBI polybenzimidazole
  • solid acid/PBI proton conducting composite membranes have many advantages. First, solid acids have vapor pressures, which are several orders of magnitude lower than phosphoric acid, so that expensive graphitization of application parts is not necessary.
  • solid acid electrolytes do not solubilize noble metal catalysts, allowing the use of much smaller catalyst particles (i.e., high catalyst surface area) and hence, lower catalyst loadings and MEA cost.
  • the mechanical, chemical and thermal stabilities of PBI are a nearly ideal match for use with solid acid membranes operating in the range 200-300° C.
  • the material maintains its polymer-like properties (e.g., compressive/tensile strengths and Poisson's ratio) up to ⁇ 540° C. and is highly resistant to both oxidation and reduction even at temperatures above 400° C.
  • PBI can be synthesized by polymerization of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and diphenyl isophthalate (see, Buckley, A. et al.
  • the secondary component can be an ionomer, for example, a sufonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer, such as Nafion® (tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer) having the formula:
  • Nafion® tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer
  • These unique polymers have ionic properties as a result of incorporating perfluorovinyl ether groups terminated with sulfonate groups onto a polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g., Teflon) backbone.
  • Nafion has excellent thermal (>300° C.) and mechanical stability, and resistance to chemical attack.
  • Nafion can be cast into thin films by heating in aqueous alcohol at 250° C.
  • Nafion derivatives are first synthesized by the copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and a derivative of a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) with sulfonyl acid fluoride.
  • the latter reagent can be prepared by the pyrolysis of its respective oxide or carboxylic acid to the olefinated.
  • the resulting product is an —SO 2 F thermoplastic that is extruded into films of required thickness.
  • This form of Nafion is chemically activated by hydrolysis by soaking the film in aqueous acid solution; this process gives the superacid —SO 3 H form (see, Mauritz, K. A. et al. “State of Understanding of Nafion” Chem. Rev. 2004, 104: 4535-4585; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,282,875 incorporated herein by reference).
  • copolymer such as a phosphated tetrafluorethylene copolymer can be prepared using the similar methods.
  • the secondary component can be polyimide, polyamic acid or a mixture of polyamic acid and polyimide.
  • Polyimide can be synthesized by dehydration of polyamic acid as shown below:
  • Polyamic acid has both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, which can interact with solid acid, such as CsH 2 PO 4 to form composite materials having disordered hydrogen bonded network at the interface leading to high proton conductivity.
  • Polyimide has oxygen and nitrogen atoms, which can interact with the hydrogen, such as surface hydrogen of the solid acid to form hydrogen bonds interfaces, which can also lead to high proton conductivity.
  • the secondary component can be a nanostructure.
  • Suitable nanostructures include, but are not limited to, finctionalized carbon nanotubes and functionalized fullerenes. Both single-wall and multi-wall nanotubes can be used. A person of skill in the art will appreciate that other functionalized nano materials can also be used.
  • the nanostructure are functionalized with functional groups that can form hydrogen bonds with the solid acids. Suitable functional groups include, but are not limited to, OH, —NH 2 , NH 2 C(O)—, —COOH and —SH.
  • Functionalized carbon nanostructures can be prepared according to the process known in the art (see, Smalley, R. E. et al.
  • Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications , Springer; 1st Ed, 2001; Ajayan, Z. P. et al. “Making Functional Materials with Nanotubes” Material Res. Soc. Sym. Proc. 2002, V. 706; Geckeler, K. E. Functional Nanomaterials ; American Scientific Publishers, 2006).
  • the solid acid composite materials also have interfaces with increased structural disorder compared to bulk solid acids, such that increased resistance to mechanical creep, improved thermal stability and enhanced proton conductivity are observed.
  • the interfaces are formed by interactions between the solid acid component and the secondary component.
  • the interfaces can be formed through hydrogen bonding, dipolar interaction, van der Waals interactions or combinations of forces.
  • the interfaces are formed through hydrogen bonding interactions.
  • Hydrogen bond donors are surface hydrogens and hydrogen bond acceptors are molecules or structures with atoms having lone-pair electrons. Examples of atoms suitable for hydrogen bonding include, but are not limited to, N, O, S or halogens, for example, F, Cl, and Br.
  • the solid acids can be both hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors.
  • the secondary component can be hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors.
  • the interfaces are formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between the hydrogen bond donors, such as surface hydrogens and acceptors of the solid acids and the hydrogen bond donor and acceptors of the secondary component.
  • the hydrogen bond donors of the secondary component are surface hydrogens.
  • the interfaces are formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors of the solid acids and the surface hydrogens of the secondary component. The interfaces are formed such that they can provide high protonic conductivity, mechanically stabilizing solid acid electrolyte membranes with respect to thermal creep, and kinetically stabilizing the surfaces of solid acids with respect to, dehydration.
  • the dimension of the interfaces can be controlled by using different solid acids, different secondary components or by alteration of the size of the solid acid particles and/or secondary component particles.
  • the interfaces formed have a dimension ranging from about 5 nm to about 5 ⁇ m. The dimension of the interfaces is determined from the average distance of the particles in the composite.
  • the interfaces can be formed by a solid acid and a secondary component selected from the group consisting of an inorganic compound, a polymer, a nanostructure, a metal, glass and ceramic material.
  • the solid acid can be a compound with the formulas I, Ia, Ib, II, IIa, III, IIIa, IV, V, VI, VIa, VII, VIIa or combinations of the foregoing.
  • the interfaces are formed between the solid acids and inorganic compounds, such as a compound having the formula VIII: M′ d (X′O y ) e *nH 2 O(H f X′′O z ) g as described above.
  • the interfaces are formed by solid acids and an eulytite compound having the formula: M +3 4 (XO 4 ) 3 *nH 2 O(H f X′O z ) g , where the M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, Ag, Ba, Sr, Ca, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Dg, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Pb; X and X and X′ are each independently an element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, P, As, V, S, Se, Cr, Mn and W; and subscripts d, y, e, n, f, g, z are non-negative real numbers.
  • the interfaces are comprised of hydrogen bond network formed through hydrogen bonding interactions between the solid acids and the secondary compounds.
  • interfaces are formed by solid acids and ceramics with modified surface structure, which are suitable for hydrogen bonding.
  • ceramics include, for example SiC with hydrogen bonding donor molecules attached to the surface.
  • interfaces are formed by solid acids and polymers having surface hydrogens, which are suitable for hydrogen bonding.
  • Polymers with surface hydrogens include, but are not limited to, PBI, poly(trimesic acid), polyimide, polyamide, polyamine and Nafion.
  • interfaces are formed by solid acids and functionalized nanostructures. Exemplary finctionalized nanostructures include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl or amino functionalized carbon nanotubes.
  • the solid acid composite material can be prepared by mixing solid acids, such as solid acid particles with a secondary component, such as secondary component particles.
  • the solid acid and the secondary component are interconnected through interfaces formed by hydrogen bonding interactions, dipolar interactions, van der Waals interactions or combinations of different interactions.
  • the composite materials can be either crystalline, amorphous or have a mixed morphology.
  • the dimension of the solid acid particles and secondary component particles can be in the ranges of about 1 mn to about 25 ⁇ m.
  • Exemplary particle dimensions of the composite material are from about 1 nm to about 200 nm, 100 nm to about 500 nm, from about 300 nm to about 1 ⁇ m, from about 800 nm to about 5 ⁇ m, from about 900 nm to about 8 ⁇ m, from about 300 nm to about 5 ⁇ m, from about 500 nm to about 10 ⁇ m, from about 5 ⁇ m to about 20 ⁇ m and from about 15 ⁇ m to about 25 ⁇ m.
  • the dimension of the solid acid composite particles can be in the range from nanometers to micrometers, for example, from about 5 nm to about 50 ⁇ m.
  • the particles can adopt various symmetrical, unsymmetrical or irregular shapes. Examples of regular particle shapes include, but are not limited to, spherical, oval, cubical, cylindrical, polyhedral or combinations thereof.
  • the solid acid composite particles can have a regular arrangement or a random distribution depending on the solid acid and the secondary component used, which have allowed the fine tuning of the structure and properties of the interfaces formed.
  • the composite material can be prepared by mechanically grinding the two components together in a predetermined ratio to achieve intimate mixture.
  • CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(HPO 4 ) g can be prepared by mechanically grinding solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 with secondary compound LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(HPO 4 ) g .
  • the solid acid composite can be prepared by mixing a 1:1 molar ratio of CsH 2 PO 4 and LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(HPO 4 ) g at temperatures from about 23° C. to about 300° C. in ambient pressure.
  • the solid acid composite material can be prepared by co-precipitation from a solution.
  • a composite of CsH 2 PO 4 and Nafion can be formed by co-precipitation from an aqueous solution at about 60° C.
  • a thin film composite useful as a fuel cell membrane is prepared by casting a thin layer of the material in an aqueous solution over a flat surface, such as glass dish.
  • the composite can be prepared by melt-processing.
  • the solid acid can be melt-processed onto a preformed membrane containing a secondary component.
  • the composite material has surprising and unexpected advantages over bulk solid acid materials.
  • the composite material exhibits a superprotonic-like conductivity far below the phase transition temperatures of the pure solid acid ( FIG. 1 ).
  • solid acid composite CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) shows superprotonic-like conductivity far below the superprotonic phase transition temperatures of CsH 2 PO 4 .
  • the composite material was capable of being dehydrated above 350° C. and then rehydrated below 350° C., a property not possible with a pure solid acid sample ( FIGS. 2 and 3 ).
  • the secondary compound interacts with the solid acid and thermodynamically stabilizes the surface of the solid acid (e.g., with respect to dehydration) by either increasing the effective partial pressure of water at the solid acid's surface or through the formation of a highly stable surface layer phase.
  • secondary compound LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) interacts with CsH 2 PO 4 , then thermodynamically stabilizes the surface of CsH 2 PO 4 .
  • the mechanical properties of the solid acid composites are more favorable with respect to plastic deformation as the solid acid composites reduce express the “superplasicity” of the solid acids in the superprotonic phase and the plastic deformation by twinning found in solid acids at lower temperatures.
  • the proton conducting membranes of the present invention include a solid acid composite.
  • the solid acid composite comprises a solid acid component, wherein the solid acid component is capable of conducting protons in a solid state through a superprotonic mechanism; a secondary component having a plurality of surface hydrogen; and a plurality of interfaces formed by the solid acid component and the secondary component.
  • the composite is formed through the interaction of solid acid and the secondary compound.
  • the interactions are hydrogen bonding interactions between the solid acid and the secondary compound. More preferably, the hydrogen bonds are formed between the solid acid and the surface hydrogens of the secondary component.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane prepared by contacting a solid acid component with a secondary component having a plurality of surface hydrogen under conditions sufficient to generate a composite, wherein said solid acid component interacts with said secondary component to form a plurality of interfaces.
  • Solid acid composite membrane can be prepared combining the solid acid and the secondary component in a volume ratio from about 9:1 to about 1:1 at ambient temperature or elevated temperatures. For example, a volume ratio of 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1.
  • the proton conducting membrane comprises a solid acid composite comprising a solid acid of the formula I: M a H b (XO t ) c , a secondary component being a compound of the formula VIII: M′ d (X′O y ) e *nH 2 O(H f X′′O z ) g , and interfaces formed by the solid acid and the secondary component, where M and M′ are each independently a metal cation as defined above; X, X′ and X′′ are each independently an element that is capable of forming oxyanions and are as defined above; subscripts a, b, t, c, d, y, e, f and z are each independently a non-negative real number, preferably from 1 to 15, more preferably from 1 to 9, and even more preferably from 1 to 4, such as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3,
  • the proton conducting membrane comprises a solid acid of the formulas Ia, Ib, II, Ia, III, IIIa, IV, V, VI, VIa, VII or VIIa; a secondary compound selected from the group consisting of formula VIII, SiO 2 *xH 2 O, LaPO 4 *xH 2 O, LaPO 4 xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n , CePO 4 *xH 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) n ; and interfaces formed by the solid acid and the secondary compound.
  • the proton conducting membrane comprises a solid acid of the formulas I, Ia, Ib, II, IIa, III, IIIa, IV, V, VI, VIa, VII or VIIa; a secondary component selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a metal, ceramics and a nanostructure, such as functionalized carbon nanotubes or fullerenes; and aplurality of interfaces formed by the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the membrane can be prepared by mechanically grinding the two components together in a predetermined ratio and mechanically compressing to form a membrane with a desired shape.
  • CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(HPO 4 ) g can be prepared by mechanically grinding solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 with secondary compound LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(HPO 4 ) g .
  • the proton conducting membrane can also be prepared by co-precipitation from a solution followed by mechanical comprssing.
  • a proton conducting membrane of CsH 2 PO 4 and Nafion can be prepared by co-precipitation from an aqueous solution at about 60° C.
  • the proton conducting membrane can be prepared by melt-processing.
  • a solid acid/poly(imide) composite is prepared by melt-processing of the solid acid onto a preformed membrane containing polyimide.
  • the proton conducting membrane of the present invention has several unexpected characteristics.
  • the solid acid composite proton conducting membrane has a proton conductivity from about 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 to about 0.2 ⁇ ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 in the temperature ranging from about 130° C. to about 330° C.
  • the composite material or the proton conducting membrane containing the composite material is also capable of being dehydrated above certain temperatures and then rehydrated below certain temperatures, a property not possible with the pure solid acid.
  • solid acid composite CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *nH 2 O(HPO 4 ) g can be dehydrated above 350° C. and then rehydrated below 350° C. ( FIGS. 2 and 3 ).
  • the present invention also provides a method of rehydrating a solid acid composite or a proton conducting membrane containing the solid acid composite.
  • the method includes contacting the solid acid composite with a water molecule under conditions sufficient for rehydrating.
  • the water can be either in the liquid phase or vapor phase, preferably, the composite is in contact with water vapor between about 100° C. to about 500° C.
  • Solid acids have certain characteristics that can be advantageous when used as a proton conducting membrane.
  • the proton transport process does not rely on the motion of hydronium ions, thus solid acids need not be humidified and their conductivity is substantially independent of humidity.
  • Another advantage is that solid acids are generally stable against thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures.
  • the thermal decomposition temperature for some of the solid acids described in this specification can be as high as 350° C.
  • solid acid based membranes can be operated at elevated temperatures, e.g. temperatures above 100° C.
  • the conductivity of solid acids can be purely protonic, or both electronic and protonic depending on the choice of the cation in the oxyanion. That is, by using a given amount of a variable valence element such as V, Cr, Co, Mn or a combination of the variable valence elements, the solid acid can be made to conduct electrons as well as protons.
  • a variable valence element such as V, Cr, Co, Mn or a combination of the variable valence elements
  • solid acids are dense, inorganic materials, they are impermeable to gases and other fluids that can be present in the electrochemical environment, e.g., gases and hydrocarbon liquids.
  • Solid acids exhibit another advantageous property for applications in proton conducting membranes. Under certain conditions of temperature and pressure, the crystal structure of a solid acid can become disordered. Concomitant with this disorder is a high conductivity, as high as 10 ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 . Because of the high proton conductivity of the structurally disordered state, it is known as a superprotonic phase. The proton transport is facilitated by rapid reorientations of oxyanions, which occur because of the disorder.
  • solid acids enter a superprotonic state at a temperature between about 50 and about 250° C. at ambient pressures.
  • the transition into the superprotonic phase can be either sharp or gradual.
  • the superprotonic phase is marked by an increase in conductivity, often by several orders of magnitude.
  • the solid acid is superprotonic and retains its high proton conductivity until the decomposition or melting temperature is reached.
  • the solid acids of the present invention can also be operated at a temperature above the superprotonic transition temperature, and below the decomposition or melt temperature.
  • the present invention provides a material comprised of a solid acid composite embedded in a preexisting structure, such as a polymer, a ceramic, glass, a metal or a nanostructure.
  • a preexisting structure such as a polymer, a ceramic, glass, a metal or a nanostructure.
  • the solid acid composite provides the desired electrochemical activity, whereas the preexisting structure provides mechanical support and increases chemical stability.
  • the present invention further comprises a structural binder.
  • Structural binders useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, carbon materials, such as graphite, graphite black, acetylene black, carbon black, Vulcan®XC72, and Vulcan®XC72R; a polymer; a ceramic; glass; silicon dioxide; a semiconductor; a nanostructure; and a metal.
  • the structural binder is electrically conducting.
  • the structural binder can be a conducting polymer, conducting ceramic, semiconductor or a metal.
  • the structural binder is a ceramic, semiconductor or metal, it can be mixed with a polymer.
  • the structural binder is silicon dioxide.
  • the structural binder is quartz.
  • the structural binder is fumed silica or colloidal silica.
  • the structural binder when the structural binder is carbon, the structural binder can be graphite, carbon black, a nanostructure, such as carbon nanotubes, and the like.
  • a structural binder of the present invention i.e., carbon black and carbon nanotubes or graphite and carbon nanotubes, for example.
  • carbon black and carbon nanotubes or graphite and carbon nanotubes are useful as a structural binder of the present invention.
  • other carbon forms are useful in the present invention.
  • the structural binder is silicon dioxide
  • the structural binder can be quartz, fumed silica, colloidal silica, and the like.
  • silicon dioxide structural binders are useful in the present invention.
  • the structural binder can be electrically conducting or insulating.
  • Electrically conducting polymers include, but are not limited to, poly(vinylpyridine), poly(pyrrole), poly(phenylenevinylene), poly(thiophene), poly(acetylene) poly(aniline), poly(phenylene) and the like.
  • Additional polymers useful in the present invention include high melt temperature thermoplastic or thermoset fluoropolymers (Teflon, TFE, PFA, FEP, Tefzel, Kalrez, and Viton), or high melt temperature polymers (PBI, PES, PMR-15 polyimide matrix resin, EVA, and “nylons” such as PA-6 and PA-6,6).
  • the structural binder can comprise either an electrically conducting polymer, an insulating polymer, or some combination of both.
  • One of skill in the art will appreciate that other types of electrically conducting and insulating polymers are useful in the present invention.
  • the structural binder when the structural binder is a metal, the structural binder can be any suitable metal, metal oxide, metal salt, or metal complex using a metal such as those described above.
  • the structural binder can include more than one metal element, and can also incorporate non-metal species in the structural binder.
  • the structural binder when the structural binder is a ceramic, can be any ceramic stable under fuel cell conditions such as, zirconia (ZrO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), or ceria (CeO 2 ).
  • the structural binder can include more than one ceramic material, as well as non-ceramic species.
  • ZrO 2 zirconia
  • Al 2 O 3 alumina
  • TiO 2 titanium dioxide
  • CeO 2 ceria
  • the structural binder can include more than one ceramic material, as well as non-ceramic species.
  • non-ceramic species One of skill in the art will appreciate that other ceramics are useful in the present invention.
  • the structural binder when the structural binder is a semiconductor, the structural binder can be any semiconductor stable under fuel cell conditions such as, but not limited to, silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), germanium (Ge), carbon (C, in diamond form), zinc-selenide (ZnSe), gallium-arsenide (GaAs), gallium-nitride (GaN), and indium-phosphide (InP) and the like.
  • the structural binder can include more than one semiconductor material, as well as non-semiconductor species. One of skill in the art will appreciate that other semiconductors are useful in the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane further comprising a separate conducting material.
  • Separate conducting materials useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, carbon materials, polymers, ceramics and metals, as described above.
  • the separate conducting material is ionically conducting.
  • Separate conducting materials useful in the current invention include ionically conductive materials such as, scandium doped ceria (SDC, oxygen ion conductor), yttrium stabilized zirconium (YSZ, oxygen ion conductor), and perovskites (e.g., BaZr 1 ⁇ x Y x O 3 and BaCeO 3 , proton and oxygen ion conductors, respectively). More than one separate conducting material can be used in the structural binders of the present invention. One of skill in the art will appreciate that other conducting materials are also useful in the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane comprising a solid acid composite that includes at least one variable valence element.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane being thermally stable at temperatures above about 100° C.
  • the proton conducting membrane has a proton conductivity of about 10 ⁇ 5 ⁇ ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 or higher at the temperature of use.
  • the proton conducting membrane can conduct both protons and electrons.
  • the present invention provides a proton conducting membrane comprising additional types of solid acids.
  • the present invention provides a composite material comprising a solid acid composite embedded in a supporting matrix and operated at a slightly elevated temperature.
  • the solid acid composite is in its superprotonic phase, exhibits high conductivity, and provides the desired electrochemical functions;
  • the support matrix can provide mechanical support, and it can also serve to protect the solid acid from water in the environment.
  • a high temperature of operation can render the solid acid composite into its superprotonic state.
  • a high temperature of operation can also ensure that any water present in the electrochemical device will be present in the form of steam rather than liquid water, making the H 2 O less likely to attack the solid acid.
  • the compounds and proton conducting membranes of the present invention are useful in hydrogen/air fuel cells, hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells direct alcohol fuel cells, hydrogen separation membranes, membrane reactors, supercapacators, electrochromic displays, hydrogen sensors and other membrane based electrochemical devices.
  • the present invention provides a fuel cell system comprising a proton membrane.
  • the proton membrane includes a solid acid component, a secondary component and hydrogen bonding network interfaces formed by the solid acid and the secondary component.
  • the fuel system provides electrical power to an external device.
  • the present invention also provides a use of the solid acid composite proton conducting membrane for hydrogen separation and in a device selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, a membrane reactor and a sensor.
  • Other useful applications of the compounds and proton conducting membranes of the present invention will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
  • a hydrogen/air fuel cell is one in which the proton conducting membrane is a solid acid composite/matrix composite of the type described herein. Because the membrane need not be humidified, the fuel cell system can be simpler than one which uses a hydrated polymer membrane. The humidification system normally required for fuel cell utilizing a Nafion or related polymer membrane can be eliminated. Hence, less rigid temperature monitoring and control can be used in the solid acid based system as compared with Nafion based fuel cell systems. These differences allow a more efficient cell system.
  • the proton conducting membranes of the present invention have a partial pressure of water of less than 1 atm. In other embodiments, the proton conducting membranes of the present invention have water on the surface of the membrane, but not in the interior of the membrane.
  • the hydrogen/air fuel cell can be operated at temperatures above 100° C.
  • the tolerance of the Pt/Ru catalysts to carbon monoxide CO poisoning increases with increasing temperature.
  • a fuel cell of the instant invention operated at a temperature above 100° C. can withstand higher concentrations of CO in the hydrogen fuel than a Nafion based fuel cell which is typically operated at a temperature lower than 100° C.
  • the high temperature of operation also enhances the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions, and can thereby result in a fuel cell with higher overall efficiency.
  • a direct alcohol fuel cell is constructed using a proton conducting membrane comprising a solid acid composite/matrix support of the type described herein.
  • Useful alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and the like. Because the membrane needs not to be humidified, the fuel cell system is much simpler and thus less costly than state of the art direct alcohol fuel cell systems.
  • the humidification system normally required for fuel cell utilizing a Nafion or related polymer membrane is eliminated.
  • temperature monitoring and control in the solid acid based system does not need to be as tight as in Nafion based fuel cell systems. Because the solid acid composite based membrane needs not to be humidified, the fuel cell can be operated at elevated temperatures. High temperatures can enhance the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. This results in a fuel cell with very high efficiency.
  • Another significant advantage of the fuel cell of the instant invention results from the decreased permeability of the membrane to alcohol.
  • Direct alcohol fuel cells in which Nafion or another hydrated polymer serves as the membrane, alcohol crossover through the polymeric membrane lowers fuel cell efficiencies.
  • the impermeability of a solid acid composite membrane can improve this efficiency.
  • the present invention provides a use of the solid acid composite proton conducting membrane for hydrogen separation.
  • the metal catalyst such as Ru/Pt catalyst in a hydrogen/air fuel cell is sensitive to CO poisoning, particularly at temperatures close to ambient. Therefore, in an indirect hydrogen/air fuel cell, the hydrogen produced by the reformer is often cleaned, of e.g. CO to below 50 ppm, before it enters the fuel cell for electrochemical reaction.
  • the hydrogen separation membrane contemplated by the instant invention can be made of a mixed proton and electron conducting membrane, as described herein. Hydrogen gas, mixed with other undesirable gases, is introduced onto one side of the membrane. Clean hydrogen gas is extracted from the other side of the membrane.
  • H + and e ⁇ On the inlet side of the membrane, hydrogen gas is dissociated into H + and e ⁇ .
  • both of these species can migrate through the membrane.
  • the membrane is substantially impermeable to other gases and fluids. Hence, CO and other undesirable gases or fluids cannot so migrate.
  • the H + and e ⁇ On the outlet side of the membrane, the H + and e ⁇ recombine to form hydrogen gas.
  • the overall process is driven by the hydrogen chemical potential gradient, which is high on the inlet side of the membrane and low on the outlet side of the membrane.
  • Another type of hydrogen separation membrane uses a membrane made of a proton conducting composite of the type described herein, and is connected to a current source. Hydrogen gas, mixed with other undesirable gases, is introduced onto one side of the membrane and clean hydrogen gas is extracted from the other side of the membrane. Application of a current causes the hydrogen gas to dissociate into H + and e ⁇ . As the membrane conducts only protons, these protons are the only species which can migrate through the membrane. The electrons migrate through the current source to the outlet side of the membrane, where the H + and e ⁇ recombine to form hydrogen gas.
  • the membrane is substantially impervious to other gases and fluids. Hence, CO and other undesirable gases or fluids cannot migrate through the proton conducting membrane. The overall process is driven by electric current applied via the current source.
  • Additional devices incorporating the proton conducting membranes of the present invention include membrane reactors, in which a mixed proton and electron conducting membrane of the type described herein is utilized.
  • the general reaction is that reactants A+B react to form products C+D, where D is hydrogen gas.
  • Use of a mixed proton and electron conducting membrane in this reactor can enhance the reaction to give yields that exceed thermodynamic equilibrium values.
  • the reactants form products C+H 2 .
  • the hydrogen concentration builds up and the forward reaction is slowed.
  • the hydrogen is immediately extracted from the reaction region via transport through the membrane, and the forward reaction is enhanced.
  • Examples of reactions in which the yield can be enhanced by using such a membrane reactor include (1) the steam reformation of methane (natural gas) to produce syngas: CH 4 +H 2 O ⁇ CO+3H 2 ; (2) the steam reformation of CO to produce CO 2 and H 2 : CO+H 2 O ⁇ CO 2 +H 2 ; (3) the decomposition of H 2 S to H 2 and S, (4) the decomposition of NH 3 to H 2 and N 2 ; (5) the dehydrogenation of propane to polypropylene; and (6) the dehydrogenation of alkanes and aromatic compounds to various products.
  • a second type of membrane reaction is one utilizing a mixed proton and electron conducting membrane of the type described herein.
  • the general reaction is that the reactants A+B form the products C+D, where B is hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen enters the reaction region via transport through the mixed conducting membrane, whereas the reactant A is introduced at the inlet to the membrane reactor, and is mixed with other species.
  • the manner in which the hydrogen is introduced into the reactant stream (through the membrane) ensures that only the reactant A, and none of the other species reacts with hydrogen. This effect is termed selective hydrogenation.
  • a third type of membrane reaction is one utilizing only a proton conducting membrane of the type described herein.
  • the general reaction is that the reactants A+B form the product C, where B is hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen enters from the “anode” side of the membrane reactor and is conducted to the reaction region via transport through the proton conducting membrane, whereas the reactant A is introduced on the “cathode” side of the membrane reactor, and is “hydrogenated” at the cathode surface to form the reactant, C.
  • the reactant A may be mixed with other species.
  • the manner in which the hydrogen is introduced into the reactant stream (through the membrane) ensures that only the reactant A, and none of the other species, reacts with hydrogen. This effect is termed selective hydrogenation.
  • ethylene can be hydrogenated to ethane by such a process using such a membrane: C 2 H 4 ⁇ C 2 H 6 .
  • the mixed proton and electron conducting membranes described herein provide an advantage over state-of-the-art membranes in that the conductivity is high at temperatures as low as 100° C., and the membranes are relatively inexpensive. Selective hydrogenation at temperatures close to ambient can have particular application in synthesis of pharmaceutically important compounds which cannot withstand high temperatures.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a proton conducting membrane.
  • the method includes contacting a solid acid component with a secondary component having a plurality of surface hydrogen to generate a composite.
  • the method further includes contacting with a structural binder.
  • the solid acid component and secondary component exist as particles having various shapes, sizes and dimensions.
  • the formation of the solid acid composite can be realized by mechanically mixing of the solid acid and the secondary compound in the presence or absence of a structural binder.
  • the composite can be formed through co-precipitation.
  • the proton conducting membranes of the present invention can be prepared by a variety of means.
  • One method involves mechanically pressing an evenly dispersed layer of solid acid composite into a highly dense layer supported on the anode and/or cathode layers.
  • the solid acid composite layer can be compressed at temperatures ranging from ambient to above the melt temperature of the solid acid.
  • Another method involves mixing the solid acid and the secondary compound with a supporting structure that is electrochemically unreactive, to form a composite.
  • a first embodiment uses a solid acid/secondary compound mixed with a melt-processable polymer as the supporting matrix structure.
  • Composite membranes of the solid acid/secondary compound and poly(vinylidene fluoride) can be prepared by simple melt-processing methods. The three components can be lightly ground together then hot-pressed at 180° C. and 10 kpsi for 15 minutes.
  • additional melt-processable polymers are useful in the present invention, such as those described herein as polymer binders.
  • thermoset polymer in monomer or prepolymer form in with the solid acid/secondary compound composite, and then starting the polymerization in situ.
  • composite membranes of the solid acid compound and the polyester resin marketed under the name Castoglas by Buehler, Inc. can be synthesized by lightly grinding the solid acid and pre-polymer together and then adding the crosslinking agent to start the polymerization.
  • Composite membrane of solid acid composite and poly(trimesic acid) can be prepared by grinding and then heating the mixture to 250° C. to start the polymerization.
  • thermoset polymers can be used.
  • the solid acid/secondary compound composite is ground and then mixed with the monomer dicyclopentadiene.
  • the polymerization catalyst is introduced into the mixture, which is then poured onto a Teflon plate and pressed into a thin film. The film is cured at 100° C. for approximately 2 hours.
  • additional thermoset polymers are useful in the present invention.
  • Another method for preparing solid acid-polymer composites or solid acid-secondary compound-polymer composites is suspension coating.
  • the solid acid/secondary component composite is dissolved in a water-ethanol solution, and the polymer PTFE is dispersed into this solution.
  • a composite membrane is formed by casting the suspension, allowing the solvents to evaporate, and then mechanically pressing at either ambient or elevated temperatures.
  • the solid acid or solid acid-secondary compound composite can be synthesized from aqueous solution and the matrix material is synthesized separately. The two components are then mixed and ground together. The mixture is then pressed at either ambient or elevated temperatures, preferably at an elevated temperature which causes the solid acid and/or polymer to melt and flow, to yield a dense composite membrane.
  • Electrically conductive composite membranes are prepared by combining at least one solid acid or solid acid-secondary compound composite and an electrically conductive structural binder.
  • the electrically conductive structural binder can be an electronically conducting polymer, such as poly(aniline) or poly(imidazole), or a typical metal, such as aluminum or copper, as well as a conductive carbon material.
  • the electronically conducting component is a metal, it can be advantageous to introduce a chemically and electrically inert polymer into the composite simply to serve as a binder and provide the membrane with good mechanical properties.
  • the processing methods described above can be used to prepare such composite membranes.
  • Electrically conductive composites can also be prepared by performing direct chemical substitutions with variable valence ions. Substitution in the oxyanion or metal cation component with a variable valence element can provide the desired electronic conductivity. Large ions with variable valence, such as thallium, indium, lead and tin can be used for these substitutions.
  • the solid acid or solid acid-secondary compound composite so modified can be used in an electrochemical device directly, or can be combined with a supporting matrix material as described above.
  • FIG. 1 shows a comparison of the conductivity of pure CsH 2 PO 4 versus a CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *H 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) g composite material.
  • the composite has higher or equal conductivity to that of pure CsH 2 PO 4 at all measured temperatures. Measurements were taken upon heating and cooling at 1° C./min, under flowing air atmospheres with a water partial pressure ⁇ 0.4 atm.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the stability of solid acid composite and the rehydrating of the solid acid composite.
  • the conductivity of the solid acid composite CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *H 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) g can be measured up to 400° C., whereas a sample of pure solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 would melt at ⁇ 330° C., resulting in a short circuit in the experimental setup used. All measurements were taken with heating/cooling rates of 1° C./min, under flowing air atmospheres with a water partial pressure ⁇ 0.4 atm.
  • the solid acid composite CsH 2 PO 4 /LaPO 4 *H 2 O(H 3 PO 4 ) g also has the ability to rehydrate at 156° C. after having been dehydrated at 400° C. for 6 hrs, a property not seen in CsH 2 PO 4 .
  • Solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 is prepared as described above.
  • SiC is purchased from ElectroAbrasives Company.
  • a solid acid composite membrane of CsH 2 PO 4 -silicon carbide is prepared by mechanical mixing a 9:1 volume ratio of CsH 2 PO 4 and SiC in methanol using a mortar and a pestle at about 23° C. under ambient pressure followed by mechanical or thermal densification.
  • the hydrogen bond donor and/or acceptor molecules are absorbed on the surface of the SiC to provide a surface with active hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors.
  • the SiC surface containing H 2 O, NH 3 or alcohol has been prepared ( FIGS. 4 a and 4 b ).
  • Solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 is prepared as described above. Trimesic acid is purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company. A composite membrane of CsH 2 PO 4 and trimesic acid of the formula: C 6 H 3 (COOH) 3 is prepared by grinding a 95:5 volume ratio of CsH 2 PO 4 and trimesic acid together using a mortar and a pestle and oven, at about 23° C. under an ambient pressure and then mechanically compressing the mixture into the desired membrane shape. The trimesic acid are then cross-linked to itself by heating at 250° C., to form a polymer support structure in the composite membrane.
  • Trimesic acid is purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company.
  • a composite membrane of CsH 2 PO 4 and trimesic acid of the formula: C 6 H 3 (COOH) 3 is prepared by grinding a 95:5 volume ratio of CsH 2 PO 4 and trimesic acid together using a mortar and a pestle and oven, at about 23° C. under an ambient pressure and then mechanically compressing the mixture into the
  • the hydrogens on the carboxylic groups can then interact with the non-bonded oxygens of CsH 2 PO 4 , while the hydrogens of CsH 2 PO 4 can form bonds with the double bonded oxygens of the carboxylic groups. Both cases result in hydrogen bonds of medium strength being formed between the solid acid and polymer particles. These bonds are formed at random, greatly enhancing the protonic conductivity at the solid acid/polymer interface. At the same time, the medium strength bonds mechanically strengthen the interaction between solid acid and polymer, thus transferring the mechanical properties of the polymer to the solid acid.
  • Solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 is prepared as described above.
  • Nafion® is purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company.
  • a solid acid composite of CsH 2 PO 4 and Nafion is prepared by co-precipitation from an aqueous solution at 60° C.
  • a thin film composite useful as a fuel cell membrane is prepared by casting a thin layer of the material in an aqueous solution over a flat oven glass dish surface. The film is then formed by co-precipition of Nafion and CsH 2 PO 4 as water is evolved at 60° C. in an oven.
  • the CsH 2 PO 4 is precipitated in the hydrophilic channels of the Nafion polymer matrix ( FIG. 5 ).
  • Solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 is prepared as described above.
  • Polybenzimidazole is synthesized by polymerization of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and diphenyl isophthalate according to reported procedures.
  • a solid acid composite membrane of CsH 2 PO 4 and polybenzimidazole (PBI) is prepared by either precipitation of CsH 2 PO 4 from aqueous solution into the pores of a PBI membrane, followed by mild mechanical compression, or by simply melting the CsH 2 PO 4 into the porous PBI membrane at temperatures above 330° C. and pH 2 O ⁇ 1 atm.
  • the volume ratio of CsH 2 PO 4 and PBI is 85:15.
  • the processes are carried out at temperatures from about 23° C. to about 300° C. under ambient pressure.
  • Solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 is prepared as described above.
  • Polyimide, Kapton® is purchased from Dupont Chemical Company.
  • a solid acid composite membrane of CsH 2 PO 4 and polyimide is prepared by first creating a polyimide film from polyamic acid in a solvent (Munakata, et al. Chem. Commun., 2005, 3986-3988).
  • the solid acid, CsH 2 PO 4 is then deposited in the polymer by precipitation from aqueous solution at 60° C.
  • the CsH 2 PO 4 is then taken above its melt temperature at 330° C., under at water partial pressure of 0.7 atm, and the composite film is densified by mild compression at 50 psi.
  • Solid acid CsH 2 PO 4 is prepared as described above. Muti-walled Fullerene, nanotubes, 20-50 nm OD, 5-20 micron long are purchased from Alfa Aesar Company. The nanotubes are functionalized with carboxylic acid group according to a reported method (Smalley, R. E. et al. Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications , Springer; 1st Ed, 2001; Ajayan, Z. P. et al. “Making Functional Materials with Nanotubes” Material Res. Soc. Sym. Proc. 2002, V. 706).

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US20090169954A1 (en) * 2005-11-30 2009-07-02 Nippon Sheet Glass Company , Limited Electrolyte Membrane and Fuel Cell Using the Same
US20090220846A1 (en) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-03 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Proton conductor, and fuel cell and fuel cell system including proton conductor
WO2010028323A1 (fr) * 2008-09-06 2010-03-11 Cyvolt Energy Systems, Inc. Pile à combustible utilisant directement des mélanges polyhydriques comme combustible
US20100294662A1 (en) * 2009-05-19 2010-11-25 Honeywell International Inc. Fast response electrochemical organophosphate sensor
US20120031774A1 (en) * 2010-08-04 2012-02-09 Chang Gung University Electrode for an electrochemical device and method for detecting hydrogen peroxide using the electrode
US20130177835A1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2013-07-11 National University Corporation Toyohashi University Of Technology Proton conductor and method of producing proton conductor
WO2015006010A3 (fr) * 2013-06-21 2015-05-07 Dong-Kyun Seo Oxydes métalliques obtenus à partir de solutions acides
US9233863B2 (en) 2011-04-13 2016-01-12 Molycorp Minerals, Llc Rare earth removal of hydrated and hydroxyl species
US9242900B2 (en) 2009-12-01 2016-01-26 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Porous geopolymer materials
US9296654B2 (en) 2011-09-21 2016-03-29 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Geopolymer resin materials, geopolymer materials, and materials produced thereby
US9308511B2 (en) 2009-10-14 2016-04-12 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Fabricating porous materials using thixotropic gels
US9365691B2 (en) 2010-08-06 2016-06-14 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Fabricating porous materials using intrepenetrating inorganic-organic composite gels
US9975787B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2018-05-22 Secure Natural Resources Llc Removal of arsenic from aqueous streams with cerium (IV) oxide compositions
US10829382B2 (en) 2017-01-20 2020-11-10 Skysong Innovations Aluminosilicate nanorods
US10926241B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2021-02-23 Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University Carbon dioxide adsorbents
CN113839074A (zh) * 2021-09-24 2021-12-24 上海交通大学 一种固体酸质子传导膜的制备方法
CN118472335A (zh) * 2024-07-12 2024-08-09 大连海事大学 一种高温浸渍固体酸的NiO/YSZ复合电解质膜及其制备方法以及固体酸燃料电池的制备方法

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EP2253038B1 (fr) 2008-02-12 2014-12-03 Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Composition à conductivité protonique améliorée
EP2450983B1 (fr) * 2008-10-29 2013-12-11 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Composition d'électrolyte et de l'encre catalyseur et la membrane d'électrolyte solide formée en utilisant les mêmes
US8273486B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2012-09-25 Honeywell International, Inc. Protecting a PEM fuel cell catalyst against carbon monoxide poisoning
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DE102021207392A1 (de) 2021-07-13 2023-01-19 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Brennstoffzelle sowie Brennstoffzellenstapel

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Cited By (23)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090169954A1 (en) * 2005-11-30 2009-07-02 Nippon Sheet Glass Company , Limited Electrolyte Membrane and Fuel Cell Using the Same
US20090220846A1 (en) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-03 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Proton conductor, and fuel cell and fuel cell system including proton conductor
US7833675B2 (en) * 2008-02-29 2010-11-16 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Proton conductor, and fuel cell and fuel cell system including proton conductor
WO2010028323A1 (fr) * 2008-09-06 2010-03-11 Cyvolt Energy Systems, Inc. Pile à combustible utilisant directement des mélanges polyhydriques comme combustible
US20100294662A1 (en) * 2009-05-19 2010-11-25 Honeywell International Inc. Fast response electrochemical organophosphate sensor
US9308511B2 (en) 2009-10-14 2016-04-12 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Fabricating porous materials using thixotropic gels
US9242900B2 (en) 2009-12-01 2016-01-26 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Porous geopolymer materials
US20130177835A1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2013-07-11 National University Corporation Toyohashi University Of Technology Proton conductor and method of producing proton conductor
US20120031774A1 (en) * 2010-08-04 2012-02-09 Chang Gung University Electrode for an electrochemical device and method for detecting hydrogen peroxide using the electrode
US8702924B2 (en) * 2010-08-04 2014-04-22 Chang Gung University Electrode for an electrochemical device and method for detecting hydrogen peroxide using the electrode
US9365691B2 (en) 2010-08-06 2016-06-14 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Fabricating porous materials using intrepenetrating inorganic-organic composite gels
US9233863B2 (en) 2011-04-13 2016-01-12 Molycorp Minerals, Llc Rare earth removal of hydrated and hydroxyl species
US9296654B2 (en) 2011-09-21 2016-03-29 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Geopolymer resin materials, geopolymer materials, and materials produced thereby
US9862644B2 (en) 2011-09-21 2018-01-09 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Geopolymer resin materials, geopolymer materials, and materials produced thereby
US10170759B2 (en) 2013-06-21 2019-01-01 Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University Metal oxides from acidic solutions
WO2015006010A3 (fr) * 2013-06-21 2015-05-07 Dong-Kyun Seo Oxydes métalliques obtenus à partir de solutions acides
US9975787B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2018-05-22 Secure Natural Resources Llc Removal of arsenic from aqueous streams with cerium (IV) oxide compositions
US10577259B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2020-03-03 Secure Natural Resources Llc Removal of arsenic from aqueous streams with cerium (IV) oxide compositions
US10926241B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2021-02-23 Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University Carbon dioxide adsorbents
US11745163B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2023-09-05 Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University Carbon dioxide adsorbents
US10829382B2 (en) 2017-01-20 2020-11-10 Skysong Innovations Aluminosilicate nanorods
CN113839074A (zh) * 2021-09-24 2021-12-24 上海交通大学 一种固体酸质子传导膜的制备方法
CN118472335A (zh) * 2024-07-12 2024-08-09 大连海事大学 一种高温浸渍固体酸的NiO/YSZ复合电解质膜及其制备方法以及固体酸燃料电池的制备方法

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