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US20070105202A1 - Dna encoding a protein having d-lactate dehydrogenase activity and uses thereof - Google Patents

Dna encoding a protein having d-lactate dehydrogenase activity and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20070105202A1
US20070105202A1 US10/557,306 US55730604A US2007105202A1 US 20070105202 A1 US20070105202 A1 US 20070105202A1 US 55730604 A US55730604 A US 55730604A US 2007105202 A1 US2007105202 A1 US 2007105202A1
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amino acid
dna
seq
protein
acid sequence
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Nobuhiro Ishida
Kenro Tokuhiro
Haruo Takahashi
Eiji Nagamori
Masana Hirai
Satoshi Saitoh
Tohru Ohnishi
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Teijin Ltd
Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc
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Assigned to TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA, KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO reassignment TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HIRAI, MASANA, ISHIDA, NOBUHIRO, NAGAMORI, EIJI, OHNISHI, TOHRU, SAITOH, SATOSHI, TAKAHASHI, HARUO, TOKUHIRO, KENRO
Publication of US20070105202A1 publication Critical patent/US20070105202A1/en
Assigned to KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO, TEIJIN LIMITED reassignment KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO, TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
    • C12P7/56—Lactic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters
    • C12P7/625—Polyesters of hydroxy carboxylic acids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to D-lactic acid and a technique for producing a polymer utilizing D-lactic acid. More particularly, the present invention relates to a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity that is suitable for allowing yeast to produce D-lactic acid, DNA having a nucleotide sequence encoding such protein, and uses thereof.
  • Lactic acid is classified into L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, which are optical isomers.
  • a technique for fermentatively producing D-lactic acid has been known, whereby D-lactic acid is fermentatively produced using lactic acid bacteria capable of producing D-lactic acid in a medium containing brewers' yeast (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-16688 A (1983)).
  • JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-16688 A (1983) JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-36394 A (1983)
  • a technique for obtaining D-lactic acid with high optical purity has also been disclosed (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) Nos.
  • Such microorganisms capable of producing lactic acid have not been suitable for industrial production of lactic acid due to the slow rates of production and the necessity for complicated medium compositions.
  • the present invention is directed to providing a polynucleotide encoding a protein that can be utilized for producing D-lactic acid having lactate dehydrogenase activity, and it is also directed to providing such protein.
  • the present invention is directed to providing an excellent system for producing D-lactic acid utilizing such polynucleotide and a technique for effectively producing D-lactic acid.
  • the present inventors have searched for D-lactate dehydrogenase and genes that allow expression of such enzyme. As a result, they discovered a transformed line that exhibits an excellent capacity for producing D-lactic acid. More specifically, they discovered a protein that can positively affect the production of D-lactic acid and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity, DNA that encodes a protein having such enzyme activity, and a transformant prepared from such DNA. Further, they discovered a method for producing D-lactic acid using the same and a method for producing polylactic acid.
  • the present invention provides the following.
  • a protein that consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • a DNA construct that comprises a DNA segment comprising DNA according to (1) and a DNA segment comprising DNA that encodes a promoter or a homolog thereof.
  • a method for producing D-lactic acid comprising steps of:
  • a method for producing a lactic acid polymer comprising steps of:
  • FIG. 1A shows the homology data of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • FIG. 1B is a continuation of FIG. 1A , which shows the homology data of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows the homology data of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • FIG. 3 shows a part of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 4 shows a part of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 5 shows a part of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 6 shows the final step of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 7 shows a part of the chromosome structure of a diploid transformed yeast strain obtained in Example 3.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of the fermentation test of D-lactate (calcium salt) produced by the parent strain and the transformant having chromosomally integrated transgenes, which shows the amount of D-lactate and ethanol produced by each strain.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results of the fermentation test of free D-lactic acid produced by the parent strain, the transformant having chromosomally integrated transgenes, and the self-replicating plasmid transformant, which shows the amount of D-lactic acid and ethanol produced by each strain.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results of the fermentation test of free D-lactic acid produced by the strain into which 2 copies of the D-LDHME genes had been introduced and the strain into which 4 copies of the D-LDHME genes had been introduced, which shows the amount of D-lactic acid and ethanol produced by each strain.
  • the polynucleotide according to the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity.
  • D-LDH D-lactate dehydrogenase
  • D-lactic acid can be produced via an enzyme reaction system that involves the use of a protein encoded by the polynucleotide according to the present invention.
  • a novel source for a starting material of D-lactic acid can be provided. Also, D-lactic acid can be produced with high selectivity or high efficiency according to the present invention.
  • the present invention can provide a technique for producing a lactic acid polymer with the use of an enzyme reaction system that involves the use of the protein according to the present invention or D-lactic acid produced by a transformant that allows the expression of the protein according to the present invention.
  • the polynucleotide according to the present invention can include any of the following.
  • a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and that encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity;
  • polynucleotide that has encodes a protein having 70% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • polynucleotide that consists of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 encodes a protein that has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • polynucleotide is derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which is a lactic acid bacterium. More specifically, such polynucleotide is derived from the Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain IF03426 (registered with the Institute for Fermentation).
  • the sequence of this polynucleotide differs from the sequence registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327) in terms of 27-bp nucleotides.
  • the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) that is encoded by the polynucleotide differs from the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) based on the registered nucleotide sequence in terms of 19 amino acid residues.
  • the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 shows 97.3% homology to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 shows 94.3% homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • Such homology is calculated using Genetyx-mac ver.10.1 (Software Development Co., Ltd.).
  • the present invention relates to a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having D-LDH activity.
  • such polynucleotide may be a naturally occurring one such as DNA or RNA.
  • such polynucleotide may contain an artificially synthesized nucleotide derivative. It may be single-stranded or it may have a complementary strand.
  • the polynucleotide has the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the polynucleotide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is sufficient.
  • the polynucleotide consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and has a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having D-LDH activity.
  • a polynucleotide that has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues is deduced to have D-LDH activity equivalent to that of a polynucleotide that has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • D-LDH activity resulting from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is deduced to be equivalent to that resulting from an amino acid sequence derived from the former by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues.
  • a person skilled in the art can ordinarily select a protein having D-LDH activity, which can be sufficiently utilized in the present invention, by such amino acid substitution or the like.
  • a person skilled in the art can adequately introduce mutation such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition into a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 via site-directed mutagenesis (Nucleic Acid Res. 10, pp. 6487, 1982; Methods in Enzymol., 100, pp. 448, 1983; Molecular Cloning, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; PCR: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, pp. 200, 1991) or via other means.
  • “several amino acids” are approximately 2 to 10 amino acid residues, and more preferably approximately 2 to 4 amino acid residues.
  • the polynucleotide hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
  • a probe that can hybridize under stringent conditions with such polynucleotide comprises at least one DNA sequence constituted by any of 20 or more, and preferably 30 or more (for example, 40, 60, or 100) continuous nucleotides, of the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the polynucleotide can hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or such probe.
  • hybridization is carried out in the presence of 50% formaldehyde at approximately 37° C. Under more stringent conditions, hybridization is carried out at approximately 42° C. Under further stringent conditions, hybridization is carried out in the presence of formaldehyde at approximately 65° C.
  • polynucleotide that can hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a probe is a polynucleotide that has a nucleotide sequence similar to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Such polynucleotide is highly likely to encode a protein that has functions equivalent to those of a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the polynucleotide encodes a protein that shows 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, and further preferably 95% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
  • Protein homology search can be carried out using the gene-analyzing programs BLAST (hyperlink: http://blast.genome.ad.jp http://blast.genome.ad.jp), FASTA (hyperlink: http://fasta.genome.ad.jp/SIT/FASTA.html hyperlink: http://fasta.genome.ad.jp/SIT/FASTA.html), or the like.
  • the term “homology” used herein refers to the identity observed through these programs.
  • the polynucleotide according to the present invention encodes a protein that has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
  • the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sequence of D-LDH of Leuconostoc mesenteroides registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327).
  • the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 via all substitutions indicated in the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1.
  • the number of substitutions is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 11 or more, and further preferably 19 or more.
  • amino acid substitutions indicated by substitution types 1 to 19 are preferable.
  • amino acid substitutions indicated by substitution types 6 to 16 are more preferable.
  • the polynucleotide encodes a protein that has an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and that has D-LDH activity.
  • Amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 are considered to be characteristic of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a polynucleotide contains such amino acid sequence and has D-LDH activity, it can be said to be a preferable polynucleotide according to the present invention.
  • a polynucleotide has a histidine residue at position 296 as an active center and the coenzyme NADH binding domain constituted by amino acid residues 152 to 175 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a polynucleotide of the present invention may be a polynucleotide that has functions equivalent to those of a protein encoded by the aforementioned protein, except the polynucleotide consisting of or comprising the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the polynucleotide of the present invention can be obtained via various techniques as mentioned above. In addition, it can be chemically synthesized, or it can be obtained via PCR cloning, hybridization, or the like from other organisms based on the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a polynucleotide can be isolated from a protein derived from prokaryotic organisms such as lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, or fungi or proteins derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus.
  • prokaryotic organisms such as lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, or fungi or proteins derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus.
  • the polynucleotide may not be necessarily a homolog of the polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. This is because the transformant according to the present invention into which such polynucleotide has been introduced is useful for producing D-LDH and D-lactic acid.
  • a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having D-LDH activity derived from prokaryotic organisms such as lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, or fungi or proteins having D-LDH activity derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus can also be employed.
  • prokaryotic organisms such as lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, or fungi or proteins having D-LDH activity derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus.
  • the protein according to the present invention consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. Such protein is a preferable embodiment of the present invention.
  • the protein consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and has D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity.
  • D-LDH D-lactate dehydrogenase
  • the protein shows 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, and further preferably 95% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and has D-LDH activity.
  • the protein has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and has D-LDH activity.
  • the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sequence of D-LDH of Leuconostoc mesenteroides registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327).
  • the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 via all substitutions indicated in the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1.
  • the number of substitutions is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 11 or more, and further preferably 19 or more.
  • the amino acid sequence preferably has amino acid substitutions indicated by substitution types 1 to 19, and more preferably those indicated by substitution types 6 to 16, in the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1.
  • the protein comprises an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and has D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity.
  • Amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 are considered to be characteristic of the amino acid sequence as shown in. SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a protein contains such amino acid sequence and has D-LDH activity, it can be said to be a preferable protein according to the present invention. More preferably, a protein has a histidine residue at position 296 as an active center and the coenzyme NADH binding domain constituted by amino acid residues 152 to 175 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the protein of the present invention does not necessarily consist of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, as long as it has D-LDH activity.
  • the protein of the present invention can be obtained by culturing the Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain IFO3426. Specifically, the protein can be obtained as a culture product thereof Such strain can be cultured via a conventional bacterial culture technique.
  • the protein of the present invention can be purified from the culture product in accordance with a conventional technique. Alternatively, a culture product itself or bacteria may be recovered and then used as the substance having enzyme activity of the present invention. Bacteria, purified enzymes, or crudely purified enzymes can be used as they are, or they may be immobilized.
  • the protein of the present invention can be obtained by adequately introducing mutation such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition into the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or another amino acid sequence via, for example, site-directed mutagenesis (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, edited by Ausubel et al., Sections 8.1-8.5, 1987, John Wily & Sons). Such modification is not limited to artificial mutagenesis or synthesis. It also includes a product resulting from amino acid mutation in nature on the basis of artificial mutation, but it is not limited thereto.
  • a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or DNA as a homolog thereof may be obtained, such DNA may be introduced into a host strain to prepare a transformant, and the resulting transformant may then be cultured.
  • a homolog protein can be obtained.
  • proteins having D-LDH activity can be employed.
  • proteins that can be employed include proteins derived from prokaryotic organisms such as Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, or fungi or proteins derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus.
  • Such protein does not necessarily have the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. It is not necessarily a homolog of the protein consisting of such amino acid sequence.
  • the transformant of the present invention that carries a protein having D-LDH activity in an expressible manner is useful for producing D-LDH and D-lactic acid.
  • Cells that are preferable for obtaining the polynucleotide or protein of the present invention, the transformant of the present invention and that are gene resources of polynucleotides or proteins are not limited to naturally occurring organisms. Microorganisms or cells that were obtained via mutation or the like may be employed as gene resources.
  • the protein that is employed in the present invention has D-LDH activity.
  • D-LDH activity can be measured using, for example, a commercialized kit (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH/LD) test-UV (Sigma)).
  • the isolated polynucleotide that encodes a protein having D-LDH activity may be used to prepare a DNA construct having such DNA segment.
  • This DNA construct can be used as an expression vector in such state or by being introduced into a suitable vector.
  • a host cell is transformed using such DNA construct.
  • a transformant that produces a protein having D-LDH activity can be obtained.
  • this transformant may be cultured to produce a protein having D-LDH activity.
  • D-lactic acid can be produced.
  • Transformation of a host cell involves the use of a DNA construct that allows expression of a DNA segment consisting of D-LDH-DNA in a host cell.
  • a DNA construct for transformation are not particularly limited.
  • this DNA construct can comprise a constitutive segment of a vector according to any of the aforementioned embodiments in addition to the DNA of interest.
  • Preferable prokaryotic vectors, eukaryotic vectors, animal cell vectors, and plant cell vectors are known in the art.
  • plasmid DNA examples include: YCp Escherichia coli -yeast shuttle vectors, such as pRS413, pRS415, pRS416, YCp50, pAUR112, or pAUR123; YEp Escherichia coli -yeast shuttle vectors, such as pYES32 or YEp13; YIp Escherichia coli -yeast shuttle vectors, such as pRS403, pRS404, pRS405, pRS406, pAUR101, or pAUR135; plasmids derived from Escherichia coli (e.g., ColE plasmids, such as pBR322, pBR325, pUC18, pUC19, pUC119, pTV118N, pTV119N, pBluescript, pHSG298, pHSG396, or pTrc99A; p1A plasmids, such as
  • phage DNA examples include ⁇ phage (e.g., Charon4A, Charon21A, EMBL3, EMBL4, ⁇ gt100, gt11, or zap), ⁇ X174, M13mp18, and M13mp19.
  • ⁇ phage e.g., Charon4A, Charon21A, EMBL3, EMBL4, ⁇ gt100, gt11, or zap
  • retrotransposon is a Ty factor.
  • YAC is pYACC2.
  • the DNA construct of interest can be prepared by, for example, cleaving a fragment containing D-LDH-DNA with an adequate restriction enzyme and-inserting the fragment into a restriction site or a multicloning site of the vector DNA to be used.
  • the DNA construct comprises a promoter segment to which a DNA segment consisting of D-LDH-DNA is ligated in an expressible manner. Specifically, this DNA segment is ligated to a site located downstream of the promoter, so that the promoter can control such DNA segment.
  • a protein having D-LDH activity is preferably expressed in yeast. Accordingly, use of a promoter that is capable of expressing such protein in yeast is preferable.
  • a promoter that can be preferably used include a pyruvate decarboxylase gene promoter, a gall promoter, a gal10 promoter, a heat shock protein promoter, an MF ⁇ 1 promoter, a PH05 promoter, a PGK promoter, a GAP promoter, an ADH promoter, and an AOX1 promoter.
  • a promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene derived from Saccharomyces is particularly preferable, and use of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae is more preferable.
  • the expression of proteins induced by these promoters is enhanced in the ethanol fermentation pathway of Saccharomyces ( cerevisae ).
  • the promoter sequence of interest can be isolated by PCR amplification wherein the genomic DNA of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces is used as a template.
  • the nucleotide sequence of the promoter derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the promoter segment in the DNA construct can be DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 by deletion, substitution, insertion, and/or addition of one or several nucleotides and having promoter activity, or DNA that can hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 or a complementary strand thereof and having promoter activity (i.e., a homolog of such promoter).
  • promoters of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene or the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene derived from other types of yeast or other types of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae can also be used.
  • the DNA construct comprises a DNA segment for homologous recombination of a host chromosome in addition to DNA.
  • the DNA segment for homologous recombination has a DNA sequence that is homologous to the DNA sequence in the vicinity of the target site in a host chromosome into which the DNA of interest is to be introduced.
  • the DNA construct comprises at least 1, and preferably 2, DNA segments for homologous recombination.
  • DNA sequences homologous to DNA located at sites upstream and downstream of the target site on the chromosome are provided as 2 DNA segments for homologous recombination, and the DNA of interest is preferably ligated to a site between these DNA segments.
  • the DNA of interest When the DNA of interest is introduced into a host chromosome via homologous recombination, such DNA can be introduced in a manner such that the promoter on the host chromosome is able to control the DNA.
  • introduction of the target gene can also disrupt the endogenous gene that should be controlled by the promoter and can allow expression of foreign D-LDH-DNA instead of the endogenous gene. It is particularly useful when such promoter is capable of enhanced expression in a host cell.
  • genes capable of enhanced expression are targeted in the host chromosome, and D-LDH-DNA is preferably introduced into a site downstream of the promoter that controls the gene of interest in a manner such that the D-LDH-DNA can be controlled by such promoter.
  • D-LDH-DNA is preferably introduced into a site downstream of the promoter that controls the gene of interest in a manner such that the D-LDH-DNA can be controlled by such promoter.
  • the pyruvate decarboxylase gene particularly the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene
  • DNA that encodes a protein having LDH activity can be introduced under the control of the promoter of the endogenous pyruvate decarboxylase gene.
  • a DNA segment for homologous recombination can be homologous to a sequence in the LDH structural gene domain of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene or a sequence in the vicinity thereof (including a sequence in the vicinity of the initiation codon, a sequence upstream of the initiation codon, a sequence in the structural gene, and the like).
  • a segment of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene can be included in the DNA construct.
  • the yeast Saccharomyces (particularly Saccharomyces cerevisae ) is used as a host, and a DNA construct that targets the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of this host is prepared.
  • DNA construct can disrupt the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene and substitute this structural gene portion with D-LDH by using a single vector.
  • Pyruvate decarboxylase 1 is an enzyme that mediates the irreversible reaction from pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde. Disruption of the gene thereof can inhibit the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde and then to ethanol. Also, generation of D-lactic acid by D-LDH can be accelerated with the use of pyruvic acid as a substrate.
  • the DNA construct according to the first embodiment can also be a DNA construct for homologous recombination by comprising a DNA segment for homologous recombination with a host chromosome.
  • a promoter segment thereof can also serve as a DNA segment for homologous recombination with a host chromosome.
  • a DNA construct that has a promoter of a Saccharomyces cerevisae host chromosome, such as a promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene as a promoter segment constitutes a targeting vector having the gene of the host as a target site.
  • a DNA construct preferably comprises a sequence homologous to the sequence of the structural gene domain located downstream of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene.
  • a cis element such as an enhancer, a splicing signal, a poly
  • a addition signal such as an enhancer, a splicing signal, a poly
  • a selection marker such as an splicing signal, a poly
  • SD sequence a ribosome binding sequence
  • a selection marker is not particularly limited, and various conventional selection marker genes, including drug-resistant genes and auxotrophic genes, can be used.
  • the dihydrofolate reductase gene, the hygromycin B gene, and the neomycine resistant gene can be used.
  • DNA construct can be introduced into an adequate host cell via any adequate techniques such as transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, electroporation, lipofection, the lithium acetate method, the particle gun method, calcium phosphate precipitation, the agrobacterium method, the PEG method, or direct microinjection.
  • the recipient cell is then cultured in a selection medium.
  • host cells include: bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis; yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisae, Schizosaccharomydces pombe, and Pichia pastoris; insect cells such as sf9 and sf21; animal cells such as COS cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells; and plant cells such as sweet potato and tobacco.
  • host cells are alcohol fermentation microorganisms or acid resistant microorganisms such as yeasts. Examples thereof include the yeast Saccharomyces, such as Saccharomyces cerevisae. Specific examples thereof include the Saccharomyces cerevisae strains IF02260 and YPH.
  • the transformant prepared from the DNA construct of interest comprises a constituent of such DNA construct in the chromosome or extrachromosomal element (including an artificial chromosome).
  • genes of another type of enzymes that act on the pyruvic acid as a substrate, which is also a substrate of LDH, such as the pyruvate decarboxylase gene (and the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene in the case of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae ) are preferably knockout via a targeting vector
  • a ligated D-LDH-DNA is located at a site downstream of a desired promoter or the promoter substituted by the desired promoter or a homolog thereof in a manner such that such promoter can control D-LDH-DNA.
  • a transformant of the yeast Saccharomyces preferably comprises on the host chromosome D-LDH-DNA at a site downstream of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene or the promoter substituted by the promoter or a homolog in a manner such that such promoter can control D-LDH-DNA.
  • a homologous recombinant comprises a selection marker gene or a part of the disrupted structural gene (a site corresponding to a homologous sequence on the DNA construct) in its site downstream of D-LDH-DNA.
  • D-LDH-DNA a protein encoded by D-LDH-DNA is generated.
  • D-LDH is introduced under the control of the promoter of the gene or a homolog thereof. This can result in the production of D-LDH in a type of yeast that does not originally produce D-lactic acid, which in turn results in the production of D-lactic acid.
  • D-LDH-DNA introduction of D-LDH-DNA into a site downstream of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of yeast (specifically, Saccharomyces, and typically Saccharomyces cerevisae ) or a homolog thereof can result in selective production of D-lactic acid.
  • yeast specifically, Saccharomyces, and typically Saccharomyces cerevisae
  • D-LDH-DNA encodes a protein having D-LDH activity
  • the expression of D-LDH is enhanced with the aid of such promoter, which also positively affects the enhanced production of D-lactic acid.
  • D-LDH-DNA encodes a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. This is deduced to result in the enhanced and/or selective production of D-lactic acid.
  • D-LDH-DNA has been introduced into a site downstream of a desired promoter can be confirmed via PCR, Southern hybridization, or other means.
  • DNA may be prepared from a transformant, such DNA may be subjected to PCR using a primer for site-directed mutagenesis, and the PCR product may be then subjected to electrophoresis to detect an expected band.
  • confirmation can be made via PCR using a primer labeled with a fluorescent dye or the like. Confirmation can also be made based on the protein produced by the transformant.
  • a transformant into which multicopy D-LDH genes have been introduced via introduction of a DNA construct.
  • a yeast transformant for example, at least 2 copies and preferably 4 to 10 copies of D-LDH-DNAs are introduced.
  • a transformant into which multicopy D-LDH genes have been introduced has significantly improved capacity for D-lactic acid production. That is, the use of a transformant into which multicopy D-LDH genes have been introduced can result in significantly improved D-lactic acid productivity.
  • D-LDH which is the expression product of a foreign gene, in the culture product. It further leads to the generation of D-lactic acid. Lactic acid can be obtained by performing a step of separating lactic acid from the culture product.
  • examples of the culture product include a cultured cell or bacterium and a disrupted cell or bacterium in addition to the culture supernatant.
  • D-lactic acid can be selectively produced using, for example, a type of yeast cell that does not originally produce D-lactic acid as a host.
  • Use of fermentation microorganisms is particularly effective for obtaining D-lactic acid.
  • a transformant resulting from a yeast host is effective for enhanced production of D-lactic acid because of its fast growth rate. With the use of such transformant having the capacity for selective production of D-lactic acid, the need for separating an optical isomer is eliminated, which in turn results in more effective production of D-lactic acid.
  • the transformant of the present invention can be cultured under adequate conditions in accordance with the type of transformant. Such adequate conditions are known in the art.
  • either a natural or synthetic medium may be used as long as it contains carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and inorganic salts assimilable by the microorganism and is capable of efficiently culturing the transformant.
  • carbon sources include: carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose; organic acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid; and alcohols such as ethanol and propanol.
  • nitrogen sources include: ammonia; ammonium salts of inorganic or organic acids such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, and ammonium phosphate; other nitrogen-containing compounds; peptone; meat extract; and corn steep liquor.
  • inorganic substances include: monopotassium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron(I) sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, and calcium carbonate.
  • culture is carried out under aerobic conditions, such as shake culture or aeration agitation culture, at 30° C. for an adequate period of time.
  • culture can be carried out for 6 to 120 hours.
  • the pH is preferably maintained at 2.0 to 6.0.
  • the pH can be adjusted with an inorganic or organic acid, an alkali solution, or the like.
  • Examples of media for culturing a transformant obtained from an animal host cell include common RPMI 1640 medium, DMEM medium, and a medium prepared by adding fetal bovine serum or the like to the aforementioned medium.
  • culture is carried out in the presence of 5% CO 2 at 37° C. for 1 to 30 days.
  • an antibiotic such as kanamycin or penicillin may be added to the medium, if necessary.
  • Culture may be carried out via a batch or continuous system. Culture may be carried out by a method wherein the transformant is subjected to neutralization with an alkali such as ammonium or calcium salt to obtain lactates such as ammonium-D-lactate or calcium D-lactate. Alternatively, a culture product may be free D-lactic acid.
  • an alkali such as ammonium or calcium salt
  • lactates such as ammonium-D-lactate or calcium D-lactate.
  • a culture product may be free D-lactic acid.
  • D-lactic acid which is the gene product
  • D-lactic acid can be separated from the culture product via suitable combinations of common purification techniques and the like.
  • D-lactic acid is produced in transformed cells, for example, cells are disrupted via conventional techniques such as ultrasonic disintegration, grinding, or pressure disruption to separate the gene product from such cells. In such a case, protease is added according to need.
  • this solution is subjected to filtration, centrifugation, or other means to remove solid components.
  • a culture solution can be subjected to a step of solid-liquid separation via at least one of belt press, centrifugation, or filter press.
  • the separated filtrate is preferably subjected to a step of purification.
  • a lactic acid-containing filtrate can be subjected to electrodialysis to remove organic acids other than lactic acid and saccharides.
  • an aqueous solution of lactic acid or ammonium lactate can be prepared.
  • ammonia is degraded via a bipolar membrane or the like to separate an aqueous solution of lactic acid from aqueous ammonia.
  • the filtrate may be concentrated by vaporizing its moisture content according to need, and ammonia can be degraded via a bipolar membrane.
  • the temperature of a solution at the time of electrodialysis is generally in the range of 20° C. to 45° C. and preferably in the range of 35° C. to 40° C.
  • Amino acids, inorganic ions (e.g., K, Ca, or Mg), and organic acids (e.g., citric acid or malic acid) that were not removed via electrodialysis can be removed with the use of a chromatographic separator or ion exchanger at a later stage. Further, the resulting lactic acid solution can be concentrated, if necessary. For example, moisture in the solution can be evaporated to obtain a 50% to 90% lactic acid solution.
  • Techniques for separating and purifying D-lactic acid or a salt thereof from the culture solution or the crude extract are not limited to the aforementioned.
  • a variety of purification and separation techniques such as separation and extraction or distillation with the use of an organic solvent, can be employed to separate and purify D-lactic acid or a salt thereof
  • the culture solution, the crude extract, and a purified product thereof can be subjected to esterification, lactide conversion, oligomerization, prepolymerization, or the like.
  • various D-lactic acid derivatives can be obtained.
  • one or more of D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof can be recovered from a solution of fermented lactic acid.
  • D-lactic acid can also be produced via an enzyme reaction system instead of a culture system with the use of the protein having D-LDH activity of the present invention.
  • D-lactic acid can be produced under any enzyme reaction conditions as long as they allow D-lactic acid to be produced.
  • a variety of induction techniques can be applied to D-lactic acid obtained by such techniques.
  • the obtained D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof can be used as at least one type of polymerization material to produce a lactic acid polymer.
  • polymerization materials that can be used include monomers such as D-lactic acid or derivatives thereof and prepolymers or oligomers resulting from polymerization of such monomers to adequate lengths. Further, L-lactic acid or derivatives thereof and prepolymers or oligomers thereof can also be used.
  • lactic acid polymers include homopolymers of D-lactic acids, heteropolymers of D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid, hetero-block polymers, and various types of heteropolymers of lactic acids and other polymerization materials.
  • lactic acid polymerization materials or a lactic acid polymerization material and another polymerization material, may be allowed to react with an adequate polymerization initiator to produce lactic acid polymers.
  • D-lactic acid can be effectively obtained, which results in effective production of lactic acid polymers that comprise D-lactic acid as a polymerization material.
  • D-lactate dehydrogenase genes derived from prokaryotic lactic acid bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides (D-LDH genes, hereafter they may be simply referred to as “D-LDHME genes”), were isolated.
  • the genomic DNA of the strain IFO3426 (registered with the Institute for Fermentation) was used as a template to isolate the gene resource via PCR amplification.
  • the genomic DNA of this strain was prepared using a genome DNA preparation kit (Fast DNA Kit, Bio 101) in accordance with the protocol included with the kit.
  • the prepared genomic DNA was subjected to DNA concentration measurement using the Ultrospec 3000 spectrophotometer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the KOD Plus DNA Polymerase (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), which is perceived as having high accuracy, was used as the amplification enzyme in PCR.
  • the reaction solution 50 ⁇ l in total
  • the reaction solution comprising 50 ng of the previously prepared genomic DNA, 50 pmol of ⁇ 2 primer DNA, 5 ⁇ l of 10 ⁇ buffer for KOD enzyme reaction, 2 ⁇ l of 25 mM MgSO 4 , 5 ⁇ l of 2 mM dNTP mix, and 1.0 unit of KOD plus DNA polymerase was subjected to DNA amplification using a PCR amplification apparatus (Gene Amp PCR system 9700, PE Applied Biosystems).
  • PCR was carried out under the following conditions. Heat treatment was first carried out at 96° C. for 2 minutes, followed by a 3-stage temperature change cycle of 96° C. for 30 seconds, 53° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 90 seconds. This cycle was repeated 25 times, and the temperature was reduced to 4° C. at the end.
  • the reaction sample (5 ⁇ l) was electrophoresed on 1% TBE agarose gel (containing 0.5 ⁇ g/ml ethidium bromide), and DNA bands were detected by irradiating the gel with ultraviolet rays of 254 nm (Funakoshi) to confirm the amplified gene fragment.
  • the synthetic DNA primers (Sawady Technology) were used for the reaction, and the DNA sequences of these primers are as shown below.
  • DLDEME-U 21 mer, Tm value of 57.2° C.
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 5′-ATG AAG ATT TTT GCT TAC GGC-3′
  • DLDEME-U 24 mer, Tm value of 54.7° C.
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 5′-ATC TTA ATA TTC AAC AGC AAT AGC-3′
  • the PCR-amplified fragment was subcloned into the pBluescriptII SK+ vector (Toyobo Co., Ltd.).
  • the reaction was carried out in accordance with a general technique for DNA subcloning. Specifically, the amplified gene fragment obtained in Example 1 was ligated to the aforementioned vector, which was processed with the EcoRV restriction enzyme (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) and the Alkaline Phosphatase dephosphorylation enzyme (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.), using T4 DNA ligase.
  • the reaction using T4 DNA ligase was carried out using LigaFast Rapid DNA Ligation (Promega) in accordance with the protocol included therewith.
  • the ligation reaction solution was transformed into E. coli competent cells.
  • JM109 competent E. coli cells (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) were used, and transformation was carried out in accordance with the protocol included therewith.
  • Colony selection was carried out on an LB plate that contains 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin, plasmid DNA was prepared from each selected colony, and the plasmid DNA was subjected to PCR using the aforementioned primer DNA to subclone the D-LDH gene of interest.
  • Ethanol precipitation, restriction enzyme treatment, and the like were carried out in accordance with the instructions described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Maniatis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
  • the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDH gene thus obtained was determined.
  • the ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer PE Applied Biosystems
  • the vector DNA containing the isolated D-LDH gene was prepared by the alkaline extraction method, then the vector DNA was subjected to column purification using the GFX DNA Purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), followed by the DNA concentration was measured using the Ultrospec 3000 spectrophotometer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and the vector DNA, the concentration of which had been adjusted, was used.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 The DNA sequence determined via sequence analysis is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and the corresponding amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDHME gene isolated in the present example was compared with the sequence of the D-LDH gene that has been already registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327, derived from the lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides, SEQ ID NO: 3). This revealed that these sequences were different from each other in terms of 19 amino acid residues at the amino acid sequence level and in terms of 27-bp nucleotides at the nucleotide sequence level.
  • FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show the homology data of the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the D-LDHME gene that was obtained in the present example and the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) of the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank.
  • the upper sequence shows the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDHME gene that was obtained in the present example, and the lower sequence shows the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank.
  • FIG. 2 shows the homology data of the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDHME gene that is obtained in the present example and the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank.
  • the upper sequence shows the amino acid sequence corresponding to the D-LDHME gene that was obtained in the present example
  • the lower sequence shows the amino acid sequence corresponding to the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank.
  • positions of substitution are indicated as the positions from methionine, which corresponds to the initiation codon.
  • a chromosomally integrated vector capable of expressing a target gene i.e., the D-LDHME gene obtained in Example 1, was constructed.
  • This vector is capable of expressing the target gene under the control of the promoter sequence of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene (PDCI) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae.
  • PDCI pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene
  • Such newly constructed and chromosomally integrated vector was designated as the pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector. Construction of the vector was carried out in accordance with the general technique for DNA subcloning.
  • the 971-bp promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene (PDC1P) and the 518-bp downstream fragment of the PDC1 gene (PDC1D), which were essential for vector construction, were isolated from the gene resource, i.e., the Saccharomyces cerevisae strain IFO2260, via PCR amplification that used the genomic DNA of this strain as a template.
  • the strain IFO2260 is registered with the Institute for Fermentation.
  • the genomic DNA of this strain was prepared using a genome DNA preparation kit (Fast DNA Kit, Bio 101) in accordance with the protocol included with the kit.
  • the prepared genomic DNA was subjected to DNA concentration measurement using the Ultrospec 3000 spectrophotometer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the KOD Plus DNA Polymerase (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), which is perceived as having high accuracy, was used as the amplification enzyme in PCR.
  • the reaction solution 50 ⁇ l in total
  • the reaction solution comprising 50 ng of the previously prepared genomic DNA of the strain IFO2260, 50 ⁇ mol of primer DNA ⁇ 2, 5 ⁇ l of 10 ⁇ buffer for KOD enzyme reaction, 2 ⁇ l of 25 mM MgSO 4 , 5 ⁇ l of 2 mM dNTP mix, and 1.0 unit of KOD plus DNA polymerase was subjected to DNA amplification using a PCR amplification apparatus (Gene Amp PCR system 9700, PE Applied Biosystems).
  • PCR was carried out under the following conditions. Heat treatment was first carried out at 96° C. for 2 minutes, followed by a 3-stage temperature change cycle of 96° C. for 30 seconds, 53° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 90 seconds. This cycle was repeated 25 times, and the temperature was reduced to 4° C. at the end.
  • the reaction sample (5 ⁇ l) was electrophoresed on 1% TBE agarose gel (containing 0.5 ⁇ g/ml ethidium bromide), and DNA bands were detected by irradiating the gel with ultraviolet rays of 254 nm (Funakoshi) to confirm the amplified gene fragment.
  • the amplified fragments of the PDC1P and PDC1D genes obtained in the above reaction were purified via ethanol precipitation, and the amplified PDC1P fragment and the amplified PDC1D fragment were cleaved with the BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzymes and the XhoI and ApaI restriction enzymes, respectively. Ethanol precipitation and restriction enzyme cleavage were carried out in accordance with the instructions described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Maniatis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
  • the PDC1P fragment which was amplified by PCR and cleaved with restriction enzymes, was ligated to the pBluescriptll SK+ vector (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), which was processed with the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) and the Alkaline Phosphatase dephosphorylation (BAP) enzyme (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.), using T4 DNA ligase ( FIG. 3 , upper portion).
  • the reaction using T4 DNA ligase was carried out using LigaFast Rapid DNA Ligation (Promega) in accordance with the protocol included therewith.
  • the ligation reaction solution was transformed into E. coli competent cells.
  • JM109 competent cells Toyobo Co., Ltd.
  • transformation was carried out in accordance with the protocol included therewith.
  • the resulting culture solution was sowed on an LB plate containing 100 ⁇ g/ml of antibiotic ampicillin, and culture was conducted overnight.
  • the grown colony was subjected to colony PCR using primer DNA, and the prepared plasmid DNA solution via miniprep method was subjected to restriction enzyme processing to confirm the inserted fragment and then the target pBPDC1P vector was isolated ( FIG. 3 , middle portion).
  • a fragment of the LDH gene (derived from Bifidobacterium longum ) that can be obtained by treating the pYLD1 vector constructed by Toyota Motor Corporation (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-204468 (A)) with the EcoRI and AatII restriction enzymes and the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, was subcloned into the pBPDC1P vector that has been similarly processed with the EcoRI restriction enzyme and the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, in the manner as described above.
  • the pBPDC1P-LDHI vector was prepared ( FIG. 3 , middle to lower portions).
  • E. coli pYLD1 The aforementioned pYLD1 vector was introduced into E. coli (name: “ E. coli pYLD1”) and deposited internationally under the Budapest Treaty at the International Patent Organism Depositary of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan) as of Oct. 26, 1999, under the accession number: FERM BP-7423 (the original deposit).
  • this vector was processed with the XhoI and ApaI restriction enzymes, and the amplified PDC1D fragment, which had been similarly processed with restriction enzymes, was ligated thereto to prepare the pBPDC1P-LDHII vector ( FIG. 4 , upper portion).
  • the pBPDC1P-LDHII vector was processed with EcoRV and T4 DNA poymerase, and the Trp marker fragment, which was obtained by processing the pRS404 vector (Promega) with AatII and SspI and T4 DNA polymerase, was ligated thereto to prepare the pBTRP-PDC1-LDH vector ( FIG. 4 , lower portion).
  • the existing pBPDC1P vector was processed with the HincII restriction enzyme and the Alkaline Phosphatase dephosphorylation enzyme.
  • the pBTrp-PDC1-LDH vector was processed with the ApaI and AJ7I1 restriction enzymes and then with the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, to produce a fragment containing trp marker. This fragment was ligated to the processed pBPDC1P vector to construct the pBTRP-PDC1PII vector.
  • the pBTRP-PDC1PII vector was processed with the EcoRV restriction enzyme and then with the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, and the fragment of the D-LDHME gene isolated in Example 1 was ligated thereto to construct the final vector, i.e., the chromosomally integrated pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • the end-modification enzyme i.e., T4 DNA polymerase
  • oligonucleotides were synthesized in accordance with the gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) of the GenBank Accession No. L29327 in the database of the D-LDH genes derived from lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides. These oligonucleotides were successively ligated to fully synthesize the target D-LDH genes. The resulting gene fragments were subjected to the same procedures as those in the present example to construct a chromosomally integrated vector.
  • the yeast host strain IFO2260 (registered with the Institute for Fermentation) lacking the capacity for tryptophan synthesis was cultured in 10 ml of YPD medium at 30° C. until the logarithmic growth phase, and cells were collected and washed with TE buffer. Subsequently, 0.5 ml of TE buffer and 0.5 ml of 0.2 M lithium acetate were added, the resultant was subjected to shake culture at 30° C. for 1 hour, and pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME that had been processed with the ApaI and SpeI restriction enzymes (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) was then added.
  • the resulting suspension was subjected to shake culture at 30° C. for 30 minutes, 150 ⁇ l of 70% polyethylene glycol 4000 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added thereto, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred.
  • the resultant was further subjected to shake culture at 30° C. for 1 hour, the culture product was treated with a heat shock of 42° C. for 5 minutes, and the cells were then cultured in 1 ml of YPD culture medium at 30° C. for 12 hours.
  • the culture solution was washed and then suspended in 200 ⁇ l of sterilized water.
  • the resulting suspension was then smeared on a tryptophan selection medium.
  • the resulting colony was isolated again in a new tryptophan selection medium, and strains that maintained the capacity for tryptophan synthesis were selected as candidate transformants. These strains were cultured in an YPD culture solution and genomic DNA thereof was prepared using a genome DNA preparation kit (Fast DNA Kit, Bio 101). The genomic DNA was subjected to PCR to confirm the presence or absence of the transgenes. As a result, strains having the D-LDHME genes introduced downstream of the PDC1 promoter were found.
  • the obtained strains into which transgenes had been introduced were smeared on a sporulation-inducing medium, and sporulation was induced at 30° C. for 4 days.
  • Cells were collected from the medium, 5 units of Zymolyase (Zymo Research Corp.) were added thereto, the resultant was subjected to enzyme reaction at 37° C. for 1 hour, and spores were then separated on YPD medium using a microscope (Olympus Corporation) and a micromanipulator (Narishige Scientific Instrument Laboratory).
  • the progeny strains of the obtained spores were inspected for the capacity for tryptophan marker selection, and PCR was carried out to confirm that they showed 2:2 segregation.
  • diploid strains were obtained. Diploid strains were the TC14-6-1A, TC14-6-2A, and TC14-6-3A strains.
  • the obtained diploid strains had the structures shown in FIG. 7 in the yeast chromosomes.
  • DLDHME was introduced into the pYPD1 plasmid, which is a yeast self-replicating 2 ⁇ plasmid vector, to construct a self-replicating vector.
  • the resulting vector was similarly introduced into the strain IFO2260, and the strain TC21-1 was found to have plasmids containing D-LDH genes via PCR.
  • Example 3 The 5 types of transformants prepared in Example 3 and the parent strain IFO2260 were subjected to the fermentation test. These strains were inoculated into 5 ml of YPD liquid medium, subjected to shake culture at 30° C. and 130 rpm overnight, and cells necessary for fermentative production were prepared.
  • the inoculated cells were collected, the collected cells were inoculated into YPD liquid medium containing 10% glucose to a cell concentration of 0.5%, and stationary fermentation was carried out at 30° C. for 4 days.
  • 2 types of production forms were tested. That is, production with the use of D-lactate prepared by adding 2.5% calcium carbonate (Nacalai Tesque Inc.) to a fermented mash and production with the use of free D-lactic acid without calcium carbonate were tested.
  • the fermented mash was collected 4 days after the initiation of fermentation, and the amounts of D-lactic acid and ethanol contained in the mash were measured using a multifunctional biosensor BF-4 (Oji Scientific Instruments).
  • D-lactic acid was measured using the kit for measuring D-lactic acid (Oji Scientific Instruments) in accordance with the instructions included with the kit. The results are shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 .
  • the parent yeast strain (IFO2260) into which no genes had been introduced produced ethanol but did not produce D-lactic acid.
  • the 4 types of transformed yeast strains having chromosomally integrated transgenes prepared in Example 3 exhibited lower ethanol production than the parent strain but produced D-lactic acid.
  • TC14-6-1A, TC14-6-2A, and TC14-6-3A which are transformants into which D-LDHME genes had been introduced downstream of the PDC1 promoter on the yeast chromosome, and TC20-1-1A into which the D-LDH genes had been introduced, produced D-lactic acid at concentrations of 4% to 6% and ethanol at concentrations of 2% to 3%.
  • These transformants having chromosomally integrated transgenes did not produce L-lactic acid.
  • strains (TC21-1) into which D-LDHME genes had been introduced with the aid of self-replicating plasmids produced a very small amount of D-lactic acid.
  • the amount of ethanol produced was the same as that of the strain IFO2260.
  • transformants having chromosomally integrated transgenes were found to be effective for D-LDH expression and D-lactic acid production.
  • introduction of D-LDH genes (including D-LDHME genes) under the control of the PDC1 promoters was found to be effective for the enhanced production of D-lactic acids.
  • the level of enhanced D-lactic acid production was approximately the same in the case of D-lactate (calcium) and in the case of free L-lactic acid.
  • the strain TC14-6-3A was used to prepare a gene recombinant yeast strain having an increased copy number of the D-LDHME genes introduced.
  • the D-LDHME genes were introduced into the strain TC14-6-3A in accordance with the method described in Example 3. Specifically, the D-LDHME genes were introduced into the strain TC14-6-3A in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the strain TC14-6-3A was used instead of the host yeast strain IFO2260.
  • the obtained strains into which genes had been introduced were designated as the strains TD1-10-1B, TD1-10-3B, TD1-10-6A, and TD1-10-7D.
  • the copy numbers of D-LDHME genes introduced in these 4 strains were inspected in the same manner as in Example 3. As a result, the copy number of the D-LDHME genes introduced was found to be 4.
  • the present invention provides a technique for effectively producing D-lactic acid.
  • SEQ ID Nos: 6 to 11 artificial DNAs (primers)

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Abstract

This invention provides a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having lactate dehydrogenase activity and such protein that can be used for producing D-lactic acid. This polynucleotide has the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (a), and it hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity (b).

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention relates to D-lactic acid and a technique for producing a polymer utilizing D-lactic acid. More particularly, the present invention relates to a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity that is suitable for allowing yeast to produce D-lactic acid, DNA having a nucleotide sequence encoding such protein, and uses thereof.
    • BACKGROUND ART
  • With advances in recombinant DNA technology, a technique for obtaining gene products of interest has been developed. Such technique is realized by allowing foreign genes to be expressed in hosts such as microorganisms, molds, animals, plants, or insects and by allowing the resulting transformants to multiply. When a technique of yeast culturing is employed, for example, a large quantity of gene products of interest can be produced via fermentative production.
  • Effective production of lactic acid, which is a starting material of plant-derived plastics, has been awaited in recent years from the viewpoint of “carbon neutrality.”
  • Lactic acid is classified into L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, which are optical isomers. A technique for fermentatively producing D-lactic acid has been known, whereby D-lactic acid is fermentatively produced using lactic acid bacteria capable of producing D-lactic acid in a medium containing brewers' yeast (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-16688 A (1983)). Also, a technique that involves the use of Lactobacillus bulgaricus has been known (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-36394 A (1983)). A technique for obtaining D-lactic acid with high optical purity has also been disclosed (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) Nos. 61-293387 A (1986), 4-271787 A (1992), and 2001-29063 (A)). Such microorganisms capable of producing lactic acid have not been suitable for industrial production of lactic acid due to the slow rates of production and the necessity for complicated medium compositions.
  • Another technique has also been disclosed, whereby a lactate dehydrogenase gene is incorporated into a yeast strain lacking the capacity for ethanol production or having a reduced capacity for ethanol production, and the resulting recombinant product is used to produce lactic acid (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-516584 (A)). This technique, however, merely discloses the production of L-lactic acid. Further, a technique for producing D-lactic acid has been disclosed, whereby a D-lactate dehydrogenase gene is introduced into yeast that has a high capacity for producing pyruvic acid (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2002-136293 (A)). This technique is, however, focused on highly concentrated pyruvic acid in a yeast strain having a high capacity for producing pyruvic acid. Accordingly, production by general yeast is not described therein.
  • The present invention is directed to providing a polynucleotide encoding a protein that can be utilized for producing D-lactic acid having lactate dehydrogenase activity, and it is also directed to providing such protein. In addition, the present invention is directed to providing an excellent system for producing D-lactic acid utilizing such polynucleotide and a technique for effectively producing D-lactic acid.
    • DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
  • In order to attain the above objects, the present inventors have searched for D-lactate dehydrogenase and genes that allow expression of such enzyme. As a result, they discovered a transformed line that exhibits an excellent capacity for producing D-lactic acid. More specifically, they discovered a protein that can positively affect the production of D-lactic acid and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity, DNA that encodes a protein having such enzyme activity, and a transformant prepared from such DNA. Further, they discovered a method for producing D-lactic acid using the same and a method for producing polylactic acid.
  • On the basis of the above findings, the present invention provides the following.
  • (1) A polynucleotide as described in any of the following (a) to (g):
  • (a) a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID No: 1;
  • (b) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and that encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (c) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;
  • (d) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (e) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having 70% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (f) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity:
    TABLE 1
    List of amino acid residue substitutions
    Substitution type Position of substitution Amino acid substituent
    1 40 Valine (Val)
    2 112 Isoleucine (Ile)
    3 131 Histidine (His)
    4 139 Isoleucine (Ile)
    5 181 Glutamic acid (Glu)
    6 266 Glycine (Gly)
    7 267 Leucine (Leu)
    8 268 Phenylalanine (Phe)
    9 269 Asparagine (Asn)
    10 270 Glutamic acid (Glu)
    11 271 Aspartic acid (Asp)
    12 272 Tryptophan (Trp)
    13 273 Serine (Ser)
    14 274 Glycine (Gly)
    15 276 Glutamic acid (Glu)
    16 277 Phenylalanine (Phe)
    17 287 Serine (Ser)
    18 292 Leucine (Leu)
    19 293 Valine (Val)

    wherein positions of substitution are indicated as the positions from methionine, which corresponds to the initiation codon; or
  • (g) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
  • (2) A protein as described in any of the following (h) to (l):
  • (h) a protein that consists of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 of the Sequence Listing;
  • (i) a protein that consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (j) a protein that has 70% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (k) a protein that has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity; or
  • (l) a protein that has an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
  • (3) A DNA construct that comprises a DNA segment comprising DNA according to (1) and a DNA segment comprising DNA that encodes a promoter or a homolog thereof.
  • (4) The DNA construct according to (3), wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene.
  • (5) The DNA construct according to (3) or (4), wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of Saccharomyces.
  • (6) The DNA construct according to (5), wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisae.
  • (7) A transformant that carries the DNA according to (1) in an expressible manner in a host.
  • (8) The transformant according to (7), wherein the host is a microorganism selected from the group consisting of eukaryotic microorganisms including yeast and fungi and prokaryotic microorganisms including lactic acid bacteria, Escherichiai bacteria, and Bacillus bacteria.
  • (9) The transformant according to (7) or (8), wherein the DNA is carried in an expressible manner under the control of a promoter or a homolog thereof
  • (10) The transformant according to (9), wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene.
  • (11) The transformant according to (9) or (10), wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of Saccharomyces.
  • (12) The transformant according to (11), wherein the DNA is carried in an expressible manner under the control of the promoter of the host pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene.
  • (13) The transformant according to any one of (7) to (12), wherein the host microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisae.
  • (14) A method for producing D-lactic acid comprising steps of:
  • culturing the transformant according to any one of (7) to (13); and
  • recovering at least one member selected from the group consisting of D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof from the culture product.
  • (15) A method for producing a lactic acid polymer comprising steps of:
  • culturing the transformant according to any one of (7) to (13);
  • recovering at least one member selected from the group consisting of D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof from the culture product; and
  • producing a lactic acid polymer using the recovered D-lactic acid or a derivative thereof as at least one polymerization material.
  • This description includes part or all of the contents as disclosed in the description and/or drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-145085, which is a priority document of the present application.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1A shows the homology data of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • FIG. 1B is a continuation of FIG. 1A, which shows the homology data of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows the homology data of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • FIG. 3 shows a part of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 4 shows a part of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 5 shows a part of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 6 shows the final step of a procedure for constructing a pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • FIG. 7 shows a part of the chromosome structure of a diploid transformed yeast strain obtained in Example 3.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of the fermentation test of D-lactate (calcium salt) produced by the parent strain and the transformant having chromosomally integrated transgenes, which shows the amount of D-lactate and ethanol produced by each strain.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results of the fermentation test of free D-lactic acid produced by the parent strain, the transformant having chromosomally integrated transgenes, and the self-replicating plasmid transformant, which shows the amount of D-lactic acid and ethanol produced by each strain.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results of the fermentation test of free D-lactic acid produced by the strain into which 2 copies of the D-LDHME genes had been introduced and the strain into which 4 copies of the D-LDHME genes had been introduced, which shows the amount of D-lactic acid and ethanol produced by each strain.
    • EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
  • The polynucleotide according to the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity.
  • Use of the polynucleotide according to the present invention can result in the production of a transformant that allows the expression of the aforementioned protein and a transformant that produces D-lactic acid. Also, D-lactic acid can be produced via an enzyme reaction system that involves the use of a protein encoded by the polynucleotide according to the present invention.
  • According to the present invention, a novel source for a starting material of D-lactic acid can be provided. Also, D-lactic acid can be produced with high selectivity or high efficiency according to the present invention.
  • Accordingly, the present invention can provide a technique for producing a lactic acid polymer with the use of an enzyme reaction system that involves the use of the protein according to the present invention or D-lactic acid produced by a transformant that allows the expression of the protein according to the present invention.
  • Hereafter, the polynucleotides, the protein, the transformant, the method for producing D-lactic acid according to the present invention, or the like are described.
  • The polynucleotide according to the present invention can include any of the following.
  • That is:
  • (a) a polynucleotide that comprises the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
  • (b) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and that encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity;
  • (c) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;
  • (d) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (e) a polynucleotide that has encodes a protein having 70% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
  • (f) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity; or
  • (g) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
  • The polynucleotide that consists of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 according to the present invention encodes a protein that has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. Also, such polynucleotide is derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which is a lactic acid bacterium. More specifically, such polynucleotide is derived from the Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain IF03426 (registered with the Institute for Fermentation).
  • The sequence of this polynucleotide differs from the sequence registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327) in terms of 27-bp nucleotides. As a result, the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) that is encoded by the polynucleotide differs from the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) based on the registered nucleotide sequence in terms of 19 amino acid residues. The nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 shows 97.3% homology to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. The amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 shows 94.3% homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4. Such homology is calculated using Genetyx-mac ver.10.1 (Software Development Co., Ltd.).
  • The present invention relates to a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having D-LDH activity. In the present invention, such polynucleotide may be a naturally occurring one such as DNA or RNA. Alternatively, such polynucleotide may contain an artificially synthesized nucleotide derivative. It may be single-stranded or it may have a complementary strand.
  • According to an embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide has the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The polynucleotide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • According to another embodiment of the polynucleotide according to the present invention, a polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. A polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is sufficient.
  • According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and has a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having D-LDH activity. A polynucleotide that has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues is deduced to have D-LDH activity equivalent to that of a polynucleotide that has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. This is because the D-LDH activity resulting from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is deduced to be equivalent to that resulting from an amino acid sequence derived from the former by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues. A person skilled in the art can ordinarily select a protein having D-LDH activity, which can be sufficiently utilized in the present invention, by such amino acid substitution or the like.
  • A person skilled in the art can adequately introduce mutation such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition into a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 via site-directed mutagenesis (Nucleic Acid Res. 10, pp. 6487, 1982; Methods in Enzymol., 100, pp. 448, 1983; Molecular Cloning, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; PCR: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, pp. 200, 1991) or via other means. Preferably, “several amino acids” are approximately 2 to 10 amino acid residues, and more preferably approximately 2 to 4 amino acid residues.
  • According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity. A probe that can hybridize under stringent conditions with such polynucleotide comprises at least one DNA sequence constituted by any of 20 or more, and preferably 30 or more (for example, 40, 60, or 100) continuous nucleotides, of the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The polynucleotide can hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or such probe. Under stringent conditions, for example, hybridization is carried out in the presence of 50% formaldehyde at approximately 37° C. Under more stringent conditions, hybridization is carried out at approximately 42° C. Under further stringent conditions, hybridization is carried out in the presence of formaldehyde at approximately 65° C.
  • An example of the polynucleotide that can hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a probe is a polynucleotide that has a nucleotide sequence similar to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Such polynucleotide is highly likely to encode a protein that has functions equivalent to those of a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide encodes a protein that shows 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, and further preferably 95% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Protein homology search can be carried out using the gene-analyzing programs BLAST (hyperlink: http://blast.genome.ad.jp http://blast.genome.ad.jp), FASTA (hyperlink: http://fasta.genome.ad.jp/SIT/FASTA.html hyperlink: http://fasta.genome.ad.jp/SIT/FASTA.html), or the like. The term “homology” used herein refers to the identity observed through these programs.
  • The polynucleotide according to the present invention encodes a protein that has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity. The amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sequence of D-LDH of Leuconostoc mesenteroides registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327). The amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 via all substitutions indicated in the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1. Even if the amino acid sequence does not have all the substitutions, however, a protein having D-LDH activity that may be utilized in the present invention can be obtained. The number of substitutions is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 11 or more, and further preferably 19 or more.
  • In the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1, the amino acid substitutions indicated by substitution types 1 to 19 are preferable. The amino acid substitutions indicated by substitution types 6 to 16 are more preferable.
  • According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide encodes a protein that has an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and that has D-LDH activity. Amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 are considered to be characteristic of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. When a polynucleotide contains such amino acid sequence and has D-LDH activity, it can be said to be a preferable polynucleotide according to the present invention. More preferably, a polynucleotide has a histidine residue at position 296 as an active center and the coenzyme NADH binding domain constituted by amino acid residues 152 to 175 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • As described above, a polynucleotide of the present invention may be a polynucleotide that has functions equivalent to those of a protein encoded by the aforementioned protein, except the polynucleotide consisting of or comprising the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
  • The polynucleotide of the present invention can be obtained via various techniques as mentioned above. In addition, it can be chemically synthesized, or it can be obtained via PCR cloning, hybridization, or the like from other organisms based on the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, a polynucleotide can be isolated from a protein derived from prokaryotic organisms such as lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, or fungi or proteins derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus. Alternatively, the method of Fujimoto et al. that has been known as a method for synthesizing long-chain DNA can be adopted (Hideya Fujimoto, “Gousei idenshi no sakuseihott (Production of synthetic genes),” Shokubutsu saibo kogaku (Plant Cell Technology), Series 7, Shokubiltsit no PCR jikken purotokoru (Protocol of plant PCR experiments), 1997, pp. 95-100, Shujunsha).
  • In the present invention, the polynucleotide may not be necessarily a homolog of the polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. This is because the transformant according to the present invention into which such polynucleotide has been introduced is useful for producing D-LDH and D-lactic acid.
  • For example, regardless of whether or not a polynucleotide has the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or is a homolog thereof, a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having D-LDH activity derived from prokaryotic organisms such as lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, or fungi or proteins having D-LDH activity derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus can also be employed.
  • (Protein)
  • The protein according to the present invention consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. Such protein is a preferable embodiment of the present invention.
  • According to another embodiment of the present invention, the protein consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and has D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity. According to a further embodiment, the protein shows 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, and further preferably 95% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and has D-LDH activity.
  • According to a further embodiment, the protein has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and has D-LDH activity. The amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sequence of D-LDH of Leuconostoc mesenteroides registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327). The amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 via all substitutions indicated in the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1. Even if the amino acid sequence does not have all the substitutions, however, a protein having D-LDH activity that may be utilized in the present invention can be obtained. The number of substitutions is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 11 or more, and further preferably 19 or more.
  • The amino acid sequence preferably has amino acid substitutions indicated by substitution types 1 to 19, and more preferably those indicated by substitution types 6 to 16, in the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1.
  • According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the protein comprises an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and has D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity. Amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 are considered to be characteristic of the amino acid sequence as shown in. SEQ ID NO: 2. When a protein contains such amino acid sequence and has D-LDH activity, it can be said to be a preferable protein according to the present invention. More preferably, a protein has a histidine residue at position 296 as an active center and the coenzyme NADH binding domain constituted by amino acid residues 152 to 175 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • The protein of the present invention does not necessarily consist of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, as long as it has D-LDH activity.
  • The protein of the present invention can be obtained by culturing the Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain IFO3426. Specifically, the protein can be obtained as a culture product thereof Such strain can be cultured via a conventional bacterial culture technique. The protein of the present invention can be purified from the culture product in accordance with a conventional technique. Alternatively, a culture product itself or bacteria may be recovered and then used as the substance having enzyme activity of the present invention. Bacteria, purified enzymes, or crudely purified enzymes can be used as they are, or they may be immobilized.
  • The protein of the present invention can be obtained by adequately introducing mutation such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition into the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or another amino acid sequence via, for example, site-directed mutagenesis (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, edited by Ausubel et al., Sections 8.1-8.5, 1987, John Wily & Sons). Such modification is not limited to artificial mutagenesis or synthesis. It also includes a product resulting from amino acid mutation in nature on the basis of artificial mutation, but it is not limited thereto.
  • Further, a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or DNA as a homolog thereof may be obtained, such DNA may be introduced into a host strain to prepare a transformant, and the resulting transformant may then be cultured. Thus, a homolog protein can be obtained.
  • In the present invention, for example, known proteins having D-LDH activity can be employed. Examples of proteins that can be employed include proteins derived from prokaryotic organisms such as Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, or fungi or proteins derived from eukaryotic organisms such as yeast or octopus.
  • Such protein does not necessarily have the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. It is not necessarily a homolog of the protein consisting of such amino acid sequence. The transformant of the present invention that carries a protein having D-LDH activity in an expressible manner is useful for producing D-LDH and D-lactic acid.
  • Cells that are preferable for obtaining the polynucleotide or protein of the present invention, the transformant of the present invention and that are gene resources of polynucleotides or proteins are not limited to naturally occurring organisms. Microorganisms or cells that were obtained via mutation or the like may be employed as gene resources.
  • The protein that is employed in the present invention has D-LDH activity. Such activity can be measured using, for example, a commercialized kit (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH/LD) test-UV (Sigma)).
  • (DNA Construct)
  • The isolated polynucleotide that encodes a protein having D-LDH activity (DNA, it may be hereinafter referred to as “D-LDH-DNA” when the polynucleotide is DNA) may be used to prepare a DNA construct having such DNA segment. This DNA construct can be used as an expression vector in such state or by being introduced into a suitable vector. A host cell is transformed using such DNA construct. Thus, a transformant that produces a protein having D-LDH activity can be obtained. Further, this transformant may be cultured to produce a protein having D-LDH activity. Also, D-lactic acid can be produced.
  • Transformation of a host cell involves the use of a DNA construct that allows expression of a DNA segment consisting of D-LDH-DNA in a host cell. Embodiments of a DNA construct for transformation are not particularly limited. In accordance with the form of the foreign gene introduced (extrachromosomal or intrachromosomal) or the type of host cell, plasmid (DNA), bacteriophage (DNA), retrotransposon (DNA), or an artificial chromosome (e.g., YAC, PAC, BAC, or MAC) can be selected. Accordingly, this DNA construct can comprise a constitutive segment of a vector according to any of the aforementioned embodiments in addition to the DNA of interest. Preferable prokaryotic vectors, eukaryotic vectors, animal cell vectors, and plant cell vectors are known in the art.
  • Examples of plasmid DNA include: YCp Escherichia coli-yeast shuttle vectors, such as pRS413, pRS415, pRS416, YCp50, pAUR112, or pAUR123; YEp Escherichia coli-yeast shuttle vectors, such as pYES32 or YEp13; YIp Escherichia coli-yeast shuttle vectors, such as pRS403, pRS404, pRS405, pRS406, pAUR101, or pAUR135; plasmids derived from Escherichia coli (e.g., ColE plasmids, such as pBR322, pBR325, pUC18, pUC19, pUC119, pTV118N, pTV119N, pBluescript, pHSG298, pHSG396, or pTrc99A; p1A plasmids, such as pACYC177 or pACYC184; or pSC101 plasmids, such as pMW118, pMW119, pMW218, or pMW219); and plasmids derived from Bacillus subtilis, such as pUB110 or pTP5. Examples of phage DNA include λ phage (e.g., Charon4A, Charon21A, EMBL3, EMBL4, λgt100, gt11, or zap), φX174, M13mp18, and M13mp19. An example of retrotransposon is a Ty factor. An example of YAC is pYACC2.
  • The DNA construct of interest can be prepared by, for example, cleaving a fragment containing D-LDH-DNA with an adequate restriction enzyme and-inserting the fragment into a restriction site or a multicloning site of the vector DNA to be used.
  • According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the DNA construct comprises a promoter segment to which a DNA segment consisting of D-LDH-DNA is ligated in an expressible manner. Specifically, this DNA segment is ligated to a site located downstream of the promoter, so that the promoter can control such DNA segment.
  • A protein having D-LDH activity is preferably expressed in yeast. Accordingly, use of a promoter that is capable of expressing such protein in yeast is preferable. Examples of a promoter that can be preferably used include a pyruvate decarboxylase gene promoter, a gall promoter, a gal10 promoter, a heat shock protein promoter, an MFα1 promoter, a PH05 promoter, a PGK promoter, a GAP promoter, an ADH promoter, and an AOX1 promoter. A promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene derived from Saccharomyces is particularly preferable, and use of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae is more preferable. The expression of proteins induced by these promoters is enhanced in the ethanol fermentation pathway of Saccharomyces (cerevisae). The promoter sequence of interest can be isolated by PCR amplification wherein the genomic DNA of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces is used as a template. For example, the nucleotide sequence of the promoter derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. The promoter segment in the DNA construct can be DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 by deletion, substitution, insertion, and/or addition of one or several nucleotides and having promoter activity, or DNA that can hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 or a complementary strand thereof and having promoter activity (i.e., a homolog of such promoter). Also, promoters of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene or the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene derived from other types of yeast or other types of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae can also be used.
  • According to the second embodiment of the present invention, the DNA construct comprises a DNA segment for homologous recombination of a host chromosome in addition to DNA. The DNA segment for homologous recombination has a DNA sequence that is homologous to the DNA sequence in the vicinity of the target site in a host chromosome into which the DNA of interest is to be introduced. The DNA construct comprises at least 1, and preferably 2, DNA segments for homologous recombination. For example, DNA sequences homologous to DNA located at sites upstream and downstream of the target site on the chromosome are provided as 2 DNA segments for homologous recombination, and the DNA of interest is preferably ligated to a site between these DNA segments.
  • When the DNA of interest is introduced into a host chromosome via homologous recombination, such DNA can be introduced in a manner such that the promoter on the host chromosome is able to control the DNA. In such a case, introduction of the target gene can also disrupt the endogenous gene that should be controlled by the promoter and can allow expression of foreign D-LDH-DNA instead of the endogenous gene. It is particularly useful when such promoter is capable of enhanced expression in a host cell.
  • In order to create such expression system on a host chromosome, genes capable of enhanced expression are targeted in the host chromosome, and D-LDH-DNA is preferably introduced into a site downstream of the promoter that controls the gene of interest in a manner such that the D-LDH-DNA can be controlled by such promoter. When an ethanol fermentation microorganism such as yeast is used as a host, the pyruvate decarboxylase gene (particularly the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene) is targeted, and DNA that encodes a protein having LDH activity can be introduced under the control of the promoter of the endogenous pyruvate decarboxylase gene. In such a case, a DNA segment for homologous recombination can be homologous to a sequence in the LDH structural gene domain of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene or a sequence in the vicinity thereof (including a sequence in the vicinity of the initiation codon, a sequence upstream of the initiation codon, a sequence in the structural gene, and the like). A segment of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene can be included in the DNA construct.
  • Preferably, the yeast Saccharomyces (particularly Saccharomyces cerevisae) is used as a host, and a DNA construct that targets the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of this host is prepared. Such DNA construct can disrupt the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene and substitute this structural gene portion with D-LDH by using a single vector. Pyruvate decarboxylase 1 is an enzyme that mediates the irreversible reaction from pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde. Disruption of the gene thereof can inhibit the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde and then to ethanol. Also, generation of D-lactic acid by D-LDH can be accelerated with the use of pyruvic acid as a substrate.
  • The DNA construct according to the first embodiment can also be a DNA construct for homologous recombination by comprising a DNA segment for homologous recombination with a host chromosome. In the case of the DNA construct according to the first embodiment, a promoter segment thereof can also serve as a DNA segment for homologous recombination with a host chromosome. For example, a DNA construct that has a promoter of a Saccharomyces cerevisae host chromosome, such as a promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene as a promoter segment, constitutes a targeting vector having the gene of the host as a target site. In such a case, a DNA construct preferably comprises a sequence homologous to the sequence of the structural gene domain located downstream of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene.
  • According to need, a cis element such as an enhancer, a splicing signal, a poly A addition signal, a selection marker, or a ribosome binding sequence (SD sequence) can be ligated to the DNA construct, in addition to a terminator. A selection marker is not particularly limited, and various conventional selection marker genes, including drug-resistant genes and auxotrophic genes, can be used. For example, the dihydrofolate reductase gene, the hygromycin B gene, and the neomycine resistant gene can be used.
  • (Transformation Using DNA Construct)
  • Once a DNA construct is prepared, such DNA construct can be introduced into an adequate host cell via any adequate techniques such as transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, electroporation, lipofection, the lithium acetate method, the particle gun method, calcium phosphate precipitation, the agrobacterium method, the PEG method, or direct microinjection. After the DNA construct has been introduced, the recipient cell is then cultured in a selection medium.
  • Examples of host cells include: bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis; yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisae, Schizosaccharomydces pombe, and Pichia pastoris; insect cells such as sf9 and sf21; animal cells such as COS cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells; and plant cells such as sweet potato and tobacco. Preferably, host cells are alcohol fermentation microorganisms or acid resistant microorganisms such as yeasts. Examples thereof include the yeast Saccharomyces, such as Saccharomyces cerevisae. Specific examples thereof include the Saccharomyces cerevisae strains IF02260 and YPH.
  • The transformant prepared from the DNA construct of interest comprises a constituent of such DNA construct in the chromosome or extrachromosomal element (including an artificial chromosome). When the DNA construct is maintained extrachromosomally or integrated into a chromosome via random integration, genes of another type of enzymes that act on the pyruvic acid as a substrate, which is also a substrate of LDH, such as the pyruvate decarboxylase gene (and the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene in the case of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae) are preferably knockout via a targeting vector
  • If the aforementioned DNA construct capable of homologous recombination is introduced, a ligated D-LDH-DNA is located at a site downstream of a desired promoter or the promoter substituted by the desired promoter or a homolog thereof in a manner such that such promoter can control D-LDH-DNA. A transformant of the yeast Saccharomyces preferably comprises on the host chromosome D-LDH-DNA at a site downstream of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene or the promoter substituted by the promoter or a homolog in a manner such that such promoter can control D-LDH-DNA. In general, a homologous recombinant comprises a selection marker gene or a part of the disrupted structural gene (a site corresponding to a homologous sequence on the DNA construct) in its site downstream of D-LDH-DNA.
  • As a result of introduction of the DNA construct, a protein encoded by D-LDH-DNA is generated. Upon disruption of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene of yeast, D-LDH is introduced under the control of the promoter of the gene or a homolog thereof. This can result in the production of D-LDH in a type of yeast that does not originally produce D-lactic acid, which in turn results in the production of D-lactic acid.
  • More particularly, introduction of D-LDH-DNA into a site downstream of the promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of yeast (specifically, Saccharomyces, and typically Saccharomyces cerevisae) or a homolog thereof can result in selective production of D-lactic acid. It is deduced that if D-LDH-DNA encodes a protein having D-LDH activity, the expression of D-LDH is enhanced with the aid of such promoter, which also positively affects the enhanced production of D-lactic acid. In contrast, D-LDH-DNA encodes a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. This is deduced to result in the enhanced and/or selective production of D-lactic acid.
  • Whether or not D-LDH-DNA has been introduced into a site downstream of a desired promoter can be confirmed via PCR, Southern hybridization, or other means. For example, DNA may be prepared from a transformant, such DNA may be subjected to PCR using a primer for site-directed mutagenesis, and the PCR product may be then subjected to electrophoresis to detect an expected band. Alternatively, confirmation can be made via PCR using a primer labeled with a fluorescent dye or the like. Confirmation can also be made based on the protein produced by the transformant. These techniques are known in the art.
  • It is preferable to prepare a transformant into which multicopy D-LDH genes have been introduced via introduction of a DNA construct. When a yeast transformant is prepared, for example, at least 2 copies and preferably 4 to 10 copies of D-LDH-DNAs are introduced. A transformant into which multicopy D-LDH genes have been introduced has significantly improved capacity for D-lactic acid production. That is, the use of a transformant into which multicopy D-LDH genes have been introduced can result in significantly improved D-lactic acid productivity.
  • (Production of D-Lactic Acid)
  • Culturing of the transformant into which the DNA construct of the present invention has been introduced leads to the generation of D-LDH, which is the expression product of a foreign gene, in the culture product. It further leads to the generation of D-lactic acid. Lactic acid can be obtained by performing a step of separating lactic acid from the culture product. In the present invention, examples of the culture product include a cultured cell or bacterium and a disrupted cell or bacterium in addition to the culture supernatant.
  • In the present invention, D-lactic acid can be selectively produced using, for example, a type of yeast cell that does not originally produce D-lactic acid as a host. Use of fermentation microorganisms is particularly effective for obtaining D-lactic acid. A transformant resulting from a yeast host is effective for enhanced production of D-lactic acid because of its fast growth rate. With the use of such transformant having the capacity for selective production of D-lactic acid, the need for separating an optical isomer is eliminated, which in turn results in more effective production of D-lactic acid.
  • The transformant of the present invention can be cultured under adequate conditions in accordance with the type of transformant. Such adequate conditions are known in the art.
  • As a medium for culturing the transformant obtained from a microorganism host such as E. Coli or yeast, either a natural or synthetic medium may be used as long as it contains carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and inorganic salts assimilable by the microorganism and is capable of efficiently culturing the transformant. Examples of carbon sources include: carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose; organic acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid; and alcohols such as ethanol and propanol. Examples of nitrogen sources include: ammonia; ammonium salts of inorganic or organic acids such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, and ammonium phosphate; other nitrogen-containing compounds; peptone; meat extract; and corn steep liquor. Examples of inorganic substances include: monopotassium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron(I) sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, and calcium carbonate.
  • Usually, culture is carried out under aerobic conditions, such as shake culture or aeration agitation culture, at 30° C. for an adequate period of time. For example, culture can be carried out for 6 to 120 hours. During the culture, the pH is preferably maintained at 2.0 to 6.0. The pH can be adjusted with an inorganic or organic acid, an alkali solution, or the like.
  • Examples of media for culturing a transformant obtained from an animal host cell include common RPMI 1640 medium, DMEM medium, and a medium prepared by adding fetal bovine serum or the like to the aforementioned medium. Usually, culture is carried out in the presence of 5% CO2 at 37° C. for 1 to 30 days. During the culture, an antibiotic such as kanamycin or penicillin may be added to the medium, if necessary.
  • Culture may be carried out via a batch or continuous system. Culture may be carried out by a method wherein the transformant is subjected to neutralization with an alkali such as ammonium or calcium salt to obtain lactates such as ammonium-D-lactate or calcium D-lactate. Alternatively, a culture product may be free D-lactic acid.
  • After the completion of the culture, D-lactic acid, which is the gene product, can be separated from the culture product via suitable combinations of common purification techniques and the like. When D-lactic acid is produced in transformed cells, for example, cells are disrupted via conventional techniques such as ultrasonic disintegration, grinding, or pressure disruption to separate the gene product from such cells. In such a case, protease is added according to need. When D-lactic acid is produced in the culture supernatant, this solution is subjected to filtration, centrifugation, or other means to remove solid components.
  • After the completion of the step of culturing, for example, a culture solution can be subjected to a step of solid-liquid separation via at least one of belt press, centrifugation, or filter press. The separated filtrate is preferably subjected to a step of purification. In the step of purification, for example, a lactic acid-containing filtrate can be subjected to electrodialysis to remove organic acids other than lactic acid and saccharides. Thus, an aqueous solution of lactic acid or ammonium lactate can be prepared. In the case of an ammonium lactate solution, ammonia is degraded via a bipolar membrane or the like to separate an aqueous solution of lactic acid from aqueous ammonia. When the content of organic acids other than lactic acid or that of saccharides in the filtrate is relatively small, electrodialysis is not to be performed. In such a case, the filtrate may be concentrated by vaporizing its moisture content according to need, and ammonia can be degraded via a bipolar membrane.
  • The temperature of a solution at the time of electrodialysis is generally in the range of 20° C. to 45° C. and preferably in the range of 35° C. to 40° C. Amino acids, inorganic ions (e.g., K, Ca, or Mg), and organic acids (e.g., citric acid or malic acid) that were not removed via electrodialysis can be removed with the use of a chromatographic separator or ion exchanger at a later stage. Further, the resulting lactic acid solution can be concentrated, if necessary. For example, moisture in the solution can be evaporated to obtain a 50% to 90% lactic acid solution.
  • Techniques for separating and purifying D-lactic acid or a salt thereof from the culture solution or the crude extract are not limited to the aforementioned. A variety of purification and separation techniques, such as separation and extraction or distillation with the use of an organic solvent, can be employed to separate and purify D-lactic acid or a salt thereof If necessary, the culture solution, the crude extract, and a purified product thereof can be subjected to esterification, lactide conversion, oligomerization, prepolymerization, or the like. Thus, various D-lactic acid derivatives can be obtained. According to need, one or more of D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof can be recovered from a solution of fermented lactic acid.
  • D-lactic acid can also be produced via an enzyme reaction system instead of a culture system with the use of the protein having D-LDH activity of the present invention. D-lactic acid can be produced under any enzyme reaction conditions as long as they allow D-lactic acid to be produced. A variety of induction techniques can be applied to D-lactic acid obtained by such techniques.
  • (Production of Lactic Acid Polymer)
  • The obtained D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof can be used as at least one type of polymerization material to produce a lactic acid polymer. Examples of polymerization materials that can be used include monomers such as D-lactic acid or derivatives thereof and prepolymers or oligomers resulting from polymerization of such monomers to adequate lengths. Further, L-lactic acid or derivatives thereof and prepolymers or oligomers thereof can also be used.
  • Examples of lactic acid polymers include homopolymers of D-lactic acids, heteropolymers of D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid, hetero-block polymers, and various types of heteropolymers of lactic acids and other polymerization materials.
  • These lactic acid polymerization materials, or a lactic acid polymerization material and another polymerization material, may be allowed to react with an adequate polymerization initiator to produce lactic acid polymers.
  • According to the present invention, selective and/or enhanced production of D-lactic acid is possible. Thus, D-lactic acid can be effectively obtained, which results in effective production of lactic acid polymers that comprise D-lactic acid as a polymerization material.
    • EXAMPLES
  • Hereafter, the examples of the present invention are described, although the present invention is not limited thereto. A variety of modification can be made within the scope of the present invention.
    • Example 1 Isolation of D-Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene
  • The D-lactate dehydrogenase genes derived from prokaryotic lactic acid bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides (D-LDH genes, hereafter they may be simply referred to as “D-LDHME genes”), were isolated.
  • The genomic DNA of the strain IFO3426 (registered with the Institute for Fermentation) was used as a template to isolate the gene resource via PCR amplification. The genomic DNA of this strain was prepared using a genome DNA preparation kit (Fast DNA Kit, Bio 101) in accordance with the protocol included with the kit. The prepared genomic DNA was subjected to DNA concentration measurement using the Ultrospec 3000 spectrophotometer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • The KOD Plus DNA Polymerase (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), which is perceived as having high accuracy, was used as the amplification enzyme in PCR. The reaction solution (50 μl in total) comprising 50 ng of the previously prepared genomic DNA, 50 pmol of ×2 primer DNA, 5 μl of 10× buffer for KOD enzyme reaction, 2 μl of 25 mM MgSO4, 5 μl of 2 mM dNTP mix, and 1.0 unit of KOD plus DNA polymerase was subjected to DNA amplification using a PCR amplification apparatus (Gene Amp PCR system 9700, PE Applied Biosystems).
  • PCR was carried out under the following conditions. Heat treatment was first carried out at 96° C. for 2 minutes, followed by a 3-stage temperature change cycle of 96° C. for 30 seconds, 53° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 90 seconds. This cycle was repeated 25 times, and the temperature was reduced to 4° C. at the end. The reaction sample (5 μl) was electrophoresed on 1% TBE agarose gel (containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide), and DNA bands were detected by irradiating the gel with ultraviolet rays of 254 nm (Funakoshi) to confirm the amplified gene fragment.
  • The synthetic DNA primers (Sawady Technology) were used for the reaction, and the DNA sequences of these primers are as shown below.
    DLDEME-U (21 mer, Tm value of 57.2° C.)
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    5′-ATG AAG ATT TTT GCT TAC GGC-3′
    DLDEME-U (24 mer, Tm value of 54.7° C.)
    (SEQ ID NO: 7)
    5′-ATC TTA ATA TTC AAC AGC AAT AGC-3′
  • The PCR-amplified fragment was subcloned into the pBluescriptII SK+ vector (Toyobo Co., Ltd.). The reaction was carried out in accordance with a general technique for DNA subcloning. Specifically, the amplified gene fragment obtained in Example 1 was ligated to the aforementioned vector, which was processed with the EcoRV restriction enzyme (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) and the Alkaline Phosphatase dephosphorylation enzyme (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.), using T4 DNA ligase. The reaction using T4 DNA ligase was carried out using LigaFast Rapid DNA Ligation (Promega) in accordance with the protocol included therewith.
  • Subsequently, the ligation reaction solution was transformed into E. coli competent cells. JM109 competent E. coli cells (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) were used, and transformation was carried out in accordance with the protocol included therewith. Colony selection was carried out on an LB plate that contains 100 μg/ml ampicillin, plasmid DNA was prepared from each selected colony, and the plasmid DNA was subjected to PCR using the aforementioned primer DNA to subclone the D-LDH gene of interest. Ethanol precipitation, restriction enzyme treatment, and the like were carried out in accordance with the instructions described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Maniatis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
  • The nucleotide sequence of the D-LDH gene thus obtained was determined. The ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (PE Applied Biosystems) was used as an apparatus for nucleotide sequence analysis, and the method for sample preparation, the use of apparatus, and other conditions were determined in accordance with the instructions included with the apparatus. The vector DNA containing the isolated D-LDH gene was prepared by the alkaline extraction method, then the vector DNA was subjected to column purification using the GFX DNA Purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), followed by the DNA concentration was measured using the Ultrospec 3000 spectrophotometer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and the vector DNA, the concentration of which had been adjusted, was used.
  • The DNA sequence determined via sequence analysis is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and the corresponding amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • The nucleotide sequence of the D-LDHME gene isolated in the present example was compared with the sequence of the D-LDH gene that has been already registered with GenBank (GenBank Accession No. L29327, derived from the lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides, SEQ ID NO: 3). This revealed that these sequences were different from each other in terms of 19 amino acid residues at the amino acid sequence level and in terms of 27-bp nucleotides at the nucleotide sequence level.
  • FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show the homology data of the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the D-LDHME gene that was obtained in the present example and the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) of the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank. The upper sequence shows the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDHME gene that was obtained in the present example, and the lower sequence shows the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank.
  • FIG. 2 shows the homology data of the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDHME gene that is obtained in the present example and the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank. The upper sequence shows the amino acid sequence corresponding to the D-LDHME gene that was obtained in the present example, and the lower sequence shows the amino acid sequence corresponding to the D-LDH gene that has been registered with GenBank.
  • Based on the amino acid sequences, the amino acid sequences of the genes obtained in the present example were found to have amino acid residue substitutions as shown in Table 2.
    TABLE 2
    List of amino acid residue substitutions
    Substitution type Position of substitution Amino acid substituent
    1 40 Valine (Val)
    2 112 Isoleucine (Ile)
    3 131 Histidine (His)
    4 139 Isoleucine (Ile)
    5 181 Glutamic acid (Glu)
    6 266 Glycine (Gly)
    7 267 Leucine (Leu)
    8 268 Phenylalanine (Phe)
    9 269 Asparagine (Asn)
    10 270 Glutamic acid (Glu)
    11 271 Aspartic acid (Asp)
    12 272 Tryptophan (Trp)
    13 273 Serine (Ser)
    14 274 Glycine (Gly)
    15 276 Glutamic acid (Glu)
    16 277 Phenylalanine (Phe)
    17 287 Serine (Ser)
    18 292 Leucine (Leu)
    19 293 Valine (Val)
  • In this table, positions of substitution are indicated as the positions from methionine, which corresponds to the initiation codon.
    • Example 2 Construction of Recombinant Vector
  • A chromosomally integrated vector capable of expressing a target gene, i.e., the D-LDHME gene obtained in Example 1, was constructed. This vector is capable of expressing the target gene under the control of the promoter sequence of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene (PDCI) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae. Such newly constructed and chromosomally integrated vector was designated as the pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector. Construction of the vector was carried out in accordance with the general technique for DNA subcloning.
  • Hereafter, the process of vector construction in the present example is described in detail with reference to FIGS. 3 to 6.
  • All the enzymes used for vector construction were manufactured by Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd. It should be noted that the possible vector construction processes are not limited to this process.
  • 1. Isolation of a Promoter Fragment of the PDC1 Gene (PDC1P) and a Downstream Fragment of the PDC1 gene (PDC1D)
  • The 971-bp promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene (PDC1P) and the 518-bp downstream fragment of the PDC1 gene (PDC1D), which were essential for vector construction, were isolated from the gene resource, i.e., the Saccharomyces cerevisae strain IFO2260, via PCR amplification that used the genomic DNA of this strain as a template. The strain IFO2260 is registered with the Institute for Fermentation. The genomic DNA of this strain was prepared using a genome DNA preparation kit (Fast DNA Kit, Bio 101) in accordance with the protocol included with the kit. The prepared genomic DNA was subjected to DNA concentration measurement using the Ultrospec 3000 spectrophotometer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • The KOD Plus DNA Polymerase (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), which is perceived as having high accuracy, was used as the amplification enzyme in PCR. The reaction solution (50 μl in total) comprising 50 ng of the previously prepared genomic DNA of the strain IFO2260, 50 μmol of primer DNA×2, 5 μl of 10× buffer for KOD enzyme reaction, 2 μl of 25 mM MgSO4, 5 μl of 2 mM dNTP mix, and 1.0 unit of KOD plus DNA polymerase was subjected to DNA amplification using a PCR amplification apparatus (Gene Amp PCR system 9700, PE Applied Biosystems).
  • PCR was carried out under the following conditions. Heat treatment was first carried out at 96° C. for 2 minutes, followed by a 3-stage temperature change cycle of 96° C. for 30 seconds, 53° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 90 seconds. This cycle was repeated 25 times, and the temperature was reduced to 4° C. at the end. The reaction sample (5 μl) was electrophoresed on 1% TBE agarose gel (containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide), and DNA bands were detected by irradiating the gel with ultraviolet rays of 254 nm (Funakoshi) to confirm the amplified gene fragment.
  • The synthetic DNA primers (Sawady Technology) were used for the reaction, and the DNA sequences of these primers are as shown below.
    [Primers for PDC1P fragment amplification]
    PDC1P-LDH-U (31 mer, Tm value of 58.3° C.)
    (SEQ ID NO: 8)
    5′-ATA TAT GGA TCC GCG TTT ATT TAC CTA TCT C-3′
    (underlined portion: BamHI site)
    PDC1P-LDH-D (31 mer, Tm value of 54.4° C.)
    (SEQ ID NO: 9)
    5′-ATA TAT GAA TTC TTT GAT TGA TTT GAC TGT G-3′
    (underlined portion: EcoRI site)
    [Primers for PDC1D fragment amplification]
    PDC1D-LDH-U (31 mer, Tm value of 55.3° C.)
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    5′-ATA TAT CTC GAG GCC AGC TAA CTT CTT GGT CGA C-
    3′
    (underlined portion: XhoI site)
    PDC1D-LDH-D (31 mer, Tm value of 65.2° C.)
    (SEQ ID NO: 11)
    5′-ATA TAT GGG CCC CCC CTC GAG GTC CCC CCT C-3′
    (underlined portion: ApaI site)
  • The amplified fragments of the PDC1P and PDC1D genes obtained in the above reaction were purified via ethanol precipitation, and the amplified PDC1P fragment and the amplified PDC1D fragment were cleaved with the BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzymes and the XhoI and ApaI restriction enzymes, respectively. Ethanol precipitation and restriction enzyme cleavage were carried out in accordance with the instructions described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Maniatis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
  • 2. Construction of pBPDC1P Vector
  • The PDC1P fragment, which was amplified by PCR and cleaved with restriction enzymes, was ligated to the pBluescriptll SK+ vector (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), which was processed with the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) and the Alkaline Phosphatase dephosphorylation (BAP) enzyme (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.), using T4 DNA ligase (FIG. 3, upper portion). The reaction using T4 DNA ligase was carried out using LigaFast Rapid DNA Ligation (Promega) in accordance with the protocol included therewith.
  • Subsequently, the ligation reaction solution was transformed into E. coli competent cells. JM109 competent cells (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) were used, and transformation was carried out in accordance with the protocol included therewith. The resulting culture solution was sowed on an LB plate containing 100 μg/ml of antibiotic ampicillin, and culture was conducted overnight. The grown colony was subjected to colony PCR using primer DNA, and the prepared plasmid DNA solution via miniprep method was subjected to restriction enzyme processing to confirm the inserted fragment and then the target pBPDC1P vector was isolated (FIG. 3, middle portion).
  • 3. Construction of pBPDC1P-LDHI Vector
  • As shown in FIG. 3, a fragment of the LDH gene (derived from Bifidobacterium longum) that can be obtained by treating the pYLD1 vector constructed by Toyota Motor Corporation (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-204468 (A)) with the EcoRI and AatII restriction enzymes and the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, was subcloned into the pBPDC1P vector that has been similarly processed with the EcoRI restriction enzyme and the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, in the manner as described above. Thus, the pBPDC1P-LDHI vector was prepared (FIG. 3, middle to lower portions). The aforementioned pYLD1 vector was introduced into E. coli (name: “E. coli pYLD1”) and deposited internationally under the Budapest Treaty at the International Patent Organism Depositary of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan) as of Oct. 26, 1999, under the accession number: FERM BP-7423 (the original deposit).
  • 4. Construction of pBPDC1P-LDH Vector
  • As shown in FIG. 4, this vector was processed with the XhoI and ApaI restriction enzymes, and the amplified PDC1D fragment, which had been similarly processed with restriction enzymes, was ligated thereto to prepare the pBPDC1P-LDHII vector (FIG. 4, upper portion).
  • Subsequently, the pBPDC1P-LDHII vector was processed with EcoRV and T4 DNA poymerase, and the Trp marker fragment, which was obtained by processing the pRS404 vector (Promega) with AatII and SspI and T4 DNA polymerase, was ligated thereto to prepare the pBTRP-PDC1-LDH vector (FIG. 4, lower portion).
  • 5. Construction of pBTRP-PDC1PII Vector
  • As shown in FIG. 5, the existing pBPDC1P vector was processed with the HincII restriction enzyme and the Alkaline Phosphatase dephosphorylation enzyme. The pBTrp-PDC1-LDH vector was processed with the ApaI and AJ7I1 restriction enzymes and then with the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, to produce a fragment containing trp marker. This fragment was ligated to the processed pBPDC1P vector to construct the pBTRP-PDC1PII vector.
  • 6. Construction of pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector
  • As shown in FIG. 6, the pBTRP-PDC1PII vector was processed with the EcoRV restriction enzyme and then with the end-modification enzyme, i.e., T4 DNA polymerase, and the fragment of the D-LDHME gene isolated in Example 1 was ligated thereto to construct the final vector, i.e., the chromosomally integrated pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME vector.
  • As other D-LDH genes, oligonucleotides were synthesized in accordance with the gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) of the GenBank Accession No. L29327 in the database of the D-LDH genes derived from lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides. These oligonucleotides were successively ligated to fully synthesize the target D-LDH genes. The resulting gene fragments were subjected to the same procedures as those in the present example to construct a chromosomally integrated vector.
    • Example 3 Transformation of Yeast
  • The yeast host strain IFO2260 (registered with the Institute for Fermentation) lacking the capacity for tryptophan synthesis was cultured in 10 ml of YPD medium at 30° C. until the logarithmic growth phase, and cells were collected and washed with TE buffer. Subsequently, 0.5 ml of TE buffer and 0.5 ml of 0.2 M lithium acetate were added, the resultant was subjected to shake culture at 30° C. for 1 hour, and pBTRP-PDC1-DLDHME that had been processed with the ApaI and SpeI restriction enzymes (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) was then added.
  • The resulting suspension was subjected to shake culture at 30° C. for 30 minutes, 150 μl of 70% polyethylene glycol 4000 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added thereto, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred. The resultant was further subjected to shake culture at 30° C. for 1 hour, the culture product was treated with a heat shock of 42° C. for 5 minutes, and the cells were then cultured in 1 ml of YPD culture medium at 30° C. for 12 hours. The culture solution was washed and then suspended in 200 μl of sterilized water. The resulting suspension was then smeared on a tryptophan selection medium.
  • The resulting colony was isolated again in a new tryptophan selection medium, and strains that maintained the capacity for tryptophan synthesis were selected as candidate transformants. These strains were cultured in an YPD culture solution and genomic DNA thereof was prepared using a genome DNA preparation kit (Fast DNA Kit, Bio 101). The genomic DNA was subjected to PCR to confirm the presence or absence of the transgenes. As a result, strains having the D-LDHME genes introduced downstream of the PDC1 promoter were found.
  • The obtained strains into which transgenes had been introduced were smeared on a sporulation-inducing medium, and sporulation was induced at 30° C. for 4 days. Cells were collected from the medium, 5 units of Zymolyase (Zymo Research Corp.) were added thereto, the resultant was subjected to enzyme reaction at 37° C. for 1 hour, and spores were then separated on YPD medium using a microscope (Olympus Corporation) and a micromanipulator (Narishige Scientific Instrument Laboratory). The progeny strains of the obtained spores were inspected for the capacity for tryptophan marker selection, and PCR was carried out to confirm that they showed 2:2 segregation. Thus, the target diploid strains were obtained. Diploid strains were the TC14-6-1A, TC14-6-2A, and TC14-6-3A strains. The obtained diploid strains had the structures shown in FIG. 7 in the yeast chromosomes.
  • Concerning the chromosomally integrated vector of other D-LDH genes constructed in Example 2, gene introduction into the strain IFO2260 lacking the capacity for tryptophan synthesis was similarly carried out, and the TC20-1-1A strains having chromosomally integrated D-LDH were found via PCR.
  • As the control, DLDHME was introduced into the pYPD1 plasmid, which is a yeast self-replicating 2μ plasmid vector, to construct a self-replicating vector. The resulting vector was similarly introduced into the strain IFO2260, and the strain TC21-1 was found to have plasmids containing D-LDH genes via PCR.
    • Example 4 Confirmation of Production of D-Lactic Acid in a Transformant
  • The 5 types of transformants prepared in Example 3 and the parent strain IFO2260 were subjected to the fermentation test. These strains were inoculated into 5 ml of YPD liquid medium, subjected to shake culture at 30° C. and 130 rpm overnight, and cells necessary for fermentative production were prepared.
  • The inoculated cells were collected, the collected cells were inoculated into YPD liquid medium containing 10% glucose to a cell concentration of 0.5%, and stationary fermentation was carried out at 30° C. for 4 days. In this fermentation test, 2 types of production forms were tested. That is, production with the use of D-lactate prepared by adding 2.5% calcium carbonate (Nacalai Tesque Inc.) to a fermented mash and production with the use of free D-lactic acid without calcium carbonate were tested.
  • The fermented mash was collected 4 days after the initiation of fermentation, and the amounts of D-lactic acid and ethanol contained in the mash were measured using a multifunctional biosensor BF-4 (Oji Scientific Instruments). D-lactic acid was measured using the kit for measuring D-lactic acid (Oji Scientific Instruments) in accordance with the instructions included with the kit. The results are shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9.
  • As shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, the parent yeast strain (IFO2260) into which no genes had been introduced produced ethanol but did not produce D-lactic acid. In contrast, the 4 types of transformed yeast strains having chromosomally integrated transgenes prepared in Example 3 exhibited lower ethanol production than the parent strain but produced D-lactic acid.
  • Specifically, 4 types of strains, i.e., TC14-6-1A, TC14-6-2A, and TC14-6-3A, which are transformants into which D-LDHME genes had been introduced downstream of the PDC1 promoter on the yeast chromosome, and TC20-1-1A into which the D-LDH genes had been introduced, produced D-lactic acid at concentrations of 4% to 6% and ethanol at concentrations of 2% to 3%. These transformants having chromosomally integrated transgenes did not produce L-lactic acid.
  • In contrast, the strains (TC21-1) into which D-LDHME genes had been introduced with the aid of self-replicating plasmids produced a very small amount of D-lactic acid. The amount of ethanol produced was the same as that of the strain IFO2260.
  • Accordingly, transformants having chromosomally integrated transgenes were found to be effective for D-LDH expression and D-lactic acid production. In particular, introduction of D-LDH genes (including D-LDHME genes) under the control of the PDC1 promoters was found to be effective for the enhanced production of D-lactic acids.
  • Among the 4 aforementioned types of transformants having chromosomally integrated transgenes, 3 strains into which the D-LDHME genes had been incorporated downstream of the PDC1 promoters exhibited high D-lactic acid productivity of 5% or 6% but low ethanol productivity of 2%, i.e., the productivity of D-lactic acid was 2 or 3 times as high as that of ethanol. In the case of the transformant into which the D-LDH gene (GenBank Accession No. L29327) had been incorporated downstream of the PDC1 promoter, D-lactic acid productivity was as low as approximately 4%, which was substantially the same as or approximately 1.3 times higher than ethanol productivity. Accordingly, D-LDHME genes were found to be effective for the enhanced production of D-lactic acid in transformants having chromosomally integrated transgenes.
  • The level of enhanced D-lactic acid production was approximately the same in the case of D-lactate (calcium) and in the case of free L-lactic acid.
    • Example 5 Gene Recombinant Yeast Strain Having Increased D-LDHME Copy Numbers
  • Among the D-lactic-acid-producing yeast strains prepared in Example 4, the strain TC14-6-3A was used to prepare a gene recombinant yeast strain having an increased copy number of the D-LDHME genes introduced. The D-LDHME genes were introduced into the strain TC14-6-3A in accordance with the method described in Example 3. Specifically, the D-LDHME genes were introduced into the strain TC14-6-3A in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the strain TC14-6-3A was used instead of the host yeast strain IFO2260.
  • The obtained strains into which genes had been introduced were designated as the strains TD1-10-1B, TD1-10-3B, TD1-10-6A, and TD1-10-7D. The copy numbers of D-LDHME genes introduced in these 4 strains were inspected in the same manner as in Example 3. As a result, the copy number of the D-LDHME genes introduced was found to be 4.
  • Subsequently, these 4 types of strains were subjected to the fermentation test in accordance with the method described in Example 4 to inspect the amount of D-lactic acid produced. The results are shown in FIG. 10. As shown in FIG. 10, the amounts of D-lactic acids produced by the strains TD1-10-1B, TD1-10-3B, TD1-10-6A, and TD1-10-7D obtained in the present example were increased from the amount of D-lactic acid produced (4.65%) by the parent strain TC14-6-3A. All of the 4 strains obtained in the present example exhibited a decreased amount of ethanol production, compared to the parent strain.
  • This indicates that the capacity for D-lactic acid production of the transformed yeast strains could be improved by increasing the copy number of the D-LDHME genes introduced. In the present example, the transformed yeast strains into which 4 copies of D-LDHME genes had been introduced were examined. It should be noted that introduction of a larger copy number of D-LDHME genes can result in enhanced production of D-lactic acid. More specifically, the present example revealed that transformed yeast strains having superior capacity for D-lactic acid production can be prepared by increasing the copy number of the D-LDHME genes introduced.
  • All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
    • INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
  • The present invention provides a technique for effectively producing D-lactic acid.
  • Sequence Listing Free Text
  • SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 11: artificial DNAs (primers)

Claims (15)

1. A polynucleotide as described in any of the following (a) to (g):
(a) a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a probe comprising all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a complementary strand thereof and that encodes a protein having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
(c) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;
(d) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
(e) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having 70% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
(f) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity:
TABLE 1 List of amino acid residue substitutions Substitution type Position of substitution Amino acid substituent 1 40 Valine (Val) 2 112 Isoleucine (Ile) 3 131 Histidine (His) 4 139 Isoleucine (Ile) 5 181 Glutamic acid (Glu) 6 266 Glycine (Gly) 7 267 Leucine (Leu) 8 268 Phenylalanine (Phe) 9 269 Asparagine (Asn) 10 270 Glutamic acid (Glu) 11 271 Aspartic acid (Asp) 12 272 Tryptophan (Trp) 13 273 Serine (Ser) 14 274 Glycine (Gly) 15 276 Glutamic acid (Glu) 16 277 Phenylalanine (Phe) 17 287 Serine (Ser) 18 292 Leucine (Leu) 19 293 Valine (Val)
wherein positions of substitution are indicated as the positions from methionine, which corresponds to the initiation codon; or
(g) a polynucleotide that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and having D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
2. A protein as described in any of the following (h) to (1):
(h) a protein that consists of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 of the Sequence Listing;
(i) a protein that consists of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 of the Sequence Listing by substitution, deletion, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acid residues and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
(j) a protein that has 70% or higher homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity;
(k) a protein that has an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 by substitution of one or more amino acid residues selected from the list of amino acid residue substitutions shown in Table 1 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity; or
(l) a protein that has an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acid residues 78 and 79, 152 to 175, 235, and 296 of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and that has D-lactate dehydrogenase activity.
3. A DNA construct that comprises a DNA segment having DNA according to claim 1 and a DNA segment having DNA that encodes a promoter or a homolog thereof
4. The DNA construct according to claim 3, wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene.
5. The DNA construct according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of Saccharomyces.
6. The DNA construct according to claim 5, wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisae.
7. A transformant that carries the DNA according to claim 1 in an expressible manner in a host.
8. The transformant according to claim 7, wherein the host is a microorganism selected from the group consisting of eukaryotic microorganisms including yeast and fungi and prokaryotic microorganisms including lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia bacteria, and Bacillus bacteria.
9. The transformant according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the DNA is carried in an expressible manner under the control of a promoter or a homolog thereof
10. The transformant according to claim 9, wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene.
11. The transformant according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the promoter is of the pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene of Saccharomyces.
12. The transformant according to claim 11, wherein the DNA is carried in an expressible manner under the control of the promoter of the host pyruvate decarboxylase 1 gene.
13. The transformant according to any one of claims 7 to 12, wherein the host microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisae.
14. A method for producing D-lactic acid comprising steps of:
culturing the transformant according to any one of claims 7 to 13; and
recovering at least one member selected from the group consisting of D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof from the culture product.
15. A method for producing a lactic acid polymer comprising steps of:
culturing the transformant according to any one of claims 7 to 13;
recovering at least one member selected from the group consisting of D-lactic acid, a salt thereof, and a derivative thereof from the culture product; and
producing a lactic acid polymer using the recovered D-lactic acid or a derivative thereof as at least one polymerization material.
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