US20070015865A1 - Aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers using a perfluoropolyether surfactant - Google Patents
Aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers using a perfluoropolyether surfactant Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20070015865A1 US20070015865A1 US11/457,500 US45750006A US2007015865A1 US 20070015865 A1 US20070015865 A1 US 20070015865A1 US 45750006 A US45750006 A US 45750006A US 2007015865 A1 US2007015865 A1 US 2007015865A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- perfluoropolyether
- fluorinated
- dispersion
- polymerization
- emulsion polymerization
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000010702 perfluoropolyether Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 title abstract description 37
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 46
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 12
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 11
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical group N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003957 anion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 4
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 description 3
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical class C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FYJQJMIEZVMYSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1(F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1(F)F FYJQJMIEZVMYSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical class S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RRZIJNVZMJUGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)ethene Chemical class FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)F RRZIJNVZMJUGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)F BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical class N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZQMIGQNCOMNODD-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)=O ZQMIGQNCOMNODD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004815 dispersion polymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ZQBFAOFFOQMSGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F ZQBFAOFFOQMSGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CVMIVKAWUQZOBP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganic acid Chemical compound O[Mn](O)(=O)=O CVMIVKAWUQZOBP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- RVZRBWKZFJCCIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorotributylamine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)N(C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F RVZRBWKZFJCCIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AQZYBQIAUSKCCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorotripentylamine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)N(C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F AQZYBQIAUSKCCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XWGJFPHUCFXLBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M rongalite Chemical compound [Na+].OCS([O-])=O XWGJFPHUCFXLBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910021481 rutherfordium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006273 (C1-C3) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AXFFGMPNSZVEDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,17,17,18,18,19,19,20,20,21,21,22,22,23,23,24,24,24-pentacontafluorotetracosane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F AXFFGMPNSZVEDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LWRNQOBXRHWPGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4a,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8a-heptadecafluoro-8-(trifluoromethyl)naphthalene Chemical compound FC1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C2(F)C(C(F)(F)F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C21F LWRNQOBXRHWPGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NZXAVWBNLOQPGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-hexadecafluoro-4a,8a-bis(trifluoromethyl)naphthalene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C12C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1(C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C2(F)F NZXAVWBNLOQPGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIROQPWSJUXOJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6-undecafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1(F)F QIROQPWSJUXOJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHNPWFZIRJMRKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical compound F[C]=C(F)F MHNPWFZIRJMRKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZPCMSSQHRAJCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-(1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropent-1-enoxy)pent-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F BZPCMSSQHRAJCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMNCMLIVRODHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-[1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)pent-1-enoxy]-5-(trifluoromethoxy)pent-1-ene Chemical compound FC(OC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)OC(F)(F)F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)OC(F)(F)F OMNCMLIVRODHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEKMPJDJWCSGKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,9-decafluorofluorene Chemical compound FC1(F)C2=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C2C2=C1C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C2F IEKMPJDJWCSGKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JDCMOHAFGDQQJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octafluoronaphthalene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C2=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C21 JDCMOHAFGDQQJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- USPWUOFNOTUBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(C(F)(F)F)C(F)=C1F USPWUOFNOTUBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AOSFMYBATFLTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-amino-3-(benzimidazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(CC(O)CN)C=NC2=C1 AOSFMYBATFLTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYCANDRGVPTASA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-1,2,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Br AYCANDRGVPTASA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGJCFVYMIJLQJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecylperoxydodecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOOCCCCCCCCCCCC LGJCFVYMIJLQJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methyldodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCO XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYIPDZSLYLDLCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-3-[1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)propan-2-yl]oxypropanenitrile Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(C(F)(F)F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C#N LYIPDZSLYLDLCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QZGNGBWAMYFUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=CBr QZGNGBWAMYFUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAKIVSHTQCRXPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-1,3,4,4,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)hex-1-ene Chemical compound FC(C(F)(F)F)C(C(C(F)(F)F)(C(=CF)Cl)F)(F)F RAKIVSHTQCRXPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MKTOIPPVFPJEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-carboxypropanoylperoxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(=O)OOC(=O)CCC(O)=O MKTOIPPVFPJEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVXRCAWUNAOCTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(6-methylheptyl)phenol Chemical class CC(C)CCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HVXRCAWUNAOCTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVCWGFZDSIWLMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C(F)(F)C=C GVCWGFZDSIWLMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- SXWUSKUNDTYYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N FC(=C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(OC(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)F)(F)F)F)OC(=C(F)C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)OC(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)F Chemical compound FC(=C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(OC(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)F)(F)F)F)OC(=C(F)C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)OC(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)F SXWUSKUNDTYYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GHSBRBCKXUSPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N FC(=C(C(C(OC(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)F)OC(=C(F)C(C(F)(F)OC(F)(F)F)(F)F)F Chemical compound FC(=C(C(C(OC(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)F)OC(=C(F)C(C(F)(F)OC(F)(F)F)(F)F)F GHSBRBCKXUSPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical class OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PDAVOLCVHOKLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 PDAVOLCVHOKLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940044197 ammonium sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012935 ammoniumperoxodisulfate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005604 azodicarboxylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZJRXSAYFZMGQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium peroxide Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][O-] ZJRXSAYFZMGQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008107 benzenesulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000693 bioaccumulation Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- IWTBWSGPDGPTIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanoyl butaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OOC(=O)CCC IWTBWSGPDGPTIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001734 carboxylic acid salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012933 diacyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002296 dynamic light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001198 elastomeric copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PGFXOWRDDHCDTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene oxide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1(F)OC1(F)F PGFXOWRDDHCDTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002429 hydrazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- UJMWVICAENGCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen difluoride Chemical group FOF UJMWVICAENGCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950011087 perflunafene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000006551 perfluoro alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LOQGSOTUHASIHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(C(F)(F)F)C1(F)F LOQGSOTUHASIHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWEYRJFJVCLAGH-IJWZVTFUSA-N perfluorodecalin Chemical compound FC1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)[C@@]2(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)[C@@]21F UWEYRJFJVCLAGH-IJWZVTFUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QKENRHXGDUPTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorophenanthrene Chemical compound FC1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C2(F)C3(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C3(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C21F QKENRHXGDUPTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005548 perfluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JAJLKEVKNDUJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorotripropylamine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)N(C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F JAJLKEVKNDUJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940093914 potassium sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- KOPQZJAYZFAPBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanoyl propaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OOC(=O)CC KOPQZJAYZFAPBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940001474 sodium thiosulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KUNICNFETYAKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid;pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.OS(O)(=O)=O KUNICNFETYAKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004764 thiosulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiram Chemical compound CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F14/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F14/18—Monomers containing fluorine
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers to produce fluoropolymers.
- Fluoropolymers i.e. polymers having a fluorinated backbone
- Fluoropolymers have been long known and have been used in a variety of applications because of several desirable properties such as heat resistance, chemical resistance, weatherability, UV-stability etc.
- the various fluoropolymers are for example described in “Modern Fluoropolymers”, edited by John Scheirs, Wiley Science 1997.
- fluoropolymers include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) (FEP polymers), perfluoroalkoxy copolymers (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymers, terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (THV) and polyvinylidene fluoride polymers (PVDF).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- HFP hexafluoropropylene
- FEP polymers perfluoroalkoxy copolymers
- ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers
- the most commonly employed polymerization methods include suspension polymerization and especially aqueous emulsion polymerization.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization normally involves the polymerization in the presence of a fluorinated surfactant, which is generally used for the stabilization of the polymer particles formed.
- the suspension polymerization generally does not involve the use of surfactant but results in substantially larger polymer particles than in case of the aqueous emulsion polymerization.
- the polymer particles in case of suspension polymerization will quickly settle out whereas in case of dispersions obtained in emulsion polymerization generally good stability over a long period of time is obtained.
- WO 97/17381 discloses an aqueous emulsion polymerization in the absence of a surfactant wherein a radical initiator system of a reducing agent and oxidizing agent is used to initiate the polymerization and whereby the initiator system is added in one or more further charges during the polymerization. So-called emulsifier free polymerization has further been disclosed in WO 02/88206 and WO 02/88203.
- WO 02/88207 teaches an emulsifier free polymerization using certain chain transfer agents to minimize formation of water soluble fluorinated compounds.
- An emulsifier free polymerization is further disclosed in RU 2158274 for making an elastomeric copolymer of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization process in the presence of fluorinated surfactants is still a desirable process to produce fluoropolymers because it can yield stable fluoropolymer particle dispersions in high yield and in a more environmental friendly way than for example polymerizations conducted in an organic solvent.
- the emulsion polymerization process is carried out using a perfluoroalkanoic acid or salt thereof as a surfactant.
- surfactants are typically used as they provide a wide variety of desirable properties such as high speed of polymerization, good copolymerization properties of fluorinated olefins with comonomers, small particle sizes of the resulting dispersion can be achieved, good polymerization yields i.e. a high amount of solids can be produced, good dispersion stability, etc.
- environmental concerns have been raised against these surfactants and moreover these surfactants are generally expensive.
- surfactants of the general formula R f —C 2 H 4 —SO 3 M, wherein R f represents a perfluorinated aliphatic group and wherein M represents a cation have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,508, U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,709, U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,884 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,618.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,552 discloses partially fluorinated surfactants of the general formula R f —(CH 2 ) m —R′ f —COOM wherein R f represents a perfluoroalkyl group or a perfluoroalkoxy group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms, R′ f represents a perfluoroalkylene of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and m is 1-3.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,116 discloses perfluoroalkoxy benzene sulphonic acids and salts thereof in the aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,341 teaches perfluoropolyethers of the general formula: F—(CF 2 ) m —O—[CFX—CF 2 —O] n —CFX—COOA wherein m is 1 to 5, X is F or CF 3 , A is a monovalent cation and n is 0 to 10.
- the perfluoropolyethers are taught as emulsifiers in the emulsion polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
- U.S. Publication No. 2005/0090613 discloses fluorinated polyethers of the formula: F—(CF 2 ) m —O—[CFX—CF 2 —O] n —CFX—COOA wherein m is 3 to 10, X is F or a perfluoroalkyl group, n is 0, 1 or 2 and A is the counter ion of the carboxylic anion.
- These polyethers are taught as emulsifiers in the emulsion polymerization of fluorinated olefins.
- perfluoropolyethers having neutral end groups in an aqueous emulsion polymerization is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,006, U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,717 and EP 625526.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,006 and EP 625526 disclose the use of microemulsion prepared from perfluoropolyethers having neutral end groups in an aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers.
- a certain perfluoropolyether having carboxylic end groups is taught to emulsify the neutral perfluoropolyether.
- EP 1,334,996 discloses certain perfluoropolyethers having carboxylic acid groups or salts thereof at both end groups, i.e. the perfluoropolyethers are bifunctional.
- the perfluoropolyethers are taught for use in aqueous dispersions of fluoropolymers and in the preparation of such dispersion by aqueous emulsion polymerization.
- WO 00/71590 teaches the use of a combination of perfluoropolyether surfactants having a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof with a fluoroalkyl carboxylic acid or sulphonic acid or salt thereof. It is taught that the perfluoropolyether surfactants on their own are not very powerful surfactants.
- the alternative surfactant or dispersant allows for a high polymerization rate, good dispersion stability, good yields, good copolymerization properties and/or the possibility of obtaining a wide variety of particle sizes including small particle sizes.
- the properties of the resulting fluoropolymer should generally not be negatively influenced and preferably would be improved.
- the resulting dispersions have good or excellent properties in coating applications and/or impregnation of substrates, including for example good film forming properties.
- the polymerization can be carried out in a convenient and cost effective way, preferably using equipment commonly used in the aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers.
- perfluoropolyethers of the following formula (I) or (II) are effective in the aqueous emulsion polymerization, even when used without the addition of other surfactants such as perfluoroalkanoic acids and salts thereof.
- the perfluoropolyether surfactants correspond to formula (I) or (II) CF 3 —(OCF 2 ) m —O—CF 2 —X (I) wherein m has a value of 1 to 6 and X represents a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof; CF 3 —O—(CF 2 ) 3 —(OCF(CF 3 )—CF 2 ) z —O-L-Y (II) wherein z has a value of 0, 1, 2 or 3, L represents a divalent linking group selected from —CF(CF 3 )—, —CF 2 — and —CF 2 CF 2 — and Y represents a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof.
- carboxylic acid salts include sodium, potassium and ammonium (NH 4 ) salts.
- the invention relates to a method for making a fluoropolymer comprising an aqueous emulsion polymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers wherein said aqueous emulsion polymerization is carried out in the presence of a perfluoropolyether as an emulsifier, said perfluoropolyether being selected from the group consisting of perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (I), perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (II) and mixtures of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II).
- the invention relates to an aqueous dispersion of a fluoropolymer comprising a perfluoropolyether as an emulsifier, said perfluoropolyether being selected from the group consisting of perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (I), perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (II) and mixtures of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II).
- the present invention relates to an aqueous dispersion of a fluoropolymer comprising a perfluoropolyether selected from the group consisting of perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (I), perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (II) and mixtures of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II) as an emulsifier and wherein the aqueous dispersion is free of perfluorinated alkanoic acids or salts thereof.
- a perfluoropolyether selected from the group consisting of perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (I), perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (II) and mixtures of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II) as an emulsifier and wherein the aqueous dispersion is free of perfluorinated alkanoic acids or salts thereof.
- the invention in a further aspect relates to aqueous dispersions of a fluoropolymer comprising a perfluoropolyether selected from the group consisting of perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (I), perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (II) and mixtures of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II) as an emulsifier and additionally comprising a non-ionic surfactant, typically in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight based on the weight of fluoropolymer solids.
- a perfluoropolyether selected from the group consisting of perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (I), perfluoropolyethers according to above formula (II) and mixtures of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II) as an emulsifier and additionally comprising a non-ionic surfactant, typically in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers can be conducted using one or more perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and/or (II) as emulsifier.
- the polymerization may be carried out using a perfluoropolyether or mixture of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I).
- a perfluoropolyether or mixture of perfluoropolyethers according to formula (II) is used.
- a mixture of one or more perfluoropolyethers according to formula (I) and one or more perfluoropolyethers according to formula (II) is used.
- Perfluoropolyethers of formula (I) are commercially available from Anles Ltd., St. Russia, Russia. These compounds may be prepared for example as described by Ershov and Popova in Fluorine Notes 4(11), 2002. Also, these perfluoropolyethers typically form as byproducts in the manufacturing of hexafluoropropylene oxide by direct oxidation of hexafluoropropylene.
- Perfluoropolyethers according to formula (II) can be derived from reactants that are also used in the manufacturing of fluorinated vinyl ethers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,536. Accordingly, these perfluoropolyethers can be obtained in an economically attractive way as they can be derived from other starting products that may be used and needed in the manufacturing of fluoromonomers and fluoropolymers.
- the perfluoropolyether is used in the aqueous emulsion polymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers, in particular gaseous fluorinated monomers.
- gaseous fluorinated monomers monomers that are present as a gas under the polymerization conditions.
- the polymerization of the fluorinated monomers is started in the presence of the perfluoropolyether, i.e. the polymerization is initiated in the presence of the perfluoropolyether.
- the amount of perfluoropolyether surfactant used may vary depending on desired properties such as amount of solids, particle size etc.
- the amount of perfluoropolyether surfactant will be between 0.01% by weight based on the weight of water in the polymerization and 5% by weight, for example between 0.05% by weight and 2% by weight. A practical range is between 0.05% by weight and 1% by weight. While the polymerization is generally initiated in the presence of the perfluoropolyether surfactant, it is not excluded to add further perfluoropolyether surfactant during the polymerization although such will generally not be necessary. Nevertheless, it may be desirable to add certain monomer to the polymerization in the form of an aqueous emulsion.
- fluorinated monomers and in particular perfluorinated co-monomers that are liquid under the polymerization conditions may be advantageously added in the form of an aqueous emulsion.
- emulsion of such co-monomers is preferably prepared using the perfluoropolyether as an emulsifier.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization may be carried out at a temperatures between 10 to 100° C., preferably 30° C. to 80° C. and the pressure is typically between 2 and 30 bar, in particular 5 to 20 bar.
- the reaction temperature may be varied during the polymerization to influence the molecular weight distribution, i.e., to obtain a broad molecular weight distribution or to obtain a bimodal or multimodal molecular weight distribution.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization is typically initiated by an initiator including any of the initiators known for initiating a free radical polymerization of fluorinated monomers.
- Suitable initiators include peroxides and azo compounds and redox based initiators.
- Specific examples of peroxide initiators include, hydrogen peroxide, sodium or barium peroxide, diacylperoxides such as diacetylperoxide, disuccinyl peroxide, dipropionylperoxide, dibutyrylperoxide, dibenzoylperoxide, benzoylacetylperoxide, diglutaric acid peroxide and dilaurylperoxide, and further per-acids and salts thereof such as e.g.
- ammonium, sodium or potassium salts examples include peracetic acid. Esters of the peracid can be used as well and examples thereof include tert.-butylperoxyacetate and tert.-butylperoxypivalate.
- examples of inorganic include for example ammonium-alkali- or earth alkali salts of persulfates, permanganic or manganic acid or manganic acids.
- a persulfate initiator e.g. ammonium persulfate (APS), can be used on its own or may be used in combination with a reducing agent.
- Suitable reducing agents include bisulfites such as for example ammonium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite, thiosulfates such as for example ammonium, potassium or sodium thiosulfate, hydrazines, azodicarboxylates and azodicarboxyldiamide (ADA).
- Further reducing agents that may be used include sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (Rongalit®) or fluoroalkyl sulfinates as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,002.
- the reducing agent typically reduces the half-life time of the persulfate initiator.
- a metal salt catalyst such as for example copper, iron or silver salts may be added.
- the amount of initiator may be between 0.01% by weight (based on the fluoropolymer solids to be produced) and 1% by weight. In one embodiment, the amount of initiator is between 0.05 and 0.5% by weight. In another embodiment, the amount may be between 0.05 and 0.3% by weight.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization system may further comprise other materials, such as buffers and, if desired, complex-formers or chain-transfer agents.
- chain transfer agents include dimethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, alkanes having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethane, propane and n-pentane, halogenated hydrocarbons such as CCl 4 , CHCl 3 and CH 2 Cl 2 and hydrofluorocarbon compounds such as CH 2 F—CF 3 (R134a).
- fluorinated monomers that may be polymerized using the perfluoropolyether surfactant as an emulsifier include partially or fully fluorinated gaseous monomers including fluorinated olefins such as tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, partially or fully fluorinated allyl ethers and partially or fully fluorinated vinyl ethers.
- the polymerization may further involve non-fluorinated monomers such as ethylene and propylene.
- fluorinated monomers that may be used in the aqueous emulsion polymerization according to the invention include those corresponding to the formula: CF 2 ⁇ CF—O—R f (III) wherein R f represents a perfluorinated aliphatic group that may contain one or more oxygen atoms.
- the perfluorovinyl ethers correspond to the general formula: CF 2 ⁇ CFO(R f O) n (R′ f O) m R′′ f (IV) wherein R f and R′ f are different linear or branched perfluoroalkylene groups of 2-6 carbon atoms, m and n are independently 0-10, and R′′ f is a perfluoroalkyl group of 1-6 carbon atoms.
- perfluorovinyl ethers examples include perfluoro-2-propoxypropylvinyl ether (PPVE-2), perfluoro-3-methoxy-n-propylvinyl ether, perfluoro-2-methoxy-ethylvinyl ether, perfluoromethylvinyl ether (PMVE), perfluoro-n-propylvinyl ether (PPVE-1) and CF 3 —(CF 2 ) 2 —O—CF(CF 3 )—CF 2 —O—CF(CF 3 )—CF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 .
- PPVE-2 perfluoro-2-propoxypropylvinyl ether
- PMVE perfluoromethylvinyl ether
- PPVE-1 perfluoro-n-propylvinyl ether
- the polymerization may involve comonomers that have a functional group such as for example a group capable of participating in a peroxide cure reaction.
- a functional group such as for example a group capable of participating in a peroxide cure reaction.
- Such functional groups include halogens such as Br or I as well as nitrile groups.
- Specific examples of such comonomers that may be listed here include
- bromo- or iodo-(per)fluoroalkyl-(per)fluorovinylethers having the formula: Z—R f —O—CX ⁇ CX 2 wherein each X may be the same or different and represents H or F, Z is Br or I, R f is a (per)fluoroalkylene C 1 -C 12 , optionally containing chlorine and/or ether oxygen atoms; for example: BrCF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 , BrCF 2 CF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 , BrCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 , BrCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 , CF 3 CFBrCF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 , and the like; and
- bromo- or iodo containing fluoroolefins such as those having the formula: Z′—(R f ′) r —CX ⁇ CX 2 , wherein each X independently represents H or F, Z′ is Br or I, R f ′ is a perfluoroalkylene C 1 -C 12 , optionally containing chlorine atoms and r is 0 or 1; for instance: bromotrifluoroethylene, 4-bromo-perfluorobutene-1, and the like; or bromofluoroolefins such as 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene and 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobutene-1.
- nitrile containing monomers examples include those that correspond to one of the following formulas: CF 2 ⁇ CF—CF 2 —O—R f —CN CF 2 ⁇ CFO(CF 2 ) L CN CF 2 ⁇ CFO [CF 2 CF(CF 3 )O] g (CF 2 ) v OCF(CF 3 )CN CF 2 ⁇ CF [OCF 2 CF(CF 3 )] k O(CF 2 ) u CN wherein L represents an integer of 2 to 12; g represents an integer of 0 to 4; k represents 1 or 2; v represents an integer of 0 to 6; u represents an integer of 1 to 6, R f is a perfluoroalkylene or a bivalent perfluoroether group.
- nitrile containing liquid fluorinated monomers include perfluoro(8-cyano-5-methyl-3,6-dioxa-1-octene), CF 2 ⁇ CFO(CF 2 ) 5 CN, and CF 2 ⁇ CFO(CF 2 ) 3 OCF(CF 3 )CN.
- a fluorinated liquid may be added to the polymerization system.
- liquid is meant that the compound should be liquid at the conditions of temperature and pressure employed in the polymerization process.
- the fluorinated liquid has a boiling point of at least 50° C., preferably at least 80° C. at atmospheric pressure.
- Fluorinated liquids include in particular highly fluorinated hydrocarbons as well as liquid fluorinated monomers.
- highly fluorinated in connection with the present invention is used to indicate compounds in which most and preferably all hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine atoms as well as compounds wherein the majority of hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine atoms and where most or all of the remainder of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with bromine, chlorine or iodine.
- a highly fluorinated compound in connection with this invention will have only few, e.g., 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms replaced by a halogen other than fluorine and/or have only one or two hydrogen atoms remaining.
- the hydrogen atoms When not all hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine or another halogen, i.e., the compound is not perfluorinated, the hydrogen atoms should generally be in a position on the compound such that substantially no chain transfer thereto occurs, i.e., such that the compound acts as an inert in the polymerization, i.e., the compound does not participate in the free radical polymerization.
- Compounds in which all hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine and/or other halogen atoms are herein referred to as ‘perfluorinated’.
- Liquid and fluorinated hydrocarbon compounds that can be used as fluorinated liquid typically comprise between 3 and 25 carbon atoms, preferably between 5 and 20 carbon atoms and may contain up to 2 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
- the highly fluorinated hydrocarbon compound is a perfluorinated hydrocarbon compound.
- Suitable perfluorinated hydrocarbons include perfluorinated saturated linear, branched and/or cyclic aliphatic compounds such as a perfluorinated linear, branched or cyclic alkane; a perfluorinated aromatic compound such as perfluorinated benzene, or perfluorinated tetradecahydro phenanthene.
- It can also be a perfluorinated alkyl amine such as a perfluorinated trialkyl amine. It can further be a perfluorinated cyclic aliphatic, such as decalin; and preferably a heterocyclic aliphatic compound containing oxygen or sulfur in the ring, such as perfluoro-2-butyl tetrahydrofuran.
- perfluorinated hydrocarbons include perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran, perfluorodecalin, perfluoromethyldecalin, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluoro(1,3-dimethylcyclohexane), perfluorodimethyldecahydronaphthalene, perfluorofluorene, perfluoro(tetradecahydrophenanthrene), perfluorotetracosane, perfluorokerosenes, octafluoronaphthalene, oligomers of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), perfluoro(trialkylamine) such as perfluoro(tripropylamine), perfluoro(tributylamine), or perfluoro(tripentylamine), and octafluorotoluene, hexafluorobenzene, and commercial fluorinated solvents, such as Fluorinert FC-75,
- a suitable inert liquid and highly fluorinated hydrocarbon compound is C 3 F 7 —O—CF(CF 3 )—CF 2 —O—CHF—CF 3 .
- the fluorinated liquid may also comprise liquid fluorinated monomer alone or in combination with above described liquid fluorinated compounds.
- liquid fluorinated monomers include monomers that are liquid under the polymerization conditions and that are selected from (per)fluorinated vinyl ethers, (per)fluorinated allyl ethers and (per)fluorinated alkyl vinyl monomers.
- a fluorinated liquid When a fluorinated liquid is used, it will generally be preferred to emulsify the fluorinated liquid.
- the fluorinated liquid is emulsified using the perfluoropolyether surfactant.
- a fluorinated liquid when a fluorinated liquid is used in the polymerization, it will be advantageous that at least a portion thereof or all is provided at the start of the polymerization such that the polymerization is initiated in the presence of the emulsified fluorinated liquid.
- the use of the fluorinated liquid may improve such properties as the rate of polymerization, incorporation of co-monomers and may reduce the particle size and/or improve the amount of solids that can be obtained at the end of the polymerization.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization may be used to produce a variety of fluoropolymers including perfluoropolymers, which have a fully fluorinated backbone, as well as partially fluorinated fluoropolymers. Also the aqueous emulsion polymerization may result in melt-processible fluoropolymers as well as those that are not melt-processible such as for example polytetrafluoroethylene and so-called modified polytetrafluoroethylene. The polymerization process can further yield fluoropolymers that can be cured to make fluoroelastomers as well as fluorothermoplasts.
- Fluorothermoplasts are generally fluoropolymers that have a distinct and well noticeable melting point, typically in the range of 60 to 340° C. or between 100 and 320° C. They thus have a substantial crystalline phase. Fluoropolymers that are used for making fluoroelastomers typically are amorphous and/or have a neglectable amount of crystallinity such that no or hardly any melting point is discernable for these fluoropolymers.
- the aqueous emulsion polymerization results in a dispersion of the fluoropolymer in water.
- the amount of solids of the fluoropolymer in the dispersion directly resulting from the polymerization will vary between 3% by weight and about 40% by weight depending on the polymerization conditions. A typical range is between 5 and 30% by weight.
- the particle size (volume average particle size) of the fluoropolymer is typically between 50 nm and 350 nm with a typical particle size being between 100 nm and about 300 nm.
- the amount of perfluoropolyether according to formula (I) and/or (II) in the resulting dispersion is typically between 0.001 and 5% by weight based on the amount of fluoropolymer solids in the dispersion.
- a typical amount may be from 0.01 to 2% by weight or from 0.02 to 1% by weight.
- the fluoropolymer may be isolated from the dispersion by coagulation if a polymer in solid form is desired. Also, depending on the requirements of the application in which the fluoropolymer is to be used, the fluoropolymer may be post-fluorinated so as to convert any thermally unstable end groups into stable CF 3 end groups.
- the fluoropolymer may be post-fluorinated as described in for example EP 222945. Generally, the fluoropolymer will be post fluorinated such that the amount of end groups in the fluoropolymer other than CF 3 is less than 80 per million carbon atoms.
- an aqueous dispersion of the fluoropolymer is desired and hence the fluoropolymer will not need to be separated or coagulated from the dispersion.
- a fluoropolymer dispersion suitable for use in coating applications such as for example in the impregnation of fabrics or in the coating of metal substrates to make for example cookware, it will generally be desired to add further stabilizing surfactants and/or to further increase the fluoropolymer solids.
- non-ionic stabilizing surfactants may be added to the fluoropolymer dispersion. Typically these will be added thereto in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight based on fluoropolymer solids.
- non-ionic surfactants examples include R 1 —O—[CH 2 CH 2 O] n —[R 2 O] m —R 3 (V) wherein R 1 represents an aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon group having at least 8 carbon atoms, R 2 represents an alkylene having 3 carbon atoms, R 3 represents hydrogen or a C 1 -C 3 alkyl group, n has a value of 0 to 40, m has a value of 0 to 40 and the sum of n+m being at least 2. It will be understood that in the above formula (V), the units indexed by n and m may appear as blocks or they may be present in an alternating or random configuration.
- non-ionic surfactants include alkylphenol oxy ethylates such as ethoxylated p-isooctylphenol commercially available under the brand name TRITONTM such as for example TRITONTM X 100 wherein the number of ethoxy units is about 10 or TRITONTM X 114 wherein the number of ethoxy units is about 7 to 8.
- alkylphenol oxy ethylates such as ethoxylated p-isooctylphenol commercially available under the brand name TRITONTM such as for example TRITONTM X 100 wherein the number of ethoxy units is about 10 or TRITONTM X 114 wherein the number of ethoxy units is about 7 to 8.
- R 1 n the above formula (V) represents an alkyl group of 4 to 20 carbon atoms
- m is 0 and R 3 is hydrogen.
- Non-ionic surfactants according to formula (V) in which the hydrophilic part comprises a block-copolymer of ethoxy groups and propoxy groups may be used as well.
- Such non-ionic surfactants are commercially available from Clariant GmbH under the trade designation GENAPOL® PF 40 and GENAPOL® PF 80.
- the amount of fluoropolymer solids in the dispersion may be upconcentrated as needed or desired to an amount between 30 and 70% by weight. Any of the known upconcentration techniques may be used including ultrafiltration and thermal upconcentration.
- the obtained fluoropolymer may be conveniently used in most applications optionally after the addition of non-ionic surfactant and/or upconcentration and without removing the perfluoropolyether surfactant. Nevertheless, for reasons of for example costs, it may be desirable to remove the perfluoropolyether from the dispersion. It has been found that the perfluoropolyether surfactant can be readily removed from the aqueous dispersion using an anion exchange resin. Accordingly, a non-ionic surfactant, e.g. as disclosed above is added to the fluoropolymer dispersion, generally in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight and the fluoropolymer dispersion is then contacted with an anion exchange resin.
- a non-ionic surfactant e.g. as disclosed above is added to the fluoropolymer dispersion, generally in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight and the fluoropolymer dispersion is then contacted with an anion exchange resin.
- the anion exchange process is preferably carried out in essentially basic conditions. Accordingly, the ion exchange resin will preferably be in the OH— form although anions like fluoride or sulfate may be used as well.
- the specific basicity of the ion exchange resin is not very critical. Strongly basic resins are preferred because of their higher efficiency.
- the process may be carried out by feeding the fluoropolymer dispersion through a column that contains the ion exchange resin or alternatively, the fluoropolymer dispersion may be stirred with the ion exchange resin and the fluoropolymer dispersion may thereafter be isolated by filtration.
- the perfluoropolyether surfactant may subsequently be recovered from the anion exchange resin by eluting the loaded resin.
- a suitable mixture for eluting the anion exchange resin is a mixture of ammonium chloride, methanol and water.
- the latex particle size determination was conducted by means of dynamic light scattering with a Malvern Zetazizer 1000 HSA in accordance to ISO/DIS 13321. Prior to the measurements, the polymer latexes as yielded from the polymerisations were diluted with 0.001 mol/L KCl-solution, the measurement temperature was 25° C. in all cases. The reported average is the Z-average particle diameter.
- Polymer Density was measured according to ASTM4894 Method D792.
- the polymerization experiments were performed in a 40 L autoclave equipped with an impeller agitator and a baffle.
- the autoclave was evacuated and than charged with 33 l of deionized water and set to 35° C. Agitation was started at 160 rpm and in three following cycles, the vessel was evacuated and subsequently charged with nitrogen to assure that all oxygen had been removed.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GBGB0514387.0A GB0514387D0 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2005-07-15 | Aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers using a perfluoropolyether surfactant |
GBGB0514387.0 | 2005-07-15 |
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US (1) | US20070015865A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1904538B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5021642B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101218264B (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE464330T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE602006013641D1 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB0514387D0 (fr) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101218264A (zh) | 2008-07-09 |
RU2428434C2 (ru) | 2011-09-10 |
GB0514387D0 (en) | 2005-08-17 |
RU2008100105A (ru) | 2009-08-20 |
WO2007011631A1 (fr) | 2007-01-25 |
EP1904538B1 (fr) | 2010-04-14 |
CN101218264B (zh) | 2010-09-29 |
JP5021642B2 (ja) | 2012-09-12 |
ATE464330T1 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
JP2009501808A (ja) | 2009-01-22 |
DE602006013641D1 (de) | 2010-05-27 |
EP1904538A1 (fr) | 2008-04-02 |
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