US20060223784A1

US20060223784A1 - Method and compositions for temporarily incapacitating subjects

Info

Publication number: US20060223784A1
Application number: US11/406,902
Authority: US
Inventors: Paul Erhardt
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2000-05-12
Filing date: 2006-04-19
Publication date: 2006-10-05
Also published as: EP1565192A2; JP2006508985A; US20030095992A1; US7049326B2; CA2503316A1; AU2003295574A1; AU2003295574A8; WO2004045536A2; WO2004045536A3

Abstract

A method for modifying at least one non-ester-containing parent compound, and the compounds produced using such method, which compounds are deployed to temporarily incapacitate at least one subject are disclosed. The modified compounds are rapidly metabolized to inactive and non-toxic metabolites when exposure to the modified compounds is halted. One or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement is incorporated into the parent compound having the formula: φ-R—X—R′; where φ is a phenyl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl system present in the parent compound or is added to the parent compound; R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons present in the parent compound or is added to φ; X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function added to R; and, R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons is added to X in a metabolically labile manner, or is a structural element already present as an inherent portion of the parent compound that is connected to X in a metabolically labile manner.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present invention is a divisional application of Ser. No. 10/299,027 filed Nov. 18, 2002, now allowed, which is a continuation-in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/570,485 filed May 12, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,238 B1, issued Jun. 15, 2004, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENTS REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED APPLICATIONS

This invention was not made with Government support and the Government has no rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pharmaceutical agents or drugs exhibit desirable therapeutic properties because they contain distinct molecular arrangements called pharmacophores. Oftentimes, however, the pharmacophores or the presence of other chemical components within such compounds, provide a less than ideal overall profile relative to the final deployment of a given drug for a particular clinical indication. In some cases this situation can be improved by altering chemical features associated with a drug's distribution, metabolism or elimination (DME). This process, when successful, results in what is now referred to in the pharmaceutical community as a “soft drug” version of the original or parent drug compound: Soft Drugs. XX. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Ultra-Short Acting beta-Blockers, H.-S. Yang, W.-M, Wu and N. Bodor, Pharm. Res., 12, 329 (1995); and Synthesis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Esters, Constituting Simple Models of Soft Drugs, M. Graffner-Nordberg, K. Sjodin, A. Tunek and A. Hallberg, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 46, 591 (1998).
However, unless there is compelling preclinical data which suggests that the clinical application of a lead compound is going to become problematic, DME-related features are typically not rigorously evaluated in a chemical manner during the early process of new drug discovery and development. This situation has arisen, in part, because substantial clinical experience is often required to accurately define the sometimes subtle parameters of an undesirable DME feature relative to the beneficial aspects of a new drug while the latter is within the close purview of its actual clinical use in a specific pathophysiological setting. The problem of not knowing exactly what DME and toxicity-related properties may need to be addressed is additionally confounded by not having ready chemical blueprints for how to generally proceed even when a particular DME or toxicity issue becomes suspected.
The invention disclosed herein provides a ready method for altering DME and toxicity-related properties by deploying a specific chemical blueprint. The approach is useful to initially assess the DME parameters for an entire family of potential new drug candidate possibilities during the family's very early stages of structural refinement and preclinical study. When applied in this fashion, the inventive method expedites and improves the efficiency of the overall process of drug discovery and development.
Technologies which can enhance the efficiency of the drug discovery and development process have recently become of very high interest to the global pharmaceutical enterprise: Lead Generation and Optimization, Annual Meeting Strategic Research Institute, San Diego, Jun. 23, 1997; Emerging Technologies for Drug Discovery, International Biotechnology Event National Management Health Care Congress, Boston, May 19, 1997; and Pharmaceutical Education, Interim Meeting, American Association Colleges Pharmacy, Washington, D.C., Mar. 2, 1997.
Of equal significance but in more succinct and individually directed applications, the present invention is also useful for modifying the clinically established pharmaceutical agents where the specific therapeutic/side-effect details and benefits that might be associated with such DME alterations to a parent drug molecule are already recognized for a given indication. The current move to individualize drug treatment protocols within the evolving field of pharmacogenetics further underscores the very high interest and importance for having conveniently deployable technologies which can be generally applied toward fine-tuning and tailoring the overall pharmacological profile of a given drug for a given indication within a given individual: Recommendations of the NIGMS Working Group-Understanding Individual Variations in Drug Responses: From Phenotype to Genotype, R. M. Long and R. M. Weinshilboum, NIH Report.nih.gov/nigms/news/reports/pharmacogenetics, 5 pages (Jun. 9-10, 1998).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of deploying one or more aralkyl ester moieties or “metabophores” within a parent drug compound. The aralkyl ester moieties are either co-constructed within the constitutive molecular framework of a parent drug compound or are added onto a parent drug compound as a distinct appendage. These constructions are done in such a manner so as to preserve the parent drug's therapeutic properties while programming a specific course for the drug's metabolism. The specific course for the drug's metabolism leads to inactive or much less active, non-toxic metabolites when the modified drug is then administered to humans by either the oral, inhalation, injection, implantable or topical routes.
Furthermore, the specific molecular details of the aralkyl ester moieties and their various placements within the parent drug's structure are able to be fine-tuned to precisely control the rate of metabolism. The rate of metabolism, in turn, can be used to control the distribution, the duration of action, the elimination, and/or the toxicity of the resulting soft drug.
The metabophores are useful for all drug types whenever the programmed ester cleavage causes fragmentation of the drug's inherent pharmacophore or leads to the production of an acidic group that can not somewhere by tolerated by the pharmacophore within the still intact parent drug.
The metabophores are also useful for producing families of closely related compounds for better optimizing the overall pharmacological profiles of new drug candidates during the process of drug design and development.
The metabophores are also useful for enhancement of the overall therapeutic profiles for a wide variety of drugs already being used.
In one aspect, the metabophores are used to program a specific course of innocuous metabolism/elimination in order to circumvent unwanted accumulation and/or toxic pathways otherwise exhibited by the parent drug.
In another aspect, the metabophores are used to program the rate for a specified metabolism in order to adjust the parent drug's duration of action to a desired shorter time interval. Alternatively, when the aralkyl ester moieties are used in conjunction with an implant or drug depot delivery system, the rate of programmed metabolism can be matched to that for the soft drug's delivery so as to precisely provide prolonged steady-state levels of the soft drug at pre-calibrated concentrations.
In another aspect, the metabophores are used to program an ultra-short duration into a parent drug to allow the resulting soft drug's actions to be under precise moment-to-moment control via its intravenous administration infusion rate, an overall drug property which has already been demonstrated to be particularly useful in critical care and surgical settings. Given the paucity of drugs and drug-related technologies that have been previously targeted for very young humans, the present invention is especially useful in the development of aralkyl ester soft drugs which are conveniently and safely deployed for the specific treatment of premature, full-term newborn or for the perinatal and neonatal populations in general.
In yet another aspect, the metabophores are useful to provide an ultra-short duration drug which allows for localizing the effects of the soft drug when the drug's initial delivery or activation within a desired compartment can also be achieved in a selective manner (e.g. localized injection, implant, surgical sutures, or localized photodynamic activation).
In still yet another aspect, the metabophores are useful to provide a soft drug pharmacological agent that can be deployed by the intravenous route to wean a patient off of a parent drug whose pharmacological action is more safely removed in a controlled, step-wise manner by progressively decreasing the rate of the intravenous drip of the soft drug version (e.g. avoidance of re-bound pharmacological events due to abrupt withdrawal of the parent compound).
In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method for modifying non-ester-containing parent compounds, and to those compounds themselves, that are deployed to temporarily incapacitate subjects, including animals and humans, so as to insure that the modified compounds are rapidly metabolized to inactive and non-toxic metabolites when the exposure to the modified compounds is halted. The method involves the incorporation of one or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement to the parent compounds, the chemical arrangement comprising
φ-R—X—R′
where φ is a phenyl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl system that is already present in the parent compound or is specifically added to the parent compound via a metabolically stable connection;
R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is already present in the parent compound or is added to φ via a metabolically stable connection;
X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is specifically added to R via a metabolically stable connection; and,
R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is added to X in a metabolically labile manner, or is a structural element already present as an inherent portion of the parent compound that is connected to X in a metabolically labile manner.
In certain embodiments, the compositions can comprise, for example, a composition where the parent compound is fentanyl.
In certain embodiments, the subjects can be mammals such as uncontrolled animals, or in other embodiments, humans who need to be temporarily incapacitated. The present invention is especially useful for modifying various types of defensive and offensive chemicals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows Structure 1 which is propranolol, a prototypical aryloxypropanolamine beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent which is used clinically and has a long duration of action (i.e. several hour half-life). Structure 2 is esmolol, which is also a beta-blocker used clinically (Brevibloc®) but was designed to have an ultra-short duration of action (i.e. ten minute half-life) as a result of an appended “external” ester (note carboxyl moiety extended from the southern region of the overall molecule). Structure 3 is another ultra-short acting beta-blocker which has an ester within or “internal” to the parent aryloxypropanolamine pharmacophore (note centralized location of the carboxyl moiety within the overall molecule).
FIG. 2 shows Structure 4 which is 2,6-bis(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-4-benzamidophenol, an antiarrhythmic drug candidate. Structure 5 represents a series of external ester-containing derivatives of 4 that provides a complimentary family of potential soft drug versions of the parent having variously shortened durations of action.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the chemical elements showing a “metabophoric” blueprint for placement within clinically used drug molecules and/or for elaboration within new drug candidate compounds undergoing development for use within the clinic. In Structure 6: A is an attachment or tether functionality when B is not an inherent portion of the parent drug molecule; B is an aryl or heteroaryl system; C is alkyl or an alkene chain; D is carboxyl (—CO₂—), sulfoxyl (—SO₃) or a phosphatyl function (—PO₃<); and E is alkyl, aralkyl or an additionally derivatized leaving group. In certain embodiments, A may be deleted because B or both B and C are already present as an inherent portion of the parent structure. For example, when A is absent, B is substituted phenyl, C is ethyl, D is carboxyl and E is methyl, then Structure 6 defines the southern portion of Structure 2 plus its relationship to the phenyl ring in the right-half portion of the naphthalene system within Structure 1 wherein the latter is an inherent portion of the prototypical β-blocker pharmacophore. In Structure 7: E may also be (or become attached to) a required pharmacophoric component of the parent drug compound. In this embodiment, the ester metabophore D is thus encompassed from both sides within the parent structure's pharmacophore (e.g. as in Structure 3 within FIG. 1) as opposed to its residence as an appendage (e.g. as in Structure 2 within FIG. 1). Thus, when A is absent, B is ortho-flurophenyl, C is absent (alkyl case —(CH₂)_n— where n=0), D is carboxyl and E is a methylene attached to a portion of the parent pharmacophore, then Structure 7 defines the key metabophoric placement within Structure 3 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 shows the structural similarities between the esmolol Structure 2, a new target molecule Structure 8, and Structure 9 which is clonidine, a prototypical α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist whose beneficial clinical effects are mediated centrally. A complementary overlap involving the key elements of the partially appended (external) metabophore within Structure 2 and a significant portion of the requisite pharmacophore within Structure 9 can be found to co-reside within the phenyl-ring of Structure 8.
FIG. 5 shows a representation of the backbone chain folding of E-coli dihydrofolate reductase containing a bound methotrexate molecule as derived from a computer-generated plot of all atoms in the drug and all α-carbon atoms of the enzyme. Strands of the central pleated sheet are shown as wide arrows.
FIG. 6 shows structures of methotrexate (Structure 10) and of a metabolically labile internal ester target form (Structure 11), in which a simple ester bond is deployed as a metabophoric replacement for the parent structure's amide bond.
FIGS. 7-25 show examples of metabophores placed within a parent molecular framework for a wide array of established pharmaceutical agents that are used clinically.
FIG. 26 shows Structures I to IV that are short-acting versions of fentanyl where the metabophore disclosed has been incorporated into fentanyl so as to program a quick metabolism by esterases, such as human esterases, after the deployment of the modified compounds to temporarily incapacitate people that are behaving in a criminal manner.
In Structures I to III, R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons, X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R in a metabolically stable manner, R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is connected to X via a metabolically labile manner, and the lines drawn into the center of the non-nitrogen substituted phenyl ring and into the center of the aniline type of phenyl ring indicate that the so described R—X—R′ system can be attached to any of the unsubstituted positions by replacement of a hydrogen atom.
Structure IV represents the specific embodiment where R is an ethyl connecting chain, X is a carboxyl function, R′ is a methyl group and the metabophore system is completed by attachment to the para-position of the aniline type of phenyl ring system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method for programming a specific course and rate for a parent drug compound's metabolism that leads to an inactive or very weakly active and non-toxic metabolite when the parent drug compound is administered to humans by either the oral, injection, inhalation, implantable or topical routes. The method comprises modifying the parent drug compound by forming one or more of a modifying the parent drug compound by forming one or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement within the parent drug compound. The chemical arrangement comprises A-φ-(R)—X—R′ where A is absent or is a tether moiety which allows for a metabolically stable chemical connection to be made to the parent drug compound. φ is a substituted aryl or heteroaryl system that is already present within the parent drug compound or is specifically added to the parent drug compound via A. R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is either already present within the parent drug compound or is specifically added to the parent drug compound via connection to φ. X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is specifically added to the parent drug compound via connection to R. R′ is an added alkyl, alkenyl, or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons; other common leaving group or, a structural element already present as an inherent portion of the parent drug compound. The chemical arrangement is not used in connection with specific structural settings where the parent drug compound is an aryloxypropanolamine, a 2,6-bis(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-4-benzamidophenol, or where the parent drug already contains an ester moiety as an inherent component of its structure that also causes the parent drug to already exhibit a short duration of action as would be the specific cases for the classical short-acting drugs succinylcholine and procaine.
In certain embodiments, X is carboxyl. In other embodiments, R and R′ are unbranched alkyl from 1 to 2 carbons. In still other embodiments, R′ is a structural element already present as an inherent portion of the parent drug.
The modified drug is used to optimize the overall pharmacological profile of a new drug candidate during the process of drug design and development. Alternatively, the modified drug is used to enhance the overall therapeutic profile of a parent drug already being used in the clinic. The programmed metabolism of the added chemical arrangement serves to circumvent unwanted accumulation of the drug and to circumvent one or more toxic metabolic pathways.
The programmed rate of metabolism for the added chemical arrangement is adjusted to produce a shorter duration of action for the modified drug as compared to the parent drug. The shorter duration allows the actions of the modified drug to be under precise moment-to-moment control by adjustment of the infusion rate of the modified drug when administered intravenously. The intravenous administration is used to treat critical care patients and to treat neonates.
The intravenous administration is also used to wean a patient off an unmodified parent drug whose similar pharmacological action is more safely removed in a controlled, step-wise manner by progressively decreasing the rate of the intravenous drip of the modified drug. The shorter duration allows the actions of the modified drug to remain localized when the initial delivery or activation of the modified drug is targeted to a specified compartment by use of localized injection or implant materials, or by localized photodynamic activation of the modified drug. In certain embodiments, the implant is a type of surgical-related material or suture where the modified drug is an antibiotic or a compound that promotes healing.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the programmed rate of metabolism of the modified drug is matched with a release rate from a sustained-released injectable formulation or implant of the modified drug to provide for prolonged steady-state levels of the modified drug at pre-calibrated concentrations.
Also, according another aspect of the present invention, the modified drug is used as a topical treatment in order to eliminate or lessen unwanted effects that the unmodified parent drug exhibits upon systemic absorption after placement on the skin or within the eye or nasal passageways.
The method of the present invention is especially useful where the parent drug plus added chemical arrangement comprises a short-acting anti-cholinergic agent. In certain embodiments, the short-acting anti-cholinergic agent is an atropine derivative that is designed for topical administration to the eye. In other embodiments, the short-acting anti-cholinergic agent is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular junction blocking agent that is designed for use by the intravenous route during surgical-related procedures.
Also, the method of the present invention is especially useful where the parent drug plus added chemical arrangement comprises an ultra-short acting alpha₁-adrenergic receptor blocker or an alpha₂-adrenergic receptor agonist.
The method of the present invention is also useful where the parent drug plus added chemical arrangement comprises a short-acting inhibitor of the sodium channel. In certain embodiments, the short-acting inhibitors are administered as sustained-release or implantable dosage forms.
Still other uses of the method of the present invention include uses in which the parent drug plus the added chemical arrangement comprises an ultra-short acting ACE inhibitor; an ultra-short acting histamine receptor blocker; an ultra-short acting adenosine antagonist; an ultra-short acting anti-inflammatory agent; an ultra-short acting antiarrhythmic agent; and, an ultra-short acting calcium channel blocker.
Still further uses of the method of the present invention include uses in which the parent drug plus the added chemical arrangement comprises an ultra-short acting antibiotic compound including sulfonamide, penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporin or tetracycline. In certain embodiments, the ultra-short acting antibiotic compounds are administered via their impregnation in surgical suture material or wound-healing implantable polymeric materials.
Yet another use of the method of the present invention includes a use in which the parent drug plus the added chemical arrangement comprises a short-acting version of methotrexate. In certain embodiments, the short-acting version of methotrexate is administered topically. The present invention is especially useful where the topical administration is used to treat epidermoid cancers or psoriasis.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for modifying non-ester-containing parent compounds that are deployed to temporarily incapacitate subjects, so as to insure that the modified compounds are rapidly metabolized to inactive and non-toxic metabolites when the exposure to the modified compounds is halted. The method involves the incorporation of one or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement to the parent compounds. The chemical arrangement comprises
φ-R—X—R′
where φ is a phenyl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl system that is already present in the parent drug compound or is specifically added to the parent drug compound via a metabolically stable connection;
R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is already present in the parent drug compound or is added to φ via a metabolically stable connection;
X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is specifically added to R via a metabolically stable connection; and,
R′ is an added alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is added to X in a metabolically labile manner, or is a structural element already present as an inherent portion of the parent drug compound that is connected to X in a metabolically labile manner.
In certain embodiments, the φ is a phenyl system that is already present in the parent compound, R is an added alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons, X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function, and R′ is an alkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons. One example of such method is where the parent compound is fentanyl.
One use of the method involves the incorporation of the metabophore into chemicals that are legally used to temporarily incapacitate desired subjects, such as uncontrolled mammals or humans, who need to be temporarily incapacitated. The use of these types of chemicals produced by the method of the present invention is less harmful to the subjects being incapacitated and is safer for any innocent, nearby parties who may become accidentally exposed to the chemical. These types of legal uses include defensive products that are available to the general public such as “chemical mace” and offensive products that would be available only to law enforcement or the military units of countries that comply to internationally recognized treaties pertaining to the use and non-use of chemical weapons. In such cases, the benefits from incorporating the metabophore disclosed herein include the ability to program a very short duration of effect, to program the production of non-toxic metabolites, and to utilize the ubiquitous esterases to perform the programmed, or directed, metabolic steps. The last benefit is particularly important when the innocent parties may have less than their normal ability to recover from the exposure to drugs in general, such as can be the case for persons being held hostage for several days or longer. This is because, unlike many of the other drug-handling metabolic pathways, the esterase status of humans should be less subject to reductions due to ill-health, sleep deprivation, malnutrition and other negative environmental factors. For example, just recently the Russians legally deployed aerosolized fentanyl to thwart a major hostage situation that was taking place in a theater but in the process of incapacitating the terrorists, 115 of the 750 innocent hostages were accidentally killed (Chemical and Engineering News, page 6, Nov. 4, 2002). While fentanyl is a rapid and short-acting narcotic otherwise used as a short duration painkiller, it is not ultra-short and it does not rely on esterases to end its activity. A large number of the innocent deaths are now suspected to have occurred because many of the hostages no longer had their normal ability to metabolize drugs in general, and in this case to clear-out the fentanyl. Thus, in a situation like this the hostages had become more susceptible to the chemical's toxicity than the captors. Alternatively, by incorporating the metabophore disclosed herein into the fentanyl parent drug molecule and then using the resulting modified drug that has been programmed, or directed, to be metabolized by the ubiquitous and still robust esterases, perhaps only a few, if any, of the innocent hostages would have been killed. ARTICLE II.7 of the International Treaty on the use of chemical weapons defines a “riot-control agent” as a chemical not listed as a banned item in the International Treaty and that produces rapid disabling effects that quickly disappear after exposure ends. The metabophore technology disclosed herein is ideally suited for producing this type of rapid onset and quick disappearance profile in a wide variety of parent molecules that are not short acting to begin with, or to further improve upon this type of profile in various parent molecules that already have a short duration of action but do not rely upon esterases as the basis for ending their activity.
Referring now to Structures 2 and 3 in FIG. 1, the indicated metabophoric functionalities were previously incorporated into propanol-like structures to produce ultra-short acting beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent soft drugs: Method for Treatment or Prophylaxis of tetra-substituted Cardiac Disorders (Aryl Esters), P. W. Erhardt, R. J. Borgman and J. P. O'Donnell, U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,103 (1983); Method for Treatment or Prophylaxis of Cardiac Disorders (Aryl Esters), P. W. Erhardt, R. J. Borgman and J. P. O'Donnell, U.S. Pat. No. 4,593,119 (1986); Method for Treatment or Prophylaxis of Cardiac Disorders (Internal Esters), S. T. Kam, P. W. Erhardt, R. J. Borgman and J. P. O'Donnell, U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,642 (1983); Compounds and Method for Treatment or Prophylaxis of Cardiac Disorders (N-External Esters), P. S. Erhardt and R. J. Borgman, U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,173 (1984); Compounds for Treatment or Prophylaxis of Cardiac Disorders (Internal Esters), R. J. Borgman, P. W. Erhardt, S. T. Kam and J. P. O'Donnell, U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,481 (1986); Esters of Thiadiazole Oxypropanolamine Derivatives and Pharmaceutical Uses, P. W. Erhardt and W. L. Matier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,652 (1986); Esters of 3-(3-Substituted-Amino-2-Hydroxpropoxy)-4-Substituted-1,2,5-Thiadiazole Derivatives, W. L. Matier, P. W. Erhardt and G. Patil, U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,725 (1985); Ethylenediamine Derivatives of Aryloxypropanolamine Aryl Esters Having Various Medicinal Properties, P. W. Erhardt and C. M. Woo, U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,668 (1985); Esters or Aryloxpropanolamine Derivatives and Medicinal Uses, P. W. Erhardt and W. L. Matier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,446 (1987); Esters of Aryloxypropanolamine Derivatives, P. W. Erhardt and W. L. Matier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,677 (1989); Esters of Aryloxypropanolamine Derivatives, P. W. Erhardt and W. L. Matier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,661 (1990); Ultra-Short Acting β-Blockers: A Proposal For The Treatment of The Critically Ill Patient, J. Zaroslinski, R. J. Borgman, J. P. O'Donnell, W. G. Anderson, P. W. Erhardt, S. T. Kam, R. D. Reynolds, R. J. Lee and R. J. Gorczynski, Life Sciences, 31, 899 (1982); Benzylamine and Dibenzylamine Revisited. Syntheses of N-Substituted Aryloxypropanolamines Exemplifying a General Route to Secondary Aliphatic Amines, P. W. Erhardt, Synth. Comm., 13, 103 (1983); Ultra Short-Acting β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents. 1. (Aryloxy)propanolamines Containing Esters in the Nitrogen Substituent, P. W. Erhardt, C. M. Woo, R. J. Gorczynski and W. G. Anderson, J. Med. Chem., 25, 1402 (1982); Ultra-Short-Acting β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents. 2. (Aryloxy)propanolamines Containing Esters on the Aryl Function, P. W. Erhardt, C. M. Woo, W. G. Anderson and R. J. Gorczynski, J. Med. Chem., 25, 1408 (1982); and Ultra-Short-Action β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents. 3. Ethylenediamine Derivatives of (Aryloxy)propanolamines Having Esters on the Aryl Function, P. W. Erhardt, C. M. Woo, W. L. Matier, R. J. Gorczynski and W. G. Anderson, J. Med. Chem., 26, 1109 (1983). The successful development and marketing of Structure 2 (esmolol or Brevibloc®) provides an exemplary clinical proof of utility for the present invention within the context of using beta-blockers in the critical care arena: Esmolol. P. W. Erhardt, in Chronicles of Drug Discovery, D. Lednicer, Ed. ACS Books, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1993; A Prodrug and a Soft Drug. P. W. Erhardt, in Drug Metabolism: Databases and High-Throughput Testing During Drug Design and Development, P. W. Erhardt, Ed. IUPAC Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K. 1999.
Referring to FIG. 2, the indicated metabophoric functionalities have also been previously incorporated into a novel compound, Structure 4 as the latter was undergoing preclinical and early clinical development for its potential use as a long-acting antiarrhythmic agent. A short-acting, potential soft drug version, Structure 5, was obtained in a complimentary manner within a very limited family of closely-related compounds: Ester Derivatives of 2,6-Bis(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-4-benzamidophenol as Short-Acting Antiarrhythmic Agents. 1. D. M. Stout, L. A. Black, C. Barcelon-Yang, W. L. Matier, B. S. Brown, C. Y. Quon and H. F. Stampfli, J. Med. Chem., 32, 1910 (1989); and Mono- and Bis(aminomethyl)phenylacetic Acid Esters as Short-Acting Antiarrhythmic Agents. 2. R. J. Chorvat, L. A. Black, V. V. Ranade, C. Barcelon-Yang, D. M. Stout, B. S. Brown, H. F. Stampfli and C. Y. Quon, J. Med. Chem., 36, 2494 (1993). Although these research compounds were not pursued into the marketplace, the ready obtainment of a family of short-acting agents within the specific context of parent compound Structure 4 provides a demonstration of the utility and ease of deploying the metabophoric technology, as specifically described herein, in a parallel manner during the preclinical and early clinical development stages of new drug development.
Referring to FIG. 3, the structural arrangements specified by Structures 6 and 7 have similar applicability when placed within other drug molecules. Since the structural systems or chemical arrangements portrayed by Structures 6 and 7 program distinct metabolic lability into a parent molecule, they are also referred to herein as “metabophores,” by analogy to the term “pharmacophore”. The latter term is used to specify the structural components within a drug that are requisite for the drug's efficacious pharmacological activity. By analogy, the term “metabophore” has recently been placed within the literature to designate the specific molecular features that are pertinent for a given metabolic process, such as that for the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of an ester moiety: Drug Metabolism Data: Past And Present Status, P. W. Erhardt, Med. Chem. Res., 8, 400 (1998); Drug Metabolism Data: Past, Present and Future Considerations, P. W. Erhardt, Metabolism Databases and High Through-put Testing During Drug Design and Development, P. Erhardt, Ed. IUPAC Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 1999; Statistics-Based Probabilities of Metabolic Possibilities, P. W. Erhardt, Metabolism Databases and High Through-put Testing During Drug Design and Development, P. Erhardt, Ed. IUPAC Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 1999; and Use of Metabolism Databases During The Design of Prodrugs and Codrugs, P. W. Erhardt, Metabolism Databases and High Through-put Testing During Drug Design and Development, P. Erhardt, Ed. IUPAC Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 1999.
Thus, the method of the present invention provides for the general use of a distinct metabophoric chemical arrangement that is incorporated one or more times within a parent drug compound. Specifically, variations within a defined family of an aralkyl ester moiety constitute the distinct metabophoric arrangements that are incorporated one or more times into a parent drug compound such that initially there is a minimal impact upon the original desired pharmacological activity exhibited by the parent drug. The metabophore units are subject, however, to Phase 1 metabolic hydrolysis by one or more of the esterases, sulfatases, phosphatases, CYPs and the like. In FIG. 3, both the ABCD fragment and the E fragment that result from the metabolic hydrolysis are inactive or significantly less active, are non-toxic and are subject to subsequent metabolic and/or elimination pathways at a rate that is appropriate for a given clinical indication. Further, manipulation of the steric and electronically driven chemical constants associated with specific molecular aspects of the metabophore allows for precise calibration and fine-tuning of the rate of the metabolic hydrolysis reactions.
While the exact numbers and preferred chemical embodiments for the metabophores are ultimately dictated via optimization within each individual case of drug and indication, there are some arrangements which generally provide for the most chemically efficient and pharmacologically compatible deployments of the inventive method. In the case of the external esters, Structure 6, the preferred embodiment often reflects incorporation of not more than two metabophores. In addition, for the preferred embodiment A is absent, B and C are at least partially derivable from structural elements already present within the parent pharmacophore, D is a carboxylic ester and E is an alkyl group. In the most preferred general embodiment only a single metabophore is utilized, C is further specified to be one or two unsubstituted carbons distant from B, and E is further specified to be a simple methyl or ethyl group. In the case of the internal esters, Structure 7, the generally preferred embodiment involves deployment of just one metabophore, where A is absent, B and C are at least partially derivable from features already present within the parent pharmacophore or C is completely absent (alkyl —(CH₂)_n— case where n=0), D is a carboxylic ester, and E is an integral part of the inherent pharmacophore as long as its connection to D is represented by at least one, non-sterically hindered methylene unit. An arrangement which simultaneously deploys one internal ester metabophore plus one or two external ester metabophores is also a particularly useful embodiment when extremely ultra-short durations of action are being sought for a particular indication.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 6, target Structures 8 and 11 depict preferred embodiments for the respective external and internal metabophores of the inventive method as applied to two completely different types of parent molecules. To expedite drug design and development, these target structures are given the highest priority for chemical synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. Subsequent family members are constructed according to the specifications of Structures 6 and 7 on as needed basis in order to further progress and fine-tune the nature of the metabophoric insertions and to thereby best accommodate a given clinical indication. From these figures it can be noted that the present invention provides a ready blueprint for how to expeditiously address DME properties as new lead compounds proceed through the process of drug discovery and development by deploying a hierarchy of actual, practically selected, chemical structures accompanied by experimentally derived pharmacological test results. In this context the inventive method, as disclosed herein, clearly distinguishes itself form the present trend to use theoretical or computational methods accompanied by various searching paradigms across real or virtual compound libraries in order to select compounds that are then synthesized and subjected to experimental pharmacological verification, all being done in a reiterative fashion so as to finally proceed toward an applicable metabophoric lead arrangement that might then be likewise deployed via actual structures in a given, ongoing case of new drug development: e.g. Quantitative Structure-Metabolism Relationship: Steric and Nonsteric Effects in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Noncongener Carboxylic Esters, P. Buchwald and N. Bodor, J. Med. Chem., 42, 5160 (1999).
The inventive technology is further illustrated in FIGS. 7-25 which show specific target structures and in the following examples which are meant to demonstrate the wide, general applicability of the invention while also providing a purview of how the metabophores can be specifically incorporated across a wide variety of structural types within the framework of actual chemical compounds. These representative examples are not intended to necessarily depict the most preferred embodiments of the invention, nor are the examples meant to be limiting in the sense of the general scope of the overall method.

EXAMPLE 1

FIG. 7 (Structure 12) represents an analog of atropine that has an appended external ester metabophore. It has been designed for delivery as drops to the eye where it will then display its characteristic antimuscarinic properties that are useful during eye examinations for only about 30 minutes. Atropine's several hour duration is in large excess of the type typically needed to conduct a routine eye exam and chemical antidotes often need to be administered so that a patient's vision can be more quickly normalized. In addition, due to the same metabolic programming, the soft drug analog has a better systemic side-effect profile than atropine because the soft drug that is absorbed from this localized topical compartment is readily deactivated.

EXAMPLE 2

FIGS. 8 and 9 (Structures 13 and 14) represent metabophore-containing, bulky analogs of decamethonium and pancuronium, respectively. Two external esters have been deployed in each case in order to further enhance the overall molecules' metabolic biotransformations given that these esters' close placements to the bulky aromatic rings slow their individual metabolic hydrolyses rates. The parent compounds' inherent anti-nicotinic activities, produced in a non-depolarizing fashion at neuromuscular junctions by virtue of the presence of the bulky functionalities, has a short half-life due to the appended metabophores. These compounds are ideally suited for use during surgery where there is a long-standing need for titrable, short-acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular junction blocking agents: Approaches to Short-Acting Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Nonsymmetrical Bistetrahydroisoquinolinium Mono- and Diesters, N. C. Dhar, R. B. Maehr, L. A. Masterson, J. M. Midgley, J. B. Stenlake and W. B. Wastila, J. Med. Chem., 39, 556 (1996).

EXAMPLE 3

FIGS. 10 and 11 (Structures 15 and 16) represent metabophore-containing analogs of prazosin and indoramin, respectively. FIG. 10 contains a single sulfonate ester appendage while FIG. 11 contains both an internal carboxylate metabophore and an external phosphonate ester appendage. In both cases, the inherent α₁-receptor antagonist properties are displayed as an ultra-short duration such that both compounds are better used in critical care settings via the intravenous route to treat hypertensive crises, shock or Raynaud's disease.

EXAMPLE 4

Emergency room medical practice requires a titrable, quickly equilibrating and short action version of clonidine, Structure 9 in FIG. 4. This drug is also an α-adrenergic receptor ligand. Consideration of the structure-activity relationships for this family of centrally action α₂-adrenergic agonists indicated that while the two ortho-chloro substituents are important for establishing a twisted conformation required at central α₂receptors, the para-position is amenable to structural modifications. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, W. O. Foye, T. L. Lemke, D. A. Williams; Eds., Williams & Wilkins Publ., Baltimore, Md., p. 356 (1995). Incorporation of a single external ester metabophore according to the structural blueprint provided in FIG. 3 affords Structure 8 in FIG. 4. Since Structure 8 is a more lipophilic version of the parent structure, it equilibrates more quickly into the CNS when administered by the IV route. Thereafter, the modified soft drug version possesses a very short pharmacological half-life due to the metabolic liability of the added ester link coupled with the foreign look that its resulting metabolite displays to the α-adrenergic receptor, e.g. a full-blown carboxylate anion in a region otherwise present as a lipophilic aryl moiety. In addition, the titratable, short-acting analog is useful toward affecting the controlled withdrawal of these types of parent compounds which, in turn, are useful toward preventing ‘rebound’ hypertension. The structural similarities between the clonidine Structure 9, target molecule Structure 8 and the prototypical esmolol Structure 2 are all shown in FIG. 4 in a side-by-side fashion.

EXAMPLE 5

FIGS. 12 and 13 (Structures 17 and 18) represent metabophore-containing analogs of phenyloin and carbamazepine, respectively. Both compounds contain two external ester metabophores which serve to prompt a rapid hydrolytic-based metabolic clearance of the compounds. Because of the programmed and controlled elimination, both analogs are able to negate the present high degree of variance found in the metabolism of the parent drugs, e.g. phenyloin saturates its metabolizing systems and thus its metabolism tends to slow down with time while carbamazepine induces its metabolizing enzymes and its metabolism tends to speed up with continued usage. Both of the parent compounds inhibit the sodium channel and find use in the treatment of seizures. As re-designed according to the inventive method's blueprint, these desirable properties are preserved within the soft drug analogs. Further chemical adjustment of the esters' immediate steric environments within each of the analogs are able to program a specific duration of action and elimination which is then also paired with the rate of drug released from sustained-released or implantable dosage forms so that very even levels of the modified drug's concentrations are achieved for prolonged periods of time.

EXAMPLE 6

FIG. 14 (Structure 19) represents a metabophore-containing analog of enalaprilat. It's external aralkyl ester appendage provides a ready handle for hydrolytic metabolism and thus renders the molecule a short-acting versions of the common ACE-inhibitor, providing that the resulting acidic moiety is not well tolerated when generated in this particular location. Ultimately, an effective soft drug versions is conveniently deployed by the intravenous route and, having drip-rate control of its actions, used more advantageously within critical care settings.

EXAMPLE 7

FIGS. 15 and 16 (Structures 20 and 21) represent metabophore-containing analogs of diphenhydramine and famotidine, respectively. In FIG. 15 an internal ester has been deployed while in FIG. 16 an external ester has been deployed. Because of the metabophoric placements, these analogs are short acting versions of their respective H₁-receptor blocker and H₂-receptor blocker parent compounds. The aralkyl ester soft drugs are beneficial toward use in critical care settings as quickly titrable and controllable, ultra-short-acting agents when given by intravenous infusion.

EXAMPLE 8

FIG. 17 (Structure 22) represents a titrable, quickly equilibrating and ultra-short acting version of theophylline for use in critical care settings whenever an adenosine antagonist is useful, e.g. improving airway resistance in critical neonatal and pediatric populations.

EXAMPLE 9

FIG. 18 (Structure 23) represents a titrable, quickly equilibrating and ultra-short acting version of indomethacin for use in critical care settings whenever an intra-venous anti-inflammatory agent is useful.

EXAMPLE 10

FIG. 19 (Structure 24) represents a titrable, quickly equilibrating and ultra-short acting versions of lidocaine, a Class IB antiarhythmic agent. The aralkyl soft drug allows for more consistent does-response relationships compared to the parent drug when used by the intravenous route in critical care settings.

EXAMPLE 11

FIGS. 20 and 21 (Structures 25 and 26) represent titrable, quickly equilibrating and ultra-short acting versions of the calcium channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil, respectively. FIG. 20 contains a single, external ester metabophore while FIG. 21 contains an internal ester, as well as a pair of external ester, metabophores. Both analogs are ideally suited for use in the critical care arena, including neonatal populations.

EXAMPLE 12

FIGS. 22, 23, 24 and 25 ( Structures 27, 28, 29, and 30) represent metabophore-containing analogs of sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, cephalexin and tetracycline, respectively. All of these antibiotics are designed to exhibit ultra-short durations of action which are useful not only in critical care settings via intravenous infusion, but are useful toward localization of their effects within the vicinity of polymeric materials used as sutures or other wound-healing implantables wherein the latter have been impregnated with any one or more of these types of antibiotic soft drugs. Toward easier elaboration of all of the methods of administration, all of the analogs are also designed so as to exhibit good aqueous solubility and stability when formulated as their acidified salts, e.g. as the hydrochloride salts of their amines.

EXAMPLE 13

The use of methotrexate (Structure 10 in FIG. 6) for treating both epidermoid cancers and severe psoriasis is an ideal situation in which to deploy the metabophore method of the present invention so as to eliminate systemic toxicity upon percutaneous absorption after topical treatments: The Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) 50^thed., Publ: Med. Econ. Co., Montvale, N.J., p. 1276 (1996). Well-established structure-activity relationships reveal that there are three structural components which are required for the interaction of methotrexate with its biological receptor, the latter being the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Therefore, placement of a labile ester metabophore between any two or these elements (e.g. internal ester) results in inactive metabolites upon hydrolysis of the metabophore. This situation is shown in FIG. 5 where the Structure 10 is depicted in its interaction with DHFR: D. A. Matthews, et al., Science, 297, 452 (1997). The importance of the two glutamate carboxyl groups relative to the rest of the molecule is clear, as is the rather non-demanding region immediately surrounding the glutamate-p-aminobenzoic acid amide bond. Thus, replacement of this amide bond with that of an ester is tolerable for activity, yet allows for placement of a preferred internal-ester type metabophore unit that when hydrolyzed, inactivates the parent molecule. A side-by-side structural comparison between methotrexate, Structure 10, and its internal ester metabophore version, soft drug Structure 11, is provided in FIG. 6.

EXAMPLE 14

FIG. 26 shows Structures I to IV that are short-acting versions of fentanyl where the metabophore has been incorporated into fentanyl so as to program a quick metabolism by esterases, such as human esterases, after the deployment of the modified compounds to temporarily incapacitate people that are behaving in a criminal manner.
In structures I to III, R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons, X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R in a metabolically stable manner, R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is connected to X via a metabolically labile manner, and the lines drawn into the center of the non-nitrogen substituted phenyl ring and into the center of the aniline type of phenyl ring indicate that the so described R—X—R′ system can be attached to any of the unsubstituted positions by replacement of a hydrogen atom.
Structure IV represents the specific embodiment where R is an ethyl connecting chain, X is a carboxyl function, R′ is a methyl group and the metabophore system is completed by attachment to the para-position of the aniline type of phenyl ring system.

EXAMPLE 15

In certain embodiments, composition comprises fentanyl which is modified by incorporating one or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement to the inherent, non-nitrogen substituted phenyl ring system. In such embodiments, the chemical arrangement comprises
R—X—R′
where R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is directly connected to any un-substituted carbon atom within the phenyl ring system;
X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R via a metabolically stable linkage; and,
R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is connected to X via a linkage that is labile toward metabolism by the subject, such as humans.

EXAMPLE 16

In certain embodiments, the compositions include the compositions of Example 15 above when one predetermined chemical arrangement is added and wherein R is an ethyl chain, X is a carboxyl function, and R′ is a methyl group.

EXAMPLE 17

In other embodiments, compositions comprise fentanyl which is modified by connecting one or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement to the aniline type of inherent phenyl ring system. In such embodiments, the chemical arrangement comprises
R—X—R′
where R is an alkyl, or alkenyl containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is connected to any un-substituted carbon atom within the phenyl ring system;
X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R via a metabolically stable linkage; and,
R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons connected to X via a linkage that is labile toward metabolism by humans. One example of such composition results when one predetermined chemical arrangement is added and wherein R is an ethyl chain, X is a carboxyl function, and R′ is a methyl group.

EXAMPLE 18

In certain embodiments, compositions comprise fentanyl which is modified by connecting one predetermined chemical arrangement to the non-nitrogen substituted inherent phenyl ring system and by connecting one predetermined chemical arrangement to the aniline type of inherent phenyl ring system. Such chemical arrangement comprises
R—X—R′
where R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is directly connected to any un-substituted carbon atom within the inherent phenyl ring systems;
X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R via a metabolically stable linkage; and,
R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is connected to X via a linkage that is labile toward metabolism by the subject, such as humans.

EXAMPLE 19

Another example of the composition shown in example 18 above is a composition that results when R is an ethyl group in both instances, X is a carboxyl function in both instances, and R′ is a methyl group in both instances.

EXAMPLE 20

In yet another embodiment, composition comprises at least one predetermined chemical arrangement which is connected to the para-position of the aniline type of inherent phenyl ring system present in fentanyl, where R is an ethyl connecting chain, X is a carboxyl function and R′ is a methyl group.
One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The present examples along with the methods, procedures, treatment, molecules and specific compounds described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims. Any patents or publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. These patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Claims

1. A composition having the following structure:

wherein R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 1 to 10 carbons that is directly connected to any un-substituted carbon atom within the phenyl ring system;

X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R via a metabolically stable linkage; and,

R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is connected to X via a linkage that is labile toward metabolism by a subject.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein R is an ethyl chain, and R′ is a methyl group.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein R is an ethyl chain, and R′ is ethyl.

4. A method for temporarily incapacitating a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a composition of claim 1 to the subject.

5. The method of claim 2, in which the subject is a mammal.

6. The composition having the following structure:

R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is connected to X via a linkage that is labile toward metabolism by a subject;

except when X is a carboxyl, R′ is not Me.

7. The composition of claim 6, wherein R is an ethyl chain, and R′ is a methyl group.

8. The composition of claim 6, wherein R is an ethyl chain, and R′ is ethyl.

9. A method for temporarily incapacitating a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a composition of claim 6 to the subject.

10. The method of claim 9, in which the subject is a mammal

11. A composition having the following structure:

X is a sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is connected to R via a metabolically stable linkage; and,

12. The composition of claim 12, wherein R is an ethyl chain, and R′ is a methyl group.

13. The composition of claim 12, wherein R is an ethyl chain, and R′ is ethyl.

14. A method for temporarily incapacitating a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a composition of claim 12 to the subject.

15. The method of claim 14, in which the subject is a mammal

16. A composition used to incapacitate subjects comprising at least one non-ester-containing parent compound modified by one or more of a predetermined chemical arrangement incorporated to an inherent phenyl ring system, the chemical arrangement comprising: φ-R—X—R′

wherein φ is a phenyl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl system that is already present in the parent compound or is specifically added to the parent compound via a metabolically stable connection;

R is an alkyl or alkene containing chain either branched or unbranched from 0 to 10 carbons that is already present in the parent compound or is added to φ via a metabolically stable connection;

X is a carboxyl, sulfoxyl or phosphatyl function that is specifically added to R via a metabolically stable connection; and,

R′ is an alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl group either branched or unbranched containing from 1 to 10 carbons that is added to X in a metabolically labile manner, or is a structural element already present as an inherent portion of the parent compound that is connected to X in a metabolically labile manner.