US20050257537A1 - Fan speed control system - Google Patents
Fan speed control system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050257537A1 US20050257537A1 US11/075,947 US7594705A US2005257537A1 US 20050257537 A1 US20050257537 A1 US 20050257537A1 US 7594705 A US7594705 A US 7594705A US 2005257537 A1 US2005257537 A1 US 2005257537A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fan speed
- control system
- humidity
- speed control
- fan
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
- F24F11/72—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure
- F24F11/74—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity
- F24F11/77—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity by controlling the speed of ventilators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
- F24F11/72—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure
- F24F11/74—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity
- F24F11/76—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity by means responsive to temperature, e.g. bimetal springs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/88—Electrical aspects, e.g. circuits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/10—Temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/20—Humidity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/11—Fan speed control
- F25B2600/112—Fan speed control of evaporator fans
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/02—Humidity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
Definitions
- Fan speed is modulated by a speed control circuit responding to environmental temperature.
- the speed control circuit is typically driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals or voltages.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- Humidity is not considered a factor in modulation of fan speed in the speed control circuit.
- an embodiment of a fan speed control system comprises a fan motor circuit, a temperature and humidity sensing unit, and a micro-control unit.
- the temperature and humidity sensing unit sends an electrical signal related to detected temperature and humidity.
- the micro-control unit receives and processes the electrical signal to obtain a digital signal, and sends the digital signal to the fan motor circuit to control speed thereof.
- the temperature and humidity sensing unit can comprise heat-sensitive and humidity-sensitive resistors, and the digital signal can comprise a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a fan speed control system of an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the temperature and humidity sensing unit in an embodiment of the present invention.
- a fan speed control system responding to environmental temperature and humidity is provided in an electrical device.
- moisture can be prevented from contacting elements of the electrical device and the fan thereof.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a fan speed control system 2 , comprising a temperature and humidity sensing unit 21 , a micro-control unit (MCU) 22 , and a fan motor circuit 23 .
- MCU micro-control unit
- the temperature and humidity sensing unit 21 detects temperature T and humidity H in the operating environment, and sends an accordingly generated electrical signal S 1 to MCU 22 comprising one electrical signal for temperature T, and one for humidity H.
- the MCU 22 receives and processes the electrical signal S 1 to obtain a digital signal 221 , such as a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, and sends the digital signal 221 to the fan motor circuit 23 to control fan speed V.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- the fan speed control system in the embodiment comprises a speed sensing unit 24 , which detects fan speed V and sends an electrical signal S 2 therefore to the MCU 22 , which compensates digital signal 221 accordingly.
- fan speed V achieves a desired value with the feedback control of the electrical signal S 2 .
- FIG. 2 shows the temperature and humidity sensing unit 21 , comprising a temperature sensing element 211 , a humidity sensing element 212 , and resistors 213 and 214 .
- the temperature sensing element 211 can be a heat-sensitive resistor
- the humidity sensing element 212 can be a humidity-sensitive resistor.
- the temperature and humidity sensing unit 21 further comprises a voltage input terminal 215 and two signal output terminals 216 .
- the voltage input terminal 215 is connected to a power source V in
- the signal output terminals 216 are connected to the MCU 22 .
- the signal output terminals 216 transfer electrical signals S 11 and S 12 from the temperature sensing element 211 and the humidity sensing element 212 .
- the signal output terminals 216 obtain terminal voltages from the heat-sensitive resistor of the temperature sensing element 211 and the humidity-sensitive resistor of the humidity sensing element 212 as electrical signals S 11 and S 12 .
- Resistance R 1 of resistor 213 and resistance R 2 of resistor 214 can be modulated in accordance with the resistances of the heat-sensitive resistor and the humidity-sensitive resistor.
- the speed control system 2 controls fan speed V of the fan according to environmental temperature and humidity.
- Embodiments of the invention may thus contribute to prevention of overheating and condensation.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Control Of Positive-Displacement Air Blowers (AREA)
- Control Of Electric Motors In General (AREA)
Abstract
A fan speed control system. A temperature and humidity sensing unit detects environmental temperature and humidity and outputs a corresponding electrical signal. A micro-control unit receives and processes the electrical signal to obtain a digital signal, and sends the digital signal to the fan motor circuit to control fan speed accordingly.
Description
- The present invention relates to a speed control system for fan, and particularly to a speed control system for fan responding to environmental temperature and humidity.
- Fans are widely used for heat dissipation in electrical devices. Generally, fan speed is modulated by a speed control circuit responding to environmental temperature. The speed control circuit is typically driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals or voltages. Humidity, however, is not considered a factor in modulation of fan speed in the speed control circuit. When an electrical device with the speed control circuit is operated in low environmental temperature and high humidity, fan speed is not increased due to the low temperature. However, moisture may adhere to elements of the fan and the electrical device, resulting in short-circuit or rust that contaminates or damages the electrical device.
- Accordingly, an embodiment of a fan speed control system comprises a fan motor circuit, a temperature and humidity sensing unit, and a micro-control unit. The temperature and humidity sensing unit sends an electrical signal related to detected temperature and humidity. The micro-control unit receives and processes the electrical signal to obtain a digital signal, and sends the digital signal to the fan motor circuit to control speed thereof.
- The temperature and humidity sensing unit can comprise heat-sensitive and humidity-sensitive resistors, and the digital signal can comprise a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal.
- A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
- The present invention can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a fan speed control system of an embodiment of the invention; and -
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the temperature and humidity sensing unit in an embodiment of the present invention. - In an embodiment of the invention, a fan speed control system responding to environmental temperature and humidity is provided in an electrical device. In some embodiments, moisture can be prevented from contacting elements of the electrical device and the fan thereof.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a fanspeed control system 2, comprising a temperature andhumidity sensing unit 21, a micro-control unit (MCU) 22, and afan motor circuit 23. - The temperature and
humidity sensing unit 21 detects temperature T and humidity H in the operating environment, and sends an accordingly generated electrical signal S1 toMCU 22 comprising one electrical signal for temperature T, and one for humidity H. TheMCU 22 receives and processes the electrical signal S1 to obtain adigital signal 221, such as a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, and sends thedigital signal 221 to thefan motor circuit 23 to control fan speed V. - Further, the fan speed control system in the embodiment comprises a
speed sensing unit 24, which detects fan speed V and sends an electrical signal S2 therefore to theMCU 22, which compensatesdigital signal 221 accordingly. Thus, fan speed V achieves a desired value with the feedback control of the electrical signal S2. -
FIG. 2 shows the temperature andhumidity sensing unit 21, comprising atemperature sensing element 211, ahumidity sensing element 212, andresistors temperature sensing element 211 can be a heat-sensitive resistor, and thehumidity sensing element 212 can be a humidity-sensitive resistor. - The temperature and
humidity sensing unit 21 further comprises avoltage input terminal 215 and twosignal output terminals 216. Thevoltage input terminal 215 is connected to a power source Vin, and thesignal output terminals 216 are connected to theMCU 22. - The
signal output terminals 216 transfer electrical signals S11 and S12 from thetemperature sensing element 211 and thehumidity sensing element 212. Thesignal output terminals 216 obtain terminal voltages from the heat-sensitive resistor of thetemperature sensing element 211 and the humidity-sensitive resistor of thehumidity sensing element 212 as electrical signals S11 and S12. Resistance R1 ofresistor 213 and resistance R2 ofresistor 214 can be modulated in accordance with the resistances of the heat-sensitive resistor and the humidity-sensitive resistor. - According to the embodiment, the
speed control system 2 controls fan speed V of the fan according to environmental temperature and humidity. Embodiments of the invention may thus contribute to prevention of overheating and condensation. - While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
Claims (10)
1. A fan speed control system, comprising:
a fan motor circuit;
a temperature sensing element detecting environmental temperature and sending a corresponding first electrical signal;
a humidity sensing element detecting environmental humidity and sending a corresponding second electrical signal; and
a micro-control unit receiving and processing the first and second electrical signals to obtain a digital signal, and sending the digital signal to the fan motor circuit to control fan speed.
2. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a speed sensing unit detecting the fan speed and sending a corresponding third electrical signal to the micro-control unit.
3. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the humidity sensing element comprises a humidity-sensitive resistor.
4. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the temperature sensing element comprises a heat-sensitive resistor.
5. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the digital signal comprises a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal.
6. A fan speed control system, comprising:
a fan motor circuit;
a temperature and humidity sensing unit detecting environmental temperature and humidity and sending a corresponding first electrical signal; and
a micro-control unit receiving and processing the first electrical signal to obtain a digital signal, and sending the digital signal to the fan motor circuit to control fan speed.
7. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 6 , further comprising a speed sensing unit detecting the fan speed and sending a corresponding second electrical signal to the micro-control unit.
8. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the temperature and humidity sensing unit comprises a heat-sensitive element, a humidity-sensitive element, and a plurality of resistors.
9. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the heat-sensitive element and the humidity-sensitive element both comprise resistors.
10. The fan speed control system as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the digital signal comprises a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
TW093113916A TWI240156B (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2004-05-18 | Temperature and humidity sensing speed control system for fan |
TW93113916 | 2004-05-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050257537A1 true US20050257537A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
Family
ID=35373868
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/075,947 Abandoned US20050257537A1 (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2005-03-10 | Fan speed control system |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050257537A1 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI240156B (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060214014A1 (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2006-09-28 | Bash Cullen E | Temperature control using a sensor network |
US20070297893A1 (en) * | 2006-06-27 | 2007-12-27 | Winbond Electronics Corporation | Fan speed change control |
US20100019703A1 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2010-01-28 | Hsien-Meng Lee | Dual power supply type brushless fan motor speed control device |
US7676280B1 (en) | 2007-01-29 | 2010-03-09 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Dynamic environmental management |
EP2527754A1 (en) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-28 | Lennox Industries Inc. | Control system and method for both energy saving and confort control in an air conditioning system |
CN105783185A (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2016-07-20 | 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 | Control method and device for preventing condensation of air conditioner |
ITUB20151933A1 (en) * | 2015-07-07 | 2017-01-07 | Emerson Network Power Srl | METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE DEHUMIDIFICATION FUNCTION FOR AIR-CONDITIONING UNITS FOR SERVER AND SIMILAR SALES AND A CLIMATE UNIT PERFORMED FOR THE APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD |
CN106440116A (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2017-02-22 | 郑州云海信息技术有限公司 | Dehumidifying system and control method thereof |
US9976764B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2018-05-22 | Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Apparatus and methods for controlling a ventilation mechanism |
EP2985467B1 (en) * | 2014-08-12 | 2019-07-03 | Delta Electronics, Inc. | Fan control device with multiprocessor |
EP3553405A4 (en) * | 2016-12-12 | 2019-12-18 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM |
CN111486561A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-04 | 海信(山东)空调有限公司 | Air conditioner and control method and device thereof |
JP2022503981A (en) * | 2018-10-11 | 2022-01-12 | ジール・アベッグ エスエー | A method of detecting that condensation is likely to form on or within an electric motor, or that condensation has already formed, and preventing and / or forming condensation on or within an electric motor. , How to remove condensation |
US12074436B2 (en) | 2022-01-07 | 2024-08-27 | Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Controlling power to a load based on sensed environmental conditions |
Families Citing this family (1)
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TWI458874B (en) * | 2011-12-28 | 2014-11-01 | Taiwan Textile Res Inst | Textile setting machine and method for enhanceing efficiency of heat recycle |
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2004
- 2004-05-18 TW TW093113916A patent/TWI240156B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2005
- 2005-03-10 US US11/075,947 patent/US20050257537A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US5303561A (en) * | 1992-10-14 | 1994-04-19 | Copeland Corporation | Control system for heat pump having humidity responsive variable speed fan |
US5709098A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1998-01-20 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Air conditioning apparatus |
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Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7640760B2 (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2010-01-05 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Temperature control using a sensor network |
US20060214014A1 (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2006-09-28 | Bash Cullen E | Temperature control using a sensor network |
US20070297893A1 (en) * | 2006-06-27 | 2007-12-27 | Winbond Electronics Corporation | Fan speed change control |
US7676280B1 (en) | 2007-01-29 | 2010-03-09 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Dynamic environmental management |
US20100019703A1 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2010-01-28 | Hsien-Meng Lee | Dual power supply type brushless fan motor speed control device |
EP2527754A1 (en) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-28 | Lennox Industries Inc. | Control system and method for both energy saving and confort control in an air conditioning system |
EP2772699A1 (en) * | 2011-05-23 | 2014-09-03 | Lennox Industries Inc. | Method for both energy saving and comfort control in an air conditioning system |
US11015831B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2021-05-25 | Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Apparatus and methods for controlling a ventilation mechanism |
US12013136B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2024-06-18 | Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Apparatus and methods for controlling a ventilation mechanism |
US9976764B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2018-05-22 | Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Apparatus and methods for controlling a ventilation mechanism |
EP2985467B1 (en) * | 2014-08-12 | 2019-07-03 | Delta Electronics, Inc. | Fan control device with multiprocessor |
US10954950B2 (en) | 2014-08-12 | 2021-03-23 | Delta Electronics, Inc. | Fan control device with multiprocessor |
ITUB20151933A1 (en) * | 2015-07-07 | 2017-01-07 | Emerson Network Power Srl | METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE DEHUMIDIFICATION FUNCTION FOR AIR-CONDITIONING UNITS FOR SERVER AND SIMILAR SALES AND A CLIMATE UNIT PERFORMED FOR THE APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD |
EP3115705A3 (en) * | 2015-07-07 | 2017-02-15 | Emerson Network Power S.R.L. | Method of optimizing the dehumidification function for air-conditioning units for server rooms and the like and air-conditioning unit for applying such method |
CN105783185B (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2019-01-08 | 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 | Air conditioner condensation prevention control method and device |
CN105783185A (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2016-07-20 | 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 | Control method and device for preventing condensation of air conditioner |
CN106440116A (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2017-02-22 | 郑州云海信息技术有限公司 | Dehumidifying system and control method thereof |
US11609020B2 (en) * | 2016-12-12 | 2023-03-21 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Air conditioning system |
EP3553405A4 (en) * | 2016-12-12 | 2019-12-18 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM |
JP2022503981A (en) * | 2018-10-11 | 2022-01-12 | ジール・アベッグ エスエー | A method of detecting that condensation is likely to form on or within an electric motor, or that condensation has already formed, and preventing and / or forming condensation on or within an electric motor. , How to remove condensation |
CN111486561A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-04 | 海信(山东)空调有限公司 | Air conditioner and control method and device thereof |
US12074436B2 (en) | 2022-01-07 | 2024-08-27 | Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Controlling power to a load based on sensed environmental conditions |
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TW200538898A (en) | 2005-12-01 |
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