US20050089811A1

US20050089811A1 - Exhaust recirculating method and apparatus for a hydrocarbon fired burner

Info

Publication number: US20050089811A1
Application number: US10/691,536
Authority: US
Inventors: Jeff Jelinek
Original assignee: United Dominion Industries Inc
Current assignee: SPX Technologies Inc
Priority date: 2003-10-24
Filing date: 2003-10-24
Publication date: 2005-04-28

Abstract

A system and method for reducing NO_xemissions in a hydrocarbon fired burned is provided. The method and apparatus selectively recirculate exhaust gases from the burner into the burner inlet gases to achieve a desired NO_xoutput.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for hydrocarbon fired burners. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method an apparatus for reducing NO_xemissions from a hydrocarbon fired burner by recirculating some exhaust gases back into the burner.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

NO_xis a generic term applied to the oxides of nitrogen produced during the atmospherically oxidized combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Most commonly these oxides are NO and NO₂. In recent years the reduction of NO_xemissions in combustion appliances has come under public scrutiny in all parts of the world. This comes largely due to the negative environmental effects such as acid rain in which NO_xis a contributor.
Many hydrocarbon fuels are burned using air. The elemental equation governing the stoichiometric combustion of most hydrocarbons with atmospheric air is $C_{x} H_{y} + (x + \frac{y}{4}) (O_{2} + 3.76 N_{2}) \to \times {CO}_{2} + \frac{y}{2} H_{2} O + (x + \frac{y}{4}) \cdot 3.76 N_{2} + energy$
The energy produced in this reaction is a direct contributor to the temperature, or flame temperature, T_f, of the reaction (See FIG. 4). FIG. 4 is a general figure illustrating the trend of the concentration of NO_xwith respect to the flame temperature. In most stoichiometric combustion systems, T_f,stoichis so high that the normally inert and stable N₂is broken down and reacts with any available O or O₂that is in the combustion zone thereby producing NO_x. Generally, NO_xemissions are insignificant when below a critical flame temperature, T_f,critical, and rise dramatically when T_fis greater than T_f,critical.
As shown from FIG. 4, NO_xincreases considerably as T_f,criticalis exceeded. Also, T_f,criticalis generally less than T_f,stoich. Thus, under near perfect stoichiometric combustion conditions, NO_xcan be at an undesirably high level. From the graph, it can be concluded that if T_fis only slightly less than T_f,critical, NO_xcan be greatly reduced. One way to reduce the T_fis to increase the amount of excess air, (% EA), delivered to the combustion process. (When % EA=0, air to fuel ratio is stoichiometric, so as % EA increases, there is a greater than stoichiometric concentration of atmospheric air present.)
By increasing % EA, T_fcan be reduced, but due to the higher concentrations of O₂and N₂, the NO_xalso increases. However, because, most all practical combustion processes require % EA greater than 0 to insure that non-desirable products such as CO are not formed, a trade off exists between the NO_x, T_f, and % EA.
Accordingly, it is desirable to be able to reduce T_fwithout increasing % EA to an undesirably high level and thus provide a burner that can emit reduced NO_xemissions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing need to reduce NO_xwith out increasing % EA to an undesirable level, are met, to a great extent, by the present invention, wherein in one aspect an apparatus is provided where in some embodiments of the invention, EGR contributes to the reduction of NO_xemissions during the combustion process. Reduction of NO_xemissions can achieve reduction in NO_xbecause of the lowering of T_fand the low O₂and N₂in the recirculated gas.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a system for a hydrocarbon fired burner is provided. The system includes an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the burner, a recirculation conduit configured to provide, at least at times, fluid communication between the exhaust conduit and a burner inlet, an adjustable valve configured to selectively permit the recirculation conduit to provide fluid communication between the exhaust conduit and the burner inlet, a NO_xsensor located in the exhaust conduit, a system controller operably connected to the NO_xsensor and configured to monitor an amount of NO_xemissions in the exhaust conduit, the system controller also operably connected to the valve to adjust the valve.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a system for a hydrocarbon fired burner is provided. The system includes means for exhausting combustion gases in fluid communication with the burner, means for recirculating combustion gases from the exhausting means with the burner, means for selectively permitting the recirculation means to provide fluid communication between the exhausting means and the burner, means for sensing NO_xlocated in the exhausting means, means for controlling the system operably connected to the NO_xsensing means and configured to monitor an amount of NO_xemissions in the exhausting means, the controlling means also operably connected to control the permitting means.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of reducing NO_xemissions in an appliance having a burner is provided. The method includes detecting NO_xemissions in exhaust associated with the burner, determining if a recirculation valve should be one of open, closed, and remain the same according to the predetermined criteria, and one of adjusting the valve and leaving the valve in a current position in accordance with the result of the determining step.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain embodiments of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof herein may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional embodiments of the invention that will be described below and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of embodiments in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of a system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph of NO_xemissions vs. flame temperature illustrating a relationship between flame temperature and NO_xemissions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention will now be described with reference to the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. An embodiment in accordance with the present invention provides a system and method for reducing NO_xemissions in burners that burn hydrocarbon fuel such as fuel oil, natural gas, propane or other similar fuel.
Some embodiments of the invention may be directed to household appliances such as a water heater, furnace, or other device having a burner which burns hydrocarbon fuel. Other embodiments of the invention may be directed to commercial or industrial type burners.
Some embodiments of the invention will have an inlet for providing fresh air to be mixed with the fuel to be burned in the burner. Once the fuel and air have been burned, the resultant gases are exited from the burner through an exhaust system. The exhaust system is configured to allow recirculation of exhaust gases back into the fresh air inlet of the burner under certain conditions. The recirculation of exhaust gases mixing with the fresh air and then inlet into the burner can, under certain circumstances, reduce the NO_xemissions of the burner. While the description herein discloses household appliances as an example of a use of the invention, the invention is not limited to household appliances, but rather the invention may be directed to any suitable combustion device.
One method of reducing T_fis through exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). EGR is a method in which a portion of the gases that have already completed the combustion process are brought back into the combustion zone in attempts to lower the T_fto a level below T_f,criticalthereby lowering the NO_x. There are two characteristics of the exhaust gas that help lower the NO_x. The first is that the temperature of the recirculated exhaust gas is much lower (<5×) than T_f. Hence, as the cooler exhaust stream is mixed with primary combustion zone gases, the overall mean temperature of the combustion zone is reduced. The second quality of the exhaust gas that is critical in the role of NO_xreduction is the chemical makeup of the gas. After completing the combustion process, the exhaust gases have a relatively low volumetric concentration of excess oxygen and nitrogen. Since, O₂and N₂are quite low, there is a very low propensity for the additional NO_xproduction.
An embodiment of the present inventive apparatus is illustrated in a schematic diagram in FIG. 1, which shows the system 10 including an appliance 12. The appliance 12 may be a hot water heater or a furnace or any other appliance having a burner that burns hydrocarbon fuels. Fresh air 14 from the outside is brought into the appliance 12 through an inlet 16. The appliance 12 has a burner 18 in which combustion occurs. After the combustion has occurred within the burner 18, the exhaust gases 20 are outlet from the burner 18 and/or appliance 12 via an outlet 22. The exhaust gases 20 may be vented to the outside via a chimney flu or other suitable venting type system. A portion of the exhaust gases 20 are diverted through a recirculation circuit 24 according to the needs of the system 10.
The recirculation circuit 24 includes a valve 26 that is operably connected via connector 28 to an NO_xsensor 30. The valve 26 can be a solenoid valve. Other embodiments of the invention may include a proportion valve. The valve may have a digital processor and on board system memory. Embodiments having a digital processor and system memory will be discussed in more detail below.
The NO_xsensor 30 senses the NO_xemissions in the exhaust gases 20. Based on the amount of NO_xemissions detected in the exhaust gases 20, the valve 26 will open, close or remain in its current setting according to a predetermined schedule. The predetermined schedule is set according to the needs and requirements of the individual system.
The exhaust gases 20 that are permitted to flow through the valve 26 are referred to in this document as recirculation gas 32. The recirculation gas 32 is mixed with the fresh air 14 from the outside to comprise appliance inletting gases 36. The inletting gases 36 are inlet to the appliance 12 and/or burner 18 via an inlet 16.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention having additional features than those described in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows an appliance 12 having an exhaust pipe 38 containing exhaust gases 20. While the term “pipe” is used throughout this document, it is understood that the invention is not limited to using only pipes. Systems in accordance with the present invention may use other flow containing means or conduits suitable to accomplish the invention. A NO_x sensor 30 is inserted into the stream of the exhaust gases 20 and is operably connected to a system controller 40 via a connector 42. In other embodiments in accordance with the invention, other types of connections between the sensor 30 and the system controller may be achieved. For example, there may be a wireless connection or any other suitable type connection may be used.
The system controller 40 may include a microprocessor or any other programmable or non-programmable type controller. Where the valve 26 has a digital processor, that processor may be part of the system controller 40. The predetermined schedule can be programmed into the system controller 40. Some embodiments of the invention may include a system controller 40 that has the predetermined schedule embedded into the hardware of the system controller 40. Other embodiments of the invention may include the system controller 40 to be software programmed onto a processor or computer. According to some embodiments of the invention, the predetermined schedule may be modified by inputting modifications according to specific needs or changing conditions of a specific system.
The recirculation circuit 24 includes a recirculation pipe 44 connected to the exhaust pipe 38. The recirculation circuit 24 permits exhaust gases 20 to flow selectively through the recirculation pipe 44 as permitted by the valve 26. The valve 26 is operably connected to the system controller 40 via a connection 46 as shown in FIG. 2. In other embodiments in accordance with the present invention the valve 26 can be in communication with system controller 40 via wireless connection or any other suitable means.
An inlet pipe 48 inlets fresh air for combustion into the burner 18 and/or appliance 12. The recirculation pipe 44 is connected to the inlet pipe 48 and permits recirculation gas 32 to mix with fresh inlet air 14. The mixing of inlet air 14 and recirculation gas 32 results in mixed intake gas 36. The mixed intake gas 36 is then inlet to the burner 18 in the appliance 12.
The NO_xemissions detected by the NO_xsensor 30 are imputed into the system controller 40. Optionally, the system controller 40 may record the NO_xemissions into a database 50 which may be connected to the system controller by connection 52 through any suitable means. In embodiments of the invention using a valve 16 that has an on board system memory, that memory may store the database 50.
The system controller operates the valve 16 to open, close or remain in a current position according to a predetermined schedule to achieve the desired amount of NO_xemissions in the exhaust gases 20. It is understood that some embodiments of the present invention use a valve 16 with only an open and closed position. Other embodiments use a valve 16 with variable positions. The term open refers to moving to at least more open position and close refers to moving to at least a more closed position.
In cases when the exhaust gases contain an unacceptable level of NO_xemissions, the system controller 40 in some embodiments of the invention will communicate to a burner controller 54 via a connection 56 or any other suitable communication means. The burner controller 54 will control combustion within the burner 18 and may reduce or increase the amount of fuel inlet to the burner 18, it may increase or decrease the amount of inlet gases 36 applied to the burner 18, or it may cause the burner 18 to shut down. The system controller 40 will control the burner controller 54 according to the detected NO_xemissions and the predetermined schedule. In other embodiments of the invention the system controller 40 will directly control the burner 18 directly.
Some embodiments in accordance with the invention may include an alarm system connected to the system controller 40 permitting the system controller 40 to activate an alarm system 58 if NO_xemissions in the exhaust gases 20 are at an unacceptable level. The alarm system 58 may be connected to the system controller 40 by a connector 60 by any suitable connection means. In other embodiments of the invention, the system controller 40 may notify maintenance personnel if NO_xemissions achieve an unacceptable level. Embodiments of the invention, where maintenance personnel are notified when NO_xemissions are at an unacceptable level, may be particularly suitable for use in a commercial setting.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with the invention. In the step 62, NO_xemissions are detected in flue and/or exhaust gases.
The next step 64, is optional. In step 64, the exhaust gas emissions results are recorded in the database.
In the next step 66, which is also an optional step, the system determines whether the NO_xemissions are at acceptable levels. If they are not at an acceptable level, the system may shut the burner (step 68), sound the alarm (step 70), or notify maintenance personnel (step 72). If the NO_xemissions are at an unacceptable level, the system proceeds to the next step 74.
In step 74, the system determines if the valve should be open, closed or remain at the current setting.
In step 76, the valve is adjusted according to the determination made in step 74, then the process is repeated in step 78.
The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A system for a hydrocarbon fired burner comprising:

an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the burner;

a recirculation conduit configured to provide, fluid communication between the exhaust conduit and burner inlet;

an adjustable valve configured to selectively permit the recirculation conduit to provide fluid communication between the exhaust conduit and the burner inlet;

a NOx sensor located in the exhaust conduit;

a system controller operably connected to the NOx sensor and configured to monitor an amount of NOx emissions in the exhaust conduit, the system controller also operably connected to the valve to adjust the valve; and

a burner controller operably connected to the system controller, wherein the system controller sends a signal to the burner controller to shut down the burner when the NOx emissions in the exhaust conduit are at a first unacceptable level.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is located upstream from the recirculation conduit.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a database operably connected to the system controller, wherein the system controller sends NOx information received from the NOx sensor to the database for storage.

4. (canceled).

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the system controller activates an alarm when the NOx emissions in the exhaust conduit are at a predetermined level.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the valve is a solenoid valve.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the system controller includes a microprocessor.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system controller adjusts the valve to permit more exhaust gas enter to the burner inlet when the NOx emissions in the exhaust conduit are at a predetermined level.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the valve is associated with a digital processor and a system memory.

10. A system for a hydrocarbon fired burner comprising:

means for exhausting combustion gases in fluid communication with the burner;

means for recirculating combustion gases from the exhausting means with the burner;

means for selectively permitting the recirculation means to provide fluid communication between the exhausting mean and the burner;

means for sensing NOx located in the exhausting means; means for controlling the system operably connected to the NOx sensing means and configured to monitor an amount of NOx emissions in the exhausting means, the controlling means also operably connected to control the permitting means; and

a data storing means operably connected to the system controlling means, wherein the system controlling means sends NOx information received from the NOx sensing means to the data storing means.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the sensing means is located upstream from the recirculating means.

12. (canceled).

13. The system of claim 10, further comprising means for controlling the burner operably connected to the system controlling means, wherein the system controlling means sends a signal to the burner controlling means to shut down the burner when the NOx emissions in the exhausting means are at an unacceptable level.

14. The system of claim 10, wherein the system controlling means activates an alarm when the NOx emissions in the exhausting means are at an unacceptable level.

15. The system of claim 10, wherein the permitting means includes a solenoid valve.

16. The system of claim 10, wherein the system controlling means includes a microprocessor.

17. The system of claim 10, wherein the system controlling means adjusts the permitting means to permit more exhaust gas enter to a burner inlet when the NOx emissions in the exhausting means are at an unacceptable level.

18. A method of reducing NOx emissions in an appliance having a burner comprising:

detecting NOx emissions in exhaust associated with the burner;

determining if a recirculation valve should be one of: opened, closed, and remain the same according to predetermined criteria; and

performing one of adjusting the valve and leaving the valve in a current position in accordance with the result of the determining step.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising saving results obtained from the detecting step.

20. The method of claim 18, further comprising at least one of:

shutting down the burner, activating an alarm, and notifying maintenance personnel when the NOx emissions are above an acceptable level.