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US20030167878A1 - Titanium-containing materials - Google Patents

Titanium-containing materials Download PDF

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US20030167878A1
US20030167878A1 US10/312,577 US31257703A US2003167878A1 US 20030167878 A1 US20030167878 A1 US 20030167878A1 US 31257703 A US31257703 A US 31257703A US 2003167878 A1 US2003167878 A1 US 2003167878A1
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tio
preparing
solution
titanium
oxalic acid
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Najeh Al-Salim
Timothy Kemmitt
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Callaghan Innovation Research Ltd
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    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/42—Platinum
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to processes for preparing titanium-containing materials. More particularly, it relates to processes of preparing solutions containing colloidal particles containing titanium ions, and to processes for preparing titanium dioxide containing materials from such solutions. This invention also relates to application of these titanium-containing materials.
  • Titanium-containing composite materials have a range of applications. These include applications that depend on the ability of these materials to function as photocatalysts, constituents of film electrodes, hydrophilic surfaces, and to prevent the growth of micro-organisms.
  • the crystallite size can also determine the extent of photoactivity of TiO 2 . Smaller crystallite size is considered essential to repress charge recombination of the photogenerated electrons and holes and render them more available for redox reactions at the surface of the photocatalyst particles.
  • Another way of increasing the photoactivity of anatase is by doping with metals or metal oxides.
  • platinum doping has been found to be very effective in improving the photocatalytic process.
  • the extent of doping and the dopant particle size are important factors. Doping a photocatalyst with more than 5% by weight platinum should be avoided as this could produce large platinum particle size and prevent the light from reaching the photocatalyst surface.
  • Deposition of platinum metal on titania has been reported using a number of different methods. One of the methods is by photodeposition of platinum by irradiating hexachloroplatinic acid that is adsorbed on anatase powder under nitrogen first described by Kraeutler and Bard (J. Am. Chem.
  • a recent Patent by TOTO Ltd (EP 0816466 A1, 1998) described a method of applying TiO 2 -containing thin film that is capable of maintaining a contact angle of 3° when subjected to irradiation using a white fluorescent lamp having a UV intensity of 0.004 mW/cm 2 .
  • VOCs volatile organic compounds
  • TCE toluene trichloroethylene
  • ethylene etc.
  • TCE toluene trichloroethylene
  • Some of these are considered easy to photodegrade such as formaldehyde, while others, such as toluene and ethylene, are considered difficult to decompose.
  • Photocatalysts can also be used in purification of water to degrade any traces of pollutants such as organic compounds, dyes, etc., and even microorganisms by allowing water to be in contact with the UV irradiated photocatalyst.
  • ethylene gas is a plant hormone that causes ripening and ageing of fruit, vegetable and flowers even in low concentrations.
  • the ripening speed may vary from one type of produce to another depending on the concentration of ethylene. For example, tomatoes ripen within hours if exposed to ethylene in a concentration of more than 100 ppm. Kiwi fruit may ripen even at lower concentration of few parts per million of ethylene. This can create problems in storing or transporting different produce in the same cold store or container.
  • Titanium dioxide has a favourable dielectric and refractory properties to be utilised as part of a micropatterned film.
  • Koumoto, Sugiyama and Seo (Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 2305) have described a low temperature patterning process for TiO 2 deposition that utilises phenyltrichlorosilane as a patterning template which was irradiated with a Hg lamp through a photomask before deposition of TiO 2 from acidic (NH 4 ) 2 TiF 6 solution.
  • a method of preparing a solution containing colloidal particles which contain titanium ions comprising or including the step of:
  • A occurs under conditions such that peptization of the colloidal solution is substantially obtained and substantially maintained.
  • the conditions include stirring or agitation of the one or more hydrolysable titanium-containing compound(s) with oxalic acid in the reaction medium, more preferably at a temperature between ambient temperature to near the boiling point of the reaction mixture, even more preferably at a temperature between about 40° C. and about 80° C.
  • the stirring or agitation occurs over a reaction time ranging from substantially 15 minutes up to substantially 3 hours.
  • the reaction medium comprises water or a water/alcohol mixture and wherein the titanium-containing compound is hydrolysable in water and/or in base.
  • the titanium containing compound is water-hydrolysable and the titanium-containing compound is of the formula Ti(OR) 4 , where R is a C 2 -C 6 linear or branched chain alkyl group; more preferably the titanium containing compound is titanium tetraisopropoxide and/or titanium tetrabutoxide.
  • the water-hydrolysable titanium containing compound is:
  • the water-hydrolysable titanium-containing compound is hydrolysed using water prior to reaction with or stabilisation by oxalic acid, to give a hydrolysis product.
  • the titanium-containing compound is base-hydrolysable and the titanium-containing compound is selected from, but not restricted to, TiCl 4 and/or TiOSO 4 .
  • the base-hydrolysable titanium-containing compound is hydrolysed to a hydrolysis product, using a base prior to reaction with or stabilisation by oxalic acid, the hydrolysis product being filtered and/or washed, to form a slurry before reaction with or stabilisation by, the oxalic acid.
  • the oxalic acid is either anhydrous oxalic acid, or hydrated oxalic acid, and preferably the amount of oxalic acid is such as to provide a mole ratio of oxalic acid:titanium in the range of about 0.2:1 to about 1:1.
  • the water content of the reaction medium is such as to provide a mole ratio of water:titanium in the range of from about 200:1 to about 800:1; more preferably in the range of from about 400:1 to about 600:1.
  • the alcohol when alcohol is present in the reaction medium, the alcohol is a mono hydroxyl aliphatic alcohol having the formula ROH, where R is a C 1 to C 4 linear or branched alkyl group, such as ethanol or t-butanol, and the preferred amount of alcohol present is such as to provide a mole ratio of alcohol:titanium of from zero to 100:1, more preferably 10:1 to 50:1.
  • the solution may be stored at any concentration level prior to further use, preferably at up to about 32% by weight TiO 2 , between 0° C. and 20° C.
  • the oxalate concentration of the solution is at any stage reduced by irradiating the solution with UV light.
  • a method of preparing a solution containing colloidal particles which contain crystalline titanium dioxide comprising or including the step of:
  • A occurs under conditions such that peptization of the colloidal solution is substantially obtained and substantially maintained.
  • the conditions include stirring or agitation of the one or more hydrolysable titanium-containing compound(s) with oxalic acid in the reaction medium, more preferably at a temperature between ambient temperature to near the boiling point of the reaction mixture, even more preferably at a temperature between about 40° C. and about 80° C.
  • the stirring or agitation occurs over a reaction time ranging from substantially 15 minutes up to substantially 3 hours.
  • the reaction medium comprises water or a water/alcohol mixture and wherein the titanium-containing compound is hydrolysable in water and/or in base.
  • the titanium containing compound is water-hydrolysable and the titanium-containing compound is of the formula Ti(OR) 4 , where R is a C 2 -C 6 linear or branched chain alkyl group; more preferably the titanium containing compound is titanium tetraisopropoxide and/or titanium tetrabutoxide.
  • the water-hydrolysable titanium containing compound is:
  • the water-hydrolysable titanium-containing compound is hydrolysed using water prior to reaction with or stabilisation by oxalic acid, to give a hydrolysis product.
  • the titanium-containing compound is base-hydrolysable and the titanium-containing compound is selected from, but not restricted to, TiCl 4 and/or TiOSO 4 .
  • the base-hydrolysable titanium-containing compound is hydrolysed to a hydrolysis product, using a base prior to reaction with or stabilisation by oxalic acid, the hydrolysis product being filtered and/or washed, to form a slurry before reaction with or stabilisation by, the oxalic acid.
  • the oxalic acid is either anhydrous oxalic acid, or hydrated oxalic acid, and preferably the amount of oxalic acid is such as to provide a mole ratio of oxalic acid:titanium in the range of about 0.2:1 to about 1:1.
  • the water content of the reaction medium is such as to provide a mole ratio of water:titanium in the range of from about 200:1 to about 800:1; more preferably in the range of from about 400:1 to about 600:1.
  • the alcohol when alcohol is present in the reaction medium, the alcohol is a mono hydroxyl aliphatic alcohol having the formula ROH, where R is a C 1 to C 4 linear or branched alkyl group, such as ethanol or t-butanol, and the preferred amount of alcohol present is such as to provide a mole ratio of alcohol:titanium of from zero to 100:1, more preferably 10:1 to 50:1.
  • the solution may be stored at any concentration level prior to further use, preferably at up to about 32% by weight TiO 2 , between 0° C. and 20° C.
  • the oxalate concentration of the solution is at any stage reduced by irradiating the solution with UV light.
  • a method of preparing a TiO 2 -Containing Product comprising or including the steps of:
  • I occurs under conditions such that peptization of the colloidal solution is substantially obtained and substantially maintained.
  • the conditions include stirring or agitation of one or more hydrolysable titanium-containing compound(s) with oxalic acid in a water or water/alcohol reaction medium, more preferably at a temperature between ambient temperature to near the boiling point of the reaction mixture, even more preferably at a temperature between about 40° C. and about 80° C.
  • the stirring or agitation occurs over a reaction time ranging from substantially 15 minutes up to substantially 3 hours.
  • the TiO 2 phase in the product at least initially, includes, is predominantly or is substantially anatase.
  • the method comprises or includes the steps of:
  • step 1) comprises or includes the method as previously described in one or more of the first-fourth aspects of the invention.
  • the additives of step 2) include one or more of:
  • silica or a silica precursor (preferably when added it is as colloidal silica, and preferably added in an amount to yield a ratio substantially from 1 to 99 wt % relative to titanium in the product, more preferably from 30-60 wt %, and preferably the concentration of the colloidal silica is such as to provide between about 1 and 50% by weight in the product),
  • surfactant(s) (and preferably when added the surfactant(s) is or includes one or more of the Brij series, Triton series, Tergitol series, Pluronic series, potassium dodecyl sulphate, or any other surfactant that does not cause gelling),
  • silane(s) (and preferably when added, it is is added neat or as solution in an aqueous or organic solvent that is miscible with water, preferably it is a hydrolysable or partially hydrolysable silane compound of a formula RSiX 3 , R 2 SiX 2 and SiX 4 (where R is a simple or functionalised organic group and X could be a halide or an alkoxide group)).
  • the metal precursor is a metal salt or metal complex, more preferably a soluble metal salt or complex, preferably of Pd, Pt, Ag and Cu.
  • the precursor is (but not restricted to) one of the hexachloro-complexes of Pd or Pt, and preferably the Pd or Pt hexachloro-complex is mixed with a low carbon organic compound (such as formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol) as a sacrificial compound, which is preferably added in excess relative to the precursor metal, more preferably at a etal:sacrificial compound mole ratio of approximately.1:5.
  • a low carbon organic compound such as formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol
  • the metal is Ag and the precursor is one or more of (but not restricted to) silver acetate or silver nitrate.
  • the metal is Cu and the precursor is one or more of (but not restricted to) copper acetate, copper sulphate and copper nitrate.
  • step 3 includes removal of the solvent, more preferably by one or both of the steps of:
  • the gelling step is effected by one or more of:
  • a gelling agent including (but not restricted to) a dilute mineral acid solution such as of HCl, HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 , or an alkaline solution such as KOH, ammonia, sodium carbonate or tetraalkylammonium hydroxide.
  • a xerogel may be produced from the gelling step.
  • the curing of the gel is effected by exposure to UV radiation and/or by heat.
  • the wavelength of the UV radiation substantially or partially coincides with the band gap of the TiO 2 in the anatase phase.
  • the curing time is determined by the amount of oxalic acid to be decomposed and/or the wavelength of the radiation and/or the intensity of the radiation.
  • step 4 which includes one or both the steps of:
  • step 2) transformation to a metal or metal oxide of any metal precursor added within step 2) and/or step 4) (a transformation step).
  • the metal of the precursor of i) may be one or more of Pd, Pt, Cu or Ag.
  • the metal precursor may be mixed with a sacrificial compound of formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol, in excess relative to the metal recursor.
  • a sacrificial compound of formaldehyde formic acid, methanol or ethanol
  • the transformation step occurs by one or more of:
  • the metal of the metal precursor is Ag, UV irradiation is employed and UV irradiation is stopped substantially when the colour of the TiO 2 -product changes to light grey-black, and/or
  • the metal of the metal precursor is Cu, UV irradiation is employed and UV irradiation is stopped substantially when the colour of the TiO 2 -Containing Product changes from light green to bronze, and/or
  • the metal of the metal precursor is Pd, UV irradiation is employed and UV irradiation is stopped substantially when the colour of the TiO 2 -Containing Product changes from grey to black and/or
  • the metal of the metal precursor is Pt, UV irradiation is employed and UV irradiation is stopped substantially when the colour of the TiO 2 -Containing Product changes from grey to black.
  • the final metal content in the TiO 2 of the TiO 2 -product is less than 2% by weight, more preferably it is between 0.2 to 0.5% by weight.
  • the oxalate concentration of the solution is reduced by irradiating the solution with UV light.
  • the product is particulate in nature; more preferably the product is a powder; alternatively it is granular.
  • a method of preparing a TiO 2 coating solution comprising or including the steps of:
  • I. occurs under conditions such that peptization of the colloidal solution is substantially obtained and substantially maintained.
  • the conditions include stirring or agitation of one or more hydrolysable titanium-containing compound(s) with oxalic acid in a water or water/alcohol reaction medium, more preferably at a temperature between ambient temperature to near the boiling point of the reaction mixture, even more preferably at a temperature between about 40° C. and about 80° C.
  • the stirring or agitation occurs over a reaction time ranging from substantially 15 minutes up to substantially 3 hours.
  • the method comprises or includes the steps of:
  • step 1) includes or comprises the method as claimed in any one of the first to fourth aspects of the invention.
  • step 2) includes any one or more of the following:
  • silica or a silica precursor (preferably, when added or mixed, it is colloidal silica, and it is added in an amount to give a ratio substantially between 1 and 99 weight percent relative to titanium, more preferably from 30 to 60 wt % relative to titanium; and preferably the concentration of the colloidal silica is between about 1 and 50% by weight),
  • surfactant(s) preferably when added or mixed, it/they may be selected from one or more of the Brij series, Triton series, Tergitol series, Pluronic series, potassium dodecyl sulphate, or any other surfactant that does not cause gelling, and preferably at a concentration is between 0.01 to 5% by weight relative to TiO 2 ),
  • silane(s) preferably when added or mixed, and it is a hydrolysable or partially hydrolysable silane compound(s) of a formula RSiX 3 , R 2 SiX 2 and SiX 4 (where R is a simple or functionalised organic group and X could be a halide or an alkoxide group) and preferably added neat or as a water-miscible solution, preferably such that n the silane concentration is between 1-50%, more preferably 10-35% by total weight.).
  • silane(s) preferably when added or mixed, and it is a hydrolysable or partially hydrolysable silane compound(s) of a formula RSiX 3 , R 2 SiX 2 and SiX 4 (where R is a simple or functionalised organic group and X could be a halide or an alkoxide group) and preferably added neat or as a water-miscible solution, preferably such that n the silane concentration is between 1-50%, more preferably 10-35% by total weight
  • one or more metal precursor(s) is added or mixed it is a soluble metal salt or complex one or more of Pd, Pt, Ag and Cu.
  • the metal is one or more of:
  • Ag and the precursor is one or more of (but not restricted to) silver acetate or silver nitrate, and/or
  • Cu and the precursor is one or more of (but not restricted to) copper acetate, copper sulphate and copper nitrate, and/or
  • Pd or Pt and precursor is (but not restricted to) one of the hexachloro-complexes of Pd or Pt.
  • the Pd or Pt hexachloro-complex is mixed with a low carbon organic compound as a sacrificial compound, of formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol, which added in excess relative to the metal precursor.
  • a low carbon organic compound as a sacrificial compound, of formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol, which added in excess relative to the metal precursor.
  • the further step 3 of storing the coating solution at any concentration, preferably between 0-20° C., more preferably between 4-15° C.
  • a method of preparing a TiO 2 -coated substrate comprising or including the steps of:
  • the TiO 2 phase in the coated substrate at least initially, includes, is predominantly or is substantially anatase.
  • the substrate is one or more of (but not restricted to) glass, quartz, glass fibre, woven glass fibre, ceramics, silicon wafers, metals, polymer surfaces (such as polyethylene or polyester), wood, or building materials such as mortar, brick, tiles, or concrete.
  • step II includes
  • coating solution is effected by techniques such as (but not restricted to) spin-coating, dip-coating or spraying.
  • a protective layer of amorphous silica and/or alumina (and/or precursors thereof) is applied to the substrate.
  • the precursor(s) for amorphous silica may be selected from (but not limited to) the series tetraalkoxysilanes, alkoxychlorosilanes and the precursors for amorphous alumina may be selected from (but not limited to) the series aluminium trialkoxides, and the precursors are prepared by hydrolysing the silica and/or the alumina precursor(s) in acid solution.
  • curing of the gel is effected by exposure to UV radiation and/or by heat.
  • the wavelength of the UV radiation substantially or partially coincides with the band gap of anatase TiO 2 .
  • the curing time is determined by the amount of oxalic acid to be decomposed and/or the amount of silane (if present) and/or the amount of surfactant (if present) and/or the wavelength of the radiation and/or the intensity of the radiation.
  • the gelling step is effected by one or more of:
  • a gelling agent including (but not restricted to) a dilute mineral acid solution such as HCl, HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 , or an alkaline solution such as KOH, ammonia, sodium carbonate or tetraalkylammonium hydroxide.
  • step III which includes one or both the steps of:
  • step I) transformation of any metal precursor added within step I) and/or step III) (a transformation step).
  • the metal of the precursors of step i) is one or more of Pd, Pt, Cu or Ag, and preferably when the metal precursor is Pd or Pt the metal precursors is mixed with a sacrificial compound of formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol, in excess relative to the metal precursor.
  • curing of the gel is effected by exposure to UV radiation and/or by heat and/or by evaporation of the solvent, and preferably a xerogel is produced either as an intermediate, or as a product.
  • a xerogel is produced either as an intermediate, or as a product.
  • the wavelength of the UV radiation substantially or partially coincides with the photocatalytically active band gap of the TiO 2 in the anatase phase.
  • the curing time is determined by the amount of oxalic acid to be decomposed and/or the wavelength of the radiation and/or the intensity of the radiation.
  • a ninth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a patterned TiO 2 -coated substrate comprising or including the steps of:
  • the coating solution produces a film which contains 50 to 100% by weight titania after curing.
  • development of the film is by one or more of:
  • an acid solution wherein the acid solution is any dilute mineral acid such as sulphuric and/or an organic acid solution such as oxalic, lactic, citric, tartaric or sulphuric acid and/or an acidic salt solution where the salt is, ammonium sulphate or aluminium sulphate and/or;
  • the acid solution is any dilute mineral acid such as sulphuric and/or an organic acid solution such as oxalic, lactic, citric, tartaric or sulphuric acid and/or an acidic salt solution where the salt is, ammonium sulphate or aluminium sulphate and/or;
  • the development occurs at room temperature, or under conditions of heating, and preferably is followed by a final step of sintering the coating.
  • a xerogel may be produced as an intermediate.
  • the wavelength of the UV radiation substantially or partially coincides with the photo catalytically active band gap of the TiO 2 in the anatase phase.
  • a method of increasing the content of rutile and/or TiO 2 —B phases in a TiO 2 product including or comprising:
  • heating to substantially between 200° C. to 400° causes or initiates phase change of TiO 2 —B to anatase phase to titanium dioxide-B and/or rutile phase in the product. Additionally further heating to substantially above 400° C. will increase the content of the rutile phase in the product.
  • the TiO 2 undergoes a phase change substantially entirely to rutile at temperatures substantially higher than 500° C.
  • silica results in stabilisation of the anatase and/or TiO 2 —B phase thereby requiring heating to over 600° C. to initiate and/or complete the transformation to rutile phase.
  • a TiO 2 -containing coating solution substantially prepared according to the method as previously described.
  • a TiO 2 -containing coated substrate substantially prepared according to the method as previously described.
  • TiO 2 -containing coated substrate prepared substantially as herein described with reference to any one or more of the accompanying examples.
  • a TiO 2 -containing hardened film substantially prepared according to the method as previously described.
  • a TiO 2 -containing patterned film prepared substantially as herein described with reference to any one or more of the accompanying examples.
  • a method of preparing a TiO 2 -based photocatalyst including or comprising the following steps:
  • the TiO 2 -based photocatalyst is a TiO 2 particulate material, and the further processing includes a gelling and a curing step.
  • the TiO 2 -based photocatalyst is a TiO 2 coating or film on a substrate, and the further processing includes preparation of a coating solution and application of the coating solution to the substrate, and a gelling and a curing step.
  • the TiO 2 phase in the particulate material, coating or film at least initially, includes, is predominantly or is substantially anatase.
  • the TiO 2 -based photocatalyst acts as a photocatalyst upon irradiation of or exposure to UV light.
  • the TiO 2 -based photocatalyst is metal or metal-oxide doped, preferably the metal is selected from Pt, Pd, Cu or Ag.
  • the TiO 2 -based photocatalyst can be used to photocatalytically degrade organic compounds and wherein the degradation occurs via application of or exposure to UV radiation, and/or the TiO 2 -based photocatalyst can act as a hydrophilic surface when coated on a substrate.
  • a TiO 2 -based photocatalyst prepared substantially according to the method as previously described.
  • a TiO 2 -based photocatalyst prepared substantially as herein described with reference to any one or more of the examples.
  • the further processing step 2) includes removal of the solvent and/or a gelling step and/or a curing step.
  • step 1) is substantially according to one or more of the methods described previously in the first-fourth aspects of the invention.
  • step 4 Preferably there is a further step 4) of heating beyond 450° C. provide TiO 2 in the rutile phase.
  • B phase TiO 2 prepared substantially according to the method previously described.
  • B phase TiO 2 prepared substantially as herein described with reference to any one or more of the examples.
  • FIG. 1 shows a thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) of the powder prepared from gelling the sol in Example 5;
  • FIG. 2 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the powder prepared from gelling the sol in Example 9 with no silica added;
  • FIG. 3 shows the infrared spectra of the film prepared as in Example 10 and cured by UV light
  • FIG. 4 shows the effect of added SiO 2 on the photoactivity and surface area using a 2M sol of the invention
  • FIG. 5 shows the change in photoactivity with a catalyst loading using 2M sol of the invention +50% SiO 2 coated on woven glass fibre;
  • FIG. 6 shows the effect of humidity on the photoactivity using two coatings of 2M sol of the invention +50% SiO 2 coated on woven glass fibre;
  • FIG. 7 shows the UV degradation of some surfactants on TiO2 films followed by I.R spectroscopy
  • FIG. 8 shows the x-ray diffraction spectrum of TiO2-B containing material
  • FIG. 9 shows the surface profile of a TiO 2 patterned film
  • FIG. 10 shows the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a TiO 2 patterned film
  • FIG. 11 shows the photodecomposition of Rhodamine B dye on TiO 2 film
  • FIG. 12 shows the photodecomposition of ethylene gas on platinised TiO 2 photocatalyst cloth
  • FIG. 13 shows the photothermal decomposition of ethylene gas on a platinised TiO 2 photocatalyst cloth
  • FIG. 14 shows the photothermal decomposition of toluene gas on a platinised TiO 2 photocatalyst cloth.
  • the invention relates to processes of preparing solutions containing colloidal particles which contain titanium (ie titanium-containing sols), and to processes for preparing titanium dioxide containing materials.
  • xerogels a gel in which the solvent has been removed by evaporation at an ambient temperature
  • powders and coated films can be prepared from the solutions.
  • the invention also relates to the application of the titanium dioxide containing materials.
  • titanium-containing colloidal solutions stabilised by oxalic acid can be prepared by stablisation or peptization.
  • Peptization is the process by which colloidal sols are stabilised usually by addition of electrolytes.
  • a pH of approximately ⁇ 4 is required, thus acidic conditions are generally employed.
  • These colloidal solutions have certain advantageous properties that render them highly suitable for use in preparing titanium dioxide-containing materials.
  • titanium dioxide-containing materials prepared from such colloidal solutions do not require firing at high temperatures in order to have properties that make them suitable for use in such application as photocatalysts. This is because titanium dioxide prepared by removal of the solvent from such colloidal solutions has been found to contain or to comprise titanium dioxide directly in the anatase crystalline form. This form is primarily required for titanium dioxide to have photocatalytic properties in the UV range, or is at least the most convenient photocatalytic form of titanium dioxide.
  • titanium dioxide from the amorphous form which is the typical phase produced initially in other processes
  • conversion of titanium dioxide from the amorphous form has generally required heating to temperatures of at least 300° C. to 400° C.
  • titanium dioxide materials prepared from the colloidal solutions of the present invention can be cured simply by exposure to solar light or an ultraviolet light source.
  • irradiation of the materials is effective to remove the oxalic acid present, as the titanium dioxide, which is already in the anatase form, photocatalyses decomposition of the oxalic acid.
  • titanium dioxide materials to be cured without the need for high temperatures enables the preparation of composite materials comprising a substrate coated with a titanium dioxide film in which the substrate used does not need to be heat resistant.
  • composite materials in which the substrate is, for example, a thermoplastic material or wood can be prepared.
  • the titanium-dioxide containing materials of the invention can be cured by heating to appropriate temperatures.
  • a temperature of as low as about 200° C. will be sufficient to decompose the oxalic acid present in the material and yield a product in which the titanium dioxide is in the anatase form.
  • anatase, TiO 2 —B, rutile phase or a mixture can be obtained, depending on the amount of oxalic acid used in the preparation and on the firing temperature.
  • the titanium dioxide material would generally be cured at a temperature of from about 200° C. to 400° C. Above 400° C. a mixture of anatase and rutile will generally be obtained, which will transform completely to rutile at high temperatures, as is known in the art.
  • the production of the titanium dioxide materials is carried out in two stages—firstly preparation of titanium containing colloidal solutions or sols, and then the preparation of the titanium-containing materials.
  • the solutions containing colloidal particles containing crystalline titanium dioxide of the present invention may be prepared by reacting a mixture containing a hydrolysable titanium-containing compound and oxalic acid, in a reaction medium which comprises either water or a mixture of water and an alcohol.
  • the titanium-containing compound used may be a titanium-containing compound that is hydrolysable in water or base. Also, the use of mixtures of two or more hydrolysable titanium-containing compounds is within the scope of the present invention.
  • the water hydrolysable titanium-containing compound is a compound of the formula Ti(OR) 4 , where R is a C 2 -C 6 linear or branched chain alkyl group.
  • R is a C 2 -C 6 linear or branched chain alkyl group.
  • Two preferred titanium-containing compounds are titanium tetraisopropoxide and titanium tetrabutoxide, which are hydrolysable in water.
  • titanium-containing compounds that may be used include TiCl 4 and TiOSO 4 , which can be hydrolysed using a base prior to reaction with oxalic acid.
  • the hydrolysed products hydrated titania or titanic acid
  • the hydrolysed product is more preferably used as slurry without drying.
  • the hydrolysable titanium containing compound may, for example in the case where the compound is of the formula Ti(OR) 4 , be first combined with a solution of oxalic acid in alcohol followed by addition of water.
  • the titanium-containing compound may just be added directly to water (or to a mixture of water and an alcohol), then oxalic acid is added to the so formed slurry. Otherwise the titanium-containing compound may be added to a solution of oxalic acid in water or in water/alcohol solution.
  • the oxalic acid may be either anhydrous oxalic acid, or hydrated oxalic acid, such as H 2 C 2 O 4 . 2H 2 O. It is preferred that the amount of oxalic acid is such as to provide a mole ratio of oxalic acid:titanium in the range of about 0.2:1 to about 1:1 to get the sols. Below 0.2 ratio either very white colloids or unstable colloids are obtained.
  • the reaction medium can comprise either water or a mixture of water and an alcohol. It is preferred that the water content is such as to provide a mole ratio of water:titanium in the range of from about 200:1 to about 800:1, more preferably from about 400:1 to about 600:1. Below 200:1 ratio peptization becomes difficult and may produce unstable colloids.
  • the preferred amount of alcohol present is such as to provide a mole ratio of alcohol:titanium of from zero to 100:1, more preferably 10:1 to 50:1.
  • the alcohol when present, is a mono hydroxyl aliphatic alcohol having the formula ROH, where R is a C 1 to C 4 linear or branched alkyl group, such as ethanol or t-butanol.
  • the reaction mixture is preferably stirred or agitated, at a temperature between ambient temperature to near the boiling point of the mixture, more preferably at a temperature between about 40° C. and about 80° C.
  • the sol can be stored at any desired concentration level, preferably up to about 32% by weight TiO 2 . It is however preferred that if a concentrated sol is prepared, that this be then diluted with water to give a concentration of about 2-20% by weight as TiO 2 for preparation of thin films.
  • reaction time required to form a colloidal solution will depend on the composition and concentration of the reaction mixture. However, in general, the required reaction time will range from about 15 minutes up to about 3 hours.
  • the sols thus prepared will contain colloidal particles of a submicrometer to a few nanometer sizes, or less and containing titanium ions, with the particles being stabilised by oxalic acid.
  • the structure of the colloidal particles is likely to be nTiO 2 .H 2 C 2 O 4 or similar, where n is a number greater than or equal to 1, ie TiO 2 particles stabilised by oxalic acid or any of its dissociated forms, and that the oxalic acid prevents the titanium dioxide precipitating out of the solution.
  • the sols may be irradiated by UV light to reduce the concentration of oxalic acid in the sol, especially when the oxalate concentration is about 0.5 mole ratio or higher relative to Ti.
  • the UV light may conveniently be provided by a mercury lamp or a xenon lamp or any other intense UV source with a wavelength less than 400 nm.
  • the titanium-containing colloidal solutions may, by removal of the solvent, be used to prepare titanium dioxide or titanium dioxide-containing materials, including titanium dioxide powders and composite materials comprising a substrate coated with a film of titanium dioxide.
  • the sol is first mixed with colloidal silica, in an amount of between about 1 and 99 weight percent relative to titanium, preferably from 30 to 60 wt % relative to titanium.
  • concentration of colloidal silica used can have any desired concentration, but is preferably between about 1 and 50% by weight.
  • a further option within the invention is to use a titania sol prepared according to the above, and further mix it with a hydrolysable or partially hydrolysable silane compound of a formula RSiX 3 and SiX 4 (where R is a simple or functionalised organic group and X could be a halide or an alkoxide groups that may exist together) before causing the sol to gel.
  • a silane can be added as neat or as solution in an aqueous or organic solvent that is miscible with water, such as ethanol, acetone, etc.
  • Such a silane material can form a linkage between titania particles through —Ti—O—Si—O—Ti— bonding. This can suppress crystal growth of the titania particles as well as add better abrasion properties to the photocatalyst.
  • the sol is then preferably caused to gel. This may be achieved by evaporating the solvent at room temperature or above, or under a vacuum with or without heating.
  • the sols can be caused to gel by adding a dilute mineral acid solution, such as HCl, HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 , or an alkaline solution, such as KOH, ammonia, sodium carbonate or tetraalkylammonium hydroxide.
  • acidic solutions such as sulphuric, nitric, oxalic, citric, lactic and tartaric acids, etc. at room temperature or by heating, depending on the type and concentration of the acid.
  • the process of redissolving the gelled material is particularly important in film patterning, as it will be described later.
  • the gels can be cured to remove the oxalic acid and form titanium dioxide containing materials or films, by exposure to solar light or a UV light source, or by heating at appropriate temperatures.
  • a UV source can be a mercury lamp, a xenon lamp, a black light lamp, or other UV source.
  • the wavelength of the light can be below 400 nm to coincide with the band gap of the titania photocatalyst.
  • the required curing time will depend on the film thickness, the amount of oxalic acid to be decomposed, the wavelength of the radiation and its intensity.
  • the UV cured material will contain TiO 2 in the anatase form.
  • the curing process of a film prepared as in Example 10 below was monitored by infrared spectroscopy (FIG. 3).
  • the gels can be cured by heating at appropriate temperatures as will be known in the art, to form anatase, TiO 2 —B or rutile.
  • temperatures as low as 200° C. to 400° C. crystalline TiO 2 , as the anatase phase or a mixture of anatase and titanium dioxide-B, is obtained.
  • temperatures above 400° C. a mixture of anatase and rutile will be obtained, which will transform completely to rutile at high temperature. This was monitored using thermal analysis (TGA, DTA) (FIG. 1) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) (FIG. 2).
  • the crystallite size gradually increased from 37 ⁇ in the xerogel to 58 ⁇ after heating at 300° C. for 1 hour, then rapidly increased above 100 ⁇ accompanied with the formation of rutile.
  • silica Nacogel colloidal silica
  • the anatase form could be stabilised at higher temperature with a small change in the anatase crystallite size.
  • the anatase phase can be stabilised up to 600° C. and the anatase crystallite size will change from 37 ⁇ in the xerogel to only 56 ⁇ after heating at 600° C. for 1 hour.
  • silica into the photocatalyst can stabilise the anatase phase and increase the surface area of the material, thus improves its photocatalytic activity (FIG. 4).
  • the highest surface area and photoactivity obtained was with the 50% by weight SiO2 for which the specific surface area was 246.3 m 2 /g according to BET method for nitrogen sorption.
  • the pore size distribution according to BJH analysis of the nitrogen desorption isotherm showed a maximum at 35 ⁇ pore diameter and cumulative pore volume of pores between 17 and 100 ⁇ of 0.1125 cm 3 /g with the average pore diameter of 28.2 ⁇ .
  • the surface area was 153 m 2 /g according to BET method.
  • the pore size distribution according to BJH analysis showed a smaller maximum at 34.3 ⁇ pore diameter and cumulative pore volume of pores between 17 and 100 ⁇ of 0.02254 cm 3 /g with the average pore diameter of 24.5 ⁇ . It is clear that blending amorphous silica can change the surface properties and increase the surface area of the material described in this invention, which is important for adsorption of pollutants.
  • the titanium-containing colloidal solutions may initially be mixed with one or more compounds that enhance the film-casting process to produce thicker and more abrasion resistant films.
  • Water soluble alcohol as much as 50%, has been found to enhance the film-forming process.
  • methanol and ethanol gave better results in spray coating.
  • the sols may also be mixed with any proportion of water-soluble or alcohol-soluble ketones, such as acetone and acetylacetone.
  • the sols may be mixed with any proportion of organic acids.
  • the organic acid can be mono-, di- or multi-functional and it may also contain hydroxyl groups.
  • Such acids include for example acetic, lactic, tartaric, citric, maleic, malic, malonic, diglycolic, benzoic, 1,2,4,5-C 6 H 2 (COOH) 4 , EDTA, and mixtures thereof.
  • the sols may also be mixed with any proportion of water-soluble aliphatic or aromatic alcohols, diols or polyols.
  • examples of such compounds include ethanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylalcohol, phenol, catechol, polysaccharides and other polyols as will be known by persons skilled in the art, or a mixture of the same.
  • the sols may also be mixed with any proportion of ethanolamines, such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine, or a mixture thereof.
  • the sol can be coated on a substrate and heated to around 150° C. to give a polymeric hard film which allows the coated substrate to be easily handled.
  • This characteristic has many applications, especially for example, in the robotic industry. This can be heated further to decompose the organic material and produce the anatase coating.
  • the applicants also prefer blending of amorphous silica by addition of silica colloid and/or silane compounds as mentioned earlier to the titanium dioxide colloid prepared in this invention.
  • silane compounds may act as particle couplers to help improving the film thickness and getting more abrasion resistant films, which then either be cured under UV irradiation or heating to decompose any organic residues.
  • the sols may be mixed with any proportion of surfactant.
  • the surfactant can be chosen from but not limited to the Brij series, Triton series, Tergitol series, Pluronic series, potassium dodecyl sulphate, or any other surfactant that does not cause gelling.
  • the surfactant concentration is between 0.01 to 5% by weight relative to TiO 2 .
  • the sols thus prepared can be coated on a variety of substrates.
  • substrates include glass, quartz, glass fibre, woven glass fibre, ceramics, silicon wafers, metals, polymer surfaces (such as polyethylene or polyester), wood, or building materials such as mortar, brick, tiles, or concrete.
  • the coating method used may be any suitable method known in the art, such as spin-coating, dip-coating or spraying.
  • a protective layer of amorphous silica or alumina on the substrate before coating with the photocatalyst, especially if the substrate consists of organic materials such as a polymer that could be deteriorated by the photocatalyst coating.
  • the same method can be done with glass and other supported films that are prepared by heating.
  • the precursors for amorphous silica and alumina can be prepared by hydrolysing a silicon alkoxide or an aluminium alkoxide in acidic solutions as is known to those who are skilled in the art.
  • precursors for amorphous silica and alumina can be chosen from the series tetraalkoxysilanes, alkoxychlorosilanes and aluminium trialkoxides but are not limited to these. It is more preferred that the alkoxy radicals would have low carbon backbones of C1-C5.
  • the films that are coated with the photocatalyst can be cured as described above, ie by exposure to solar light or a UV light source, or by heating at appropriate temperatures.
  • the applicants have been able to produce fine line patterns of less than 4 micrometer wide with very sharp edges using a low intensity black light lamp. This will enable the formation of TiO 2 patterns on polymeric substrates.
  • the coating solution may be chosen from any combination of the titania colloid with a silica colloid, a hydrolysable or partially hydrolysable silane and a surfactant. However it is preferred that the coating solution will produce a film which contains 50 to 100% by weight titania after curing. The titania content of the coating solution will be chosen so that it produces the required thickness of the patterned film. It is also preferred to apply only one layer to get sharper and clearer patterns.
  • the patterning process comprises two steps. In the first step, parts of the film may be masked and the unmasked parts are exposed to an ultraviolet light. This will photocatalytically destroy the oxalic acid and other organic materials present in the titanium oxide of the unmasked portions.
  • the next step is to develop the film by acid treatment.
  • the destruction of the oxalic acid in the unmasked parts renders those parts of the film insoluble, whereas the parts of the film that have not been exposed to UV light can be dissolved using a suitable acid solution or any material that reacts with or dissolves oxalic acid and or the titanium dioxide-containing gel, since such parts of the film are not cured.
  • the acid solution may be any dilute mineral acid, organic acid solution or an acidic salt solution.
  • the acid is oxalic, lactic, citric, tartaric or sulphuric acid.
  • the acidic salt can be, for example, ammonium sulphate or aluminium sulphate.
  • Other materials such as hydrogen peroxide may also be used to develop the patterns.
  • a radiational or mechanical method such as ultrasonication can be used to develop the patterned film by removing the uncured parts.
  • titanium dioxide films having very fine patterns of few micrometers wide or less and submicrometer to few nanometer thick can be produced on a variety of substrates, including plastic and polymeric surfaces, since it is done at room temperature and low level UV light (FIGS. 9, 10). This process may find a particular industrial applicability in the electronics industry such as field-effect transistors and other microdevices.
  • the properties of the titanium dioxide-containing powders and films may be enhanced by doping with a metal salt or complex. Suitable dopants will be known to those persons skilled in the art.
  • the composite may be either heated at a suitable temperature to form the metal oxide or UV irradiated to form metal particles inside the titanium dioxide or some cases can produce metal oxides.
  • a soluble metal salt or complex may either be directly to the sols or by impregnation of the powders and films themselves with an aqueous or alcoholic solution of the metal salt for a sufficient time to allow adsorption.
  • the adsorbed metal salt or complex can be either thermally decomposed or photocatalytically decomposed under UV light.
  • the photocatalytic doping process may take between few minutes to several hours.
  • the photocatalytic process will involve photooxidation of the organic radical of the metal precursor and the photoreduction of the metal ion to zero oxidation state whereby the metal particles are dispersed uniformly on the surface of the catalyst particles.
  • the final metal content in the photocatalyst is preferably less than 2% by weight and more preferably between 0.2 to 0.5% by weight. Above 0.5% by weight doping the activity of the photocatalyst may marginally increase.
  • the preferred precursor for Pd and Pt are the hexachloro-complexes. It is preferred to mix these precursors with a sacrificial compound, more preferably the sacrificial compound is a low carbon organic compound such as formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol or ethanol that is added in excess relative to the doping metal. For example, if platinum and formaldehyde are to be used, the more preferable molar ratio is about 1:5 of Pt:formaldehyde.
  • the precursor solutions can be added either to the colloid or impregnated in the catalyst particles or films after curing. No sacrificial agent is needed in this case.
  • the colour of the silvered catalyst ranges between light grey to black.
  • the preferred copper precursors are copper acetate and copper nitrate, although other salts such as the sulphate can be used.
  • the copper precursor can be added to the colloid before gelling or impregnated in the photocatalyst particles or films after gelling and curing.
  • the colour of the catalyst will change from light green to bronze due to the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(0) after exposure to UV light.
  • reduction of the metal precursor that is adsorbed on the titanium-containing catalyst can be performed by exposing such a catalyst to a dilute hydrazine hydrate solution for a sufficient time to allow the complete reduction of the metal to zero valency. In this case it is preferred to wash the catalyst with water to remove the excess of hydrazine.
  • hydrazine can penetrate into the catalyst particles or grains and reduce the metal precursor that is adsorbed inside the grains, whether the particles are of pure titania, a titanium-containing material, or silica particles.
  • the titanium dioxide powders, grains and composite materials containing titanium dioxide materials have a number of applications.
  • the materials will perform as photocatalysts.
  • the material is able to decompose organic compounds or pollutants in air and water under solar radiation or UV light.
  • the undesirably carbon structures are broken down into relatively harmless CO 2 and H 2 O.
  • Dyes can be photocatalytically discoloured or bleached using the materials prepared in this invention when irradiated with sunlight or artificial UV light.
  • this invention we present for example, a method for preparing and supporting a photocatalyst that is capable of reducing ethylene concentration rapidly and efficiently.
  • a particular example includes the filtering of ethylene (ethene) gases from horticultural storage facilities. This is a colourless gas produced by some fruits as they ripen. However, this gas also causes premature ripening of other fruits stored in the same facility.
  • An example is the storage of apples and kiwifruit, where the former produces ethene that prematurely ripens the latter. This is a significant issue for horticultural exporters, as it may damage their product before it reaches the market.
  • the titanium dioxide films will have superhydrophilic properties when they are first prepared. This hydrophilicity is maintained by exposure to solar light or UV light, with a contact angle close to zero. This hydrophilicity is particularly useful for such applications as anti-fogging mirrors and glass windows, where the hydrophilic surface will prevent the formation of small water droplets, that cause the fogging.
  • the titanium dioxide-containing materials have anti-microbial activity, including activity against bacteria, viruses and fungi. These properties may be utilised for example in forming a surface such as a bench top, or tiles coated with a film of titanium dioxide, to reduce or eliminate the growth of micro-organisms.
  • coatings have high porosity and surface area ensuring high photocatalytic activity
  • TiO 2 material is highly effective at breaking up ethylene and other workplace compounds. Decomposition of these materials has improved from 30% to 95% per hour, illustrating the effectiveness of this invention as a scrubber.
  • ⁇ -Titanic acid was obtained by hydrolysing 14.2 g TTIP in 100 ml water. 3.15 g of oxalic acid dihydrate was added and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. to form a colourless sol.
  • Titanyl sulphate solution was hydrolysed with dilute ammonia solution to get a white precipitate, which was filtered and washed with distilled water until it became free of sulphate.
  • the resulting slurry was kept in a closed container and analysed for the content of TiO 2 by heating a specimen in a furnace to 500° C.
  • 21 g of ⁇ -Titanic acid slurry (19% by weight TiO 2 ) was added to 200 ml of water containing 3.15 g of oxalic acid dihydrate. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. to form a bluish-white colloid after 1 hour.
  • Powder XRD measurement after gelling and heating to 200° C. showed the presence of anatase phase. Anatase diffraction lines became sharper after heating to 300° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Powder XRD after gelling and heating the powder to 200° C. showed the presence of a relative 74% TiO 2 —B phase and 26% anatase phase.
  • the powder heated to 250° C. showed that some of TiO 2 —B was transferred to anatase with ratios of 57% TiO 2 —B and 43% anatase.
  • Between 300° C. to 410° C. only well crystalline anatase was obtained. Transfer to rutile phase started to occur after heating at 450° C. (FIG. 8).
  • a mixture was prepared as in Example 6. 5.7 g of Nalcogel brand 30% Silica colloid was added to the slurry and the resultant mixture was heated at 60° C. until a clear colloid was obtained.
  • a sol was prepared as in Example 10, then the required amount of Nalcogel brand 30% silica colloid was added.
  • 16-20% pure titania colloids or titania-silica colloids were prepared according to the examples above then were caused to gel. If grains are desired it was preferred to gel the colloid at 70-80° C., and if powders were desired it was preferred that the solvent is evaporated under vacuum at 50° C. Heating of such grains or powders at 200° C. for one hour produced anatase photocatalysts. The heating time can be made longer than one hour to increase the crystallite size.
  • a 16% titania/silica colloid was prepared as in example 11.
  • the colloid would preferably be gelled at 80° C. if grains were desired, but when a powder was desired the solvent was evaporated under vacuum first.
  • the xerogels were heated at 500° C. for one hour to get a nanocrystalline anatase containing material, with crystallite size of 8.1 nm.
  • Example 10 The sol in Example 10 was coated on a 2 ⁇ 1 cm silicon plate. The film was exposed to mercury UV light at a distance of 5 cm for 30 minutes. Decomposition of the oxalate was monitored by infra red spectroscopy. (FIG. 3).
  • Example 10 The 4% sol in Example 10 containing 0.1% Brij 97 was spin coated on a 5 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 0.1 cm glass plate. A black and white image printed on a transparent thin cellulose acetate sheet was placed on the film surface. The plate was exposed to a black light lamp for 6 hours. The film was soaked in a dilute warm lactic acid solution to dissolve the unexposed area of the film and leaving the parts that were exposed to the UV radiation.
  • a spin coating mixture which contains 55% by weight TiO 2 and 45% by weight SiO 2 was prepared by mixing 12 ml of 8% titania colloid from Example 10, 1.164 g of 30% Nacogel silica colloid, 1.716 g of glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane and 0.1 g of 2% Brij 78 solution.
  • a clean glass plate was spin coated with this mixture at 600 rpm for 2 minutes. The so coated plate was irradiated under black light lamp for 15 hours, after this the film became hydrophilic. Film thickness was 0.5 micrometer and the film did not scratch when tested by H9 pencil.
  • Example 5 The sol in Example 5 was spin coated on 50 ⁇ 50 ⁇ 1 mm glass plate. The plate was heated to 200° C. After cooling, the plate was coated again and heated. Five coatings were applied in this way. The film was stained with 0.1% oleic acid solution in acetone and left under the sun light. Decomposition of the oleic acid was estimated by the reduction of the contact angle of water on the surface, which was reduced to its original angle of ⁇ 2 after 6 hours.
  • a piece of woven glass cloth (6 ⁇ 6 cm) was dip coated with the sol as prepared in Example 11. After drying in warm air, the cloth was heated at 210° C. for 15 minutes. The coating was repeated to produce multiple layers of the anatase catalyst.
  • a piece of woven glass cloth prepared in Example 21 was placed in a one litre gas tight reactor with a quartz window at the top.
  • the reactor is provided with a small fan, and a thermohygrometer.
  • the humidity was adjusted to 25 ⁇ 1% at 20° C.
  • Acetaldehyde gas was injected in the reactor to give a concentration between 40-60 ppm.
  • After 30 minutes equilibrium in the dark the coated glass cloth was irradiated by a black light lamp at 4 cm distance. The concentration of acetaldehyde was monitored using gas detectors.
  • the humidity effect on the photodecomposition of acetaldehyde was also tested.
  • the humidity range used for testing was between about 10 and about 90% relative humidity at 20° C.
  • the humidity inside the reactor was changed either by circulating the air through a desiccant or by adding water vapour prior to the injection of acetaldehyde.
  • the effect of humidity on the photoactivity is shown in FIG. 6.
  • a 6 ⁇ 6 cm woven glass cloth was prepared as in Example 21, then it was heated to 500° C. for 1 hour. Three millilitres of a doping solution containing 0.1% by weight platinic acid and 0.5% by weight formaldehyde was sprayed on the surface of the catalyst and allowed 5 minutes equilibrium time. The wet glass cloth was irradiated under UV light from a 20-Watt black light lamp for 5 minutes during which the colour of the catalyst changed to grey-black. The glass cloth was washed with distilled water and dried at 80° C. to get a platinised photocatalyst.
  • a 25 ml of 16% by weight titania colloid was prepared as in example 10 and was well mixed with 1.26 ml of 1% silver nitrate solution producing a colloid with 0.2% by weight silver relative to TiO 2 .
  • a 6 ⁇ 6 cm glass cloth was coated with this solution and dried at 70° C., then heated at 210° C. for 15 minutes. The photocatalyst cloth was irradiated under black light lamp for 30 minutes, during which its colour changed to grey.
  • a photocatalyst glass cloth was prepared as in Example 25. After heating to 210° C. the cloth was cooled to room temperature then sprayed with a 1% hydrazine hydrate solution. After 5 minutes the cloth was washed with distilled water to remove excess hydrazine, then dried in the oven. Before using this cloth in photocatalysis experiments, it is preferred to irradiate it under UV light to photo-degrade any traces of adsorbed hydrazine.
  • a 6 ⁇ 6 cm platinised photocatalyst cloth was prepared as in Example 24 loaded with 0.09 g of the photocatalyst.
  • the photocatalyst cloth was placed inside a 150 ml gas tight reactor.
  • the humidity inside the reactor was adjusted to 40% at 20° C. 1 ml of 1% ethylene gas in air was injected into the reactor to produce 70 ppmv of ethylene inside the reactor.
  • the black light lamp was turned on and the ethylene concentration was monitored using a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an Innowax column and FID detector. After 30 minutes the temperature inside the reactor became 40° C. and 97.1% of the ethylene was decomposed (FIG. 12).
  • a 11 ⁇ 17 cm platinised photocatalyst cloth was prepared as in Example 24 which was loaded with 0.6 g photocatalyst. Humidity in the photoreactor was adjusted to 41% at 20° C. 0.6 ml of pure ethylene gas (26.78 micromole) was injected. After 30 minutes equilibrium, the UV lamp (black light lamp) and heat were turned on with the temperature inside the photoreactor was raised to 85° C. The concentration of ethylene was monitored by GC as in Example 29 and was found to be reduced by 98.9% after 30 minutes (FIG. 13)

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