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US20030123394A1 - Flow control between performance enhancing proxies over variable bandwidth split links - Google Patents

Flow control between performance enhancing proxies over variable bandwidth split links Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030123394A1
US20030123394A1 US10/292,901 US29290102A US2003123394A1 US 20030123394 A1 US20030123394 A1 US 20030123394A1 US 29290102 A US29290102 A US 29290102A US 2003123394 A1 US2003123394 A1 US 2003123394A1
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Prior art keywords
tcp
pep
data
intermediate device
connections
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US10/292,901
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Jason Neale
Andrew Pether
Abdul-Kader Mohsen
Guy Begin
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ADVANTECH SATELLITE NETWORKS Inc
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EMS Technologies Inc
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Priority to US10/292,901 priority Critical patent/US20030123394A1/en
Assigned to EMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment EMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEALE, JASON, BEGIN, GUY, MOHSEN, ABDUL-KADER, PETHER, ANDREW M.
Publication of US20030123394A1 publication Critical patent/US20030123394A1/en
Assigned to SUNTRUST BANK reassignment SUNTRUST BANK SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Assigned to EMS TECHNOLOGIES CANADA, LTD. reassignment EMS TECHNOLOGIES CANADA, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Assigned to ADVANTECH SATELLITE NETWORKS INC. reassignment ADVANTECH SATELLITE NETWORKS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EMS TECHNOLOGIES CANADA, LTD.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • This invention relates to data telecommunications satellites, and more specifically to the use of hardware and/or software, referred to as Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs), to optimize the performance of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over satellite links with varying bandwidth.
  • PEPs Performance Enhancing Proxies
  • the Internet is a world-wide computer super-network, which is made up of a large number of component networks and their interconnections.
  • Computer networks may consist of a wide variety of connected paths or network links serving to transport user information in the form of data between a diverse array of computer end systems.
  • Different network links are more or less suitable for different network requirements.
  • a fiber optic cable typically provides a high bandwidth, low per bit cost, low error rate and low delay point-to-point network link.
  • a satellite link typically provides a lower bandwidth, higher per bit cost, higher error rate and longer delay point-to-multi-point network link.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • IP primarily provides the routing functionality for packets (bits or bytes of data) over a network. It acts at the network layer to direct packets from their sources to their destinations.
  • Transmission Control Protocol is the reliable transport layer protocol of the IP suite of protocols and, as such, layers on top of IP, providing reliability to applications and building on IP's unreliable datagram (packet) service.
  • TCP underlies the vast majority, estimated to be around 90%, of all the traffic on the Internet.
  • TCP supports the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail (email) and file transfers, along with other common applications.
  • WWW World Wide Web
  • email electronic mail
  • file transfers along with other common applications.
  • TCP Performance Enhancing Proxies
  • a PEP shall be described as an Intermediate Node between the endpoints of a connection
  • any network element between the PEPs such as a Satellite Gateway, Satellite or Satellite Terminal
  • a connection refers to an end-to-end connection between a client and a server which is broken up into three connection segments, client to PEP, PEP to PEP and PEP to Server, such that the client or server remain largely aware of the splitting.
  • Starvation of data implies inefficient use of available communications capacity, and overflow of data implies packet loss and retransmissions of data.
  • the point-to-point communications system includes an intermediate device that is required to request bandwidth based on the amount of data in its queue, then ensuring the queue is adequately provisioned guarantees that capacity requests will be made.
  • TCP performance is typically degraded to some extent in terms of lowered throughout and link utilization by, but not limited to, the following link characteristics; long delay, high bandwidth, high error rate, link asymmetry and link variability, all of which may be encountered on satellite and similar links.
  • PEPs may function as one or more Intermediate Nodes or pieces of software placed in the end-to-end path that suffers TCP performance degradation.
  • PEP units may, for example, surround a satellite link.
  • PEPs modify the traffic flow to attempt to alleviate the issues of TCP traffic on a specific link.
  • PEPs may use many methods either alone or in concert to enhance performance.
  • a type of PEP known as a distributed, connection splitting PEP, is commonly chosen due to that fact that it allows for the use of a proprietary protocol across the satellite link. This protocol can then be chosen or designed to mitigate problems specific to the link.
  • a distributed connection splitting PEP uses more than one PEP in an end-to-end connection, most commonly, two PEPs are used, although the invention can be applied to systems using greater number of PEPs with the FP protocol of this invention. If two PEP devices are used, the end-to-end connection may be split into 3 connection segments. The end connections must remain TCP for compatibility, but the inter-PEP connection may be any protocol.
  • XTP Xpress Transport Protocol
  • STP Satellite Transport Protocol
  • SSCPS-TP Space Systems Control Protocol Suite—Transport Protocol
  • TCP window mechanism and acknowledgement (ACK) driven algorithms such as slow-start and congestion-avoidance algorithms, to manage the flow of data from the sender to the receiver to mitigate the effects of congestion and prevent over-flow of the receiver's buffers.
  • ACK acknowledgement
  • These algorithms often mistake transmission errors as congestion and fail to fully-supply the satellite link with data.
  • the TCP window-scaling option helps with the later and fast-retransmission/fast-recovery help with the former, the overall link usage often remains well below the available capacity.
  • the aforementioned satellite protocols and PEPs address some of these problems by facilitating larger windows, discriminating between congestion losses and in some cases making use of link rate knowledge (where that rate is constant).
  • TCP In terms of the sharing of resources to guarantee fairness while not limiting hungry connections when satellite resources permit, conventional TCP merely dedicates a buffer per end-to-end connection and manages those connections independently. Thus TCP is unable to quickly make use of free capacity for hungry connections when other connections start to slowly supply the link, relying instead on a slow-ramp through congestion avoidance. Indeed, the overall throughput is often reduced as a result of a lack of acknowledgments. Although many of the PEPs and other protocols are able to prevent the flow from diminishing because of a lack of ACKs, none of them include a flow fairness technique to ensure 100% supply to the link and fairness (assuming TCP/IP traffic supplies allow).
  • fairness is defined as the ideal condition where each connection has an equal share of the link, as long as it has enough traffic to use this portion of the resources. If a connection is running more slowly, its unused share of capacity will be provided for the use of all other connections, in a fair way.
  • the invention provides methods and systems for the management of the flow of data between two PEPs where the link conditions, in terms of bandwidth resources and latency, are changing in relation to network traffic conditions and QoS profiles, among other things.
  • This changing bandwidth condition is characteristic of a Bandwidth on Demand (BoD) satellite communications system.
  • BoD Bandwidth on Demand
  • the invention further provides systems and methods that enable the fair distribution of satellite resources between a number of competing TCP connections at a PEP, while facilitating the full usage of the available satellite bandwidth by accurately supplying a particular Intermediate Device with sufficient data and preventing the receiving PEP's buffers from overflowing. Additionally, the distribution process according to the invention prevents slow running TCP connections, at the receiver end, from unfairly being allocated excess link capacity whilst allowing for full usage of bandwidth at the transmitting PEP's end by distributing unused satellite capacity among hungry TCP connections.
  • the methods and systems in accordance with the invention allow satellite resources to be fairly shared between competing TCP connections while also facilitating the full use of the link capacity by hungry connections should resources allow.
  • the overall flow strategy in accordance with the invention allows the fair sharing or satellite link resources between connections while achieving near 100% usage and not over-flowing the receiving end's buffers.
  • the invention provides satellite communication systems where the bandwidth between two PEPs is controlled by a Gateway and is subject to wide variations due to competing traffic, among other things.
  • communication between two PEPs relies on an Intermediate Device (Terminal), forward and return satellite links and a Gateway.
  • Intermediate Device Terminal
  • numerous terminals could be operating with the Gateway, each terminal receiving data packets from a PEP, then requesting and receiving bandwidth allocations from the Gateway.
  • Bandwidth-on-Demand (BoD) scheme typically facilitates a fast variation in bandwidth allocation and substantial latency changes dependent on the number of terminals in operation, their traffic supplies and guaranteed quality of service agreements.
  • the invention provides for improved performance of TCP over a satellite link or other large bandwidth delay network. Moreover, the invention provides for the management of the flow of traffic from a PEP to an Intermediate Device in a satellite environment where the bandwidth and latency are fluctuating. This may be accomplished in part by replacing TCP with a new transport protocol, the EMS (proprietary) Flight Protocol (FP), over the wireless satellite link only and maintaining TCP connections over the terrestrial portions of the end-to-end connection.
  • EMS proprietary
  • FP proprietary Flight Protocol
  • TCP performance over GEO links is traditionally very poor from a user perspective in terms of transfer time and throughput for web browsing and file transfer among other applications relying on a TCP transport layer.
  • the above aspects of the invention are achieved by addressing and in part accessing the characteristics of the satellite link, including available capacity, and treating a lack of acknowledgements from the receiver as errors and not congestion.
  • the PEP invention described herein will improve the throughput and transfer times and achieve a higher utilization factor of the assigned link rates.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration showing the overall satellite network with the location of the PEPs, as exemplary of connections and equipment in a distributed, connection splitting PEP deployment;
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the end-to-end satellite protocol stacks for TCP/IP utilizing the PEPs
  • FIG. 3 shows an algorithm and procedures for making a PEP-to-intermediate device (Terminal) communication, and in particular, steps in making a query of the Terminal's buffer status and determining the amount of data to be sent to the Terminal.
  • the invention is described in the context of a bi-directional transfer of data between a client and a server over a communications link consisting of both terrestrial segments and up and down segments, or links, over satellite, as generally shown in FIG. 1. It is important to note that the use of a satellite is merely illustrative of one embodiment of the invention and that the invention is applicable to both terrestrial hard-wired and terrestrial wireless applications.
  • the PEP component consists of two main parts: a TCP Emulator (TCP*) and a Flight Protocol (FP) Processor. While the operation of inventive components and methods of the invention are different depending on whether they are functioning in a Receive or a Transfer mode, i.e., depending on whether the data is being sent by the client or server, it is to be understood that the components and methods are reciprocal. A description of the operation for sending data, for example, from a client to a server is essentially equivalent to data being sent in the reverse direction, from server to client, in this respect the PEP system is reciprocal.
  • FIG. 2 presents an illustration generally showing where the TCP* and FP layers sit in a conventional stack. The PEP is designed to be used in pairs, one on each terrestrial side of the satellite link.
  • the TCP Emulator (TCP*) is present in the transmit and receive PEPs and behaves as if it is a TCP connection endpoint.
  • the TCP Emulator transparently interrupts the TCP connection going from the client to the server (or server to client) and acts as a TCP endpoint. It translates TCP traffic into FP traffic, the inventive transport protocol used over the satellite link (or other large bandwidth * delay network) between the two PEPs.
  • PEP1 is the first PEP in the transfer chain (the Transmitter) and PEP2 is the second PEP in the transfer chain (the Receiver), whichever direction of packet is being discussed.
  • the names PEP1 and PEP2 do not necessarily apply to the terminal-side or gateway-side PEPs respectively.
  • TCP emulator The role of the TCP emulator depends on the function of the PEP.
  • the TCP Emulator converts TCP segments into FP packets.
  • the TCP Emulator receives the FP packets, converts them back to standard TCP packets and transmits them over a new TCP connection to their final destination: the communication's endpoint.
  • the client and the server are the communication system's endpoints or end users.
  • the TCP Emulator emulates a standard TCP connection between the external end user, the client and server, and converts TCP/IP packets into Flight Protocol (FP) packet ‘shells’.
  • the TCP Emulator filters TCP/IP packets entering from the outside world (the real end points) and emulates the TCP behavior of the destination transport layer. This behavior includes the TCP three-way handshake, acknowledgements, flow control, re-transmissions and all other TCP functionality. It also manages the flow of traffic to the Flight Protocol Processor section of the PEP.
  • the Flight Protocol FP is the inventive transport protocol that is used over the satellite link between the transmit and receive PEPs that are connected, respectively, to a terrestrial/satellite gateway and a user terminal.
  • the FP is optimized to operate over this link by not using the TCP Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance algorithms, and instead, utilizes the full available satellite capacity immediately and consistently throughout the lifetime of the connection, also improving link utilization efficiency. This throughput utilization is achieved despite bandwidth fluctuations, prevalent in a BoD satellite network, by linking the PEP with the Intermediate Device experiencing the said fluctuations.
  • Other future protocols may also be used, the FP should be considered as merely one current example of such suitable protocols. While this invention is described with reference to the FP, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this protocol. It can equally be used with and applied to a variety of other protocols.
  • the FP also avoids the delays associated with the TCP three-way handshake by not using a pre-data handshaking (negotiation) mechanism of any form. Instead, the FP connection Initiator simply informs the remote entity that a new connection has been created and then immediately begins to send data. The assumption is that the FP connection will be created successfully unless evidence demonstrates to the contrary. The alternative rationale, as implemented by conventional TCP, assumes failure until success is explicitly signaled. This feature of the FP of this invention removes an additional one-off delay (per connection) that is significant for very small files or short duration transfers such as those typical of current web pages that at present comprise the greatest volume of Internet traffic.
  • This setup mechanism may be used with either a half or full duplex connection allowing for bi-directional data communication on a single connection or alternatively with two associated simplex connections.
  • the invention involves the principle of an Intermediate Device breaking an end-to-end TCP and splitting the connection into a TCP/IP protocol and TCP/IP connections by the use of PEPs; and then managing the flow of data between the PEP and the Intermediate device (Terminal) by knowledge of the status of the Terminal queue.
  • the principle involves the PEP sending sufficient data to at least partially or fully fill the Terminal queue (to a pre-defined level), and after adequate time for some of the data to be transmitted, checking the status of the Terminal, using some protocol, and then re-filling the Terminal queue to the previous level.
  • This method could be as simple as the PEP sending regular SNAP get messages to the terminal MIB, the terminal sending SNAP traps when its queue reaches a certain level or in the case where the PEP and Terminal are co-located in the same device some form of direct linkage.
  • the flow of data from the PEP to the Terminal could be made more accurate by the PEP having knowledge of the current and future bandwidth allocations of the intermediate device (Terminal).
  • the transmission of data from the PEP to the intermediate device and onwards to the other PEP depends on the passing of three conditions laid out above; namely: sufficient transmission buffer space (allowing for the rules above), sufficient space in the receiver window (allowing for the amount of data already transmitted since the last window update (as in TCP)) and sufficient capacity/buffer space at the intermediate device (Terminal). If any of these tests fail, data can be stored in an applicable Input or Output queue within the PEP (TCP Emulator or FP) thereby creating natural back pressure to the TCP sender in the regular window updates sent form the PEP to the TCP sender.
  • TCP Emulator or FP Input or Output queue
  • the invention provides for a return link in the Terminal-Satellite-Gateway direction that is shared between a number of Terminals and thus subject to varying bandwidth conditions.
  • the output queue in the Terminal that is tested and then filled is a queue for all traffic.
  • the Gateway could enjoy varying bandwidth conditions facilitating the need for such a scheme or the Intermediate Device could have several output queues, requiring a different parameter to be polled (e.g. the TCP/IP queue).
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified view of a performance enhancing proxy (PEP) communications system 100 including equipment and links involved in a PEP deployment in a satellite communication link environment.
  • PEP performance enhancing proxy
  • a client 101 initiates a connection attempt to a server 107 via a satellite 104 .
  • the client is connected by a local area network (LAN) segment 108 to a terminal-side PEP1 102 , via another LAN segment 109 to a satellite terminal or satellite modem of some form 103 .
  • Traffic from a terminal 103 passes over the communications links 110 and 111 via the satellite 104 to the Gateway, central hub equipment or other satellite modem 105 .
  • LAN local area network
  • Traffic leaving the Gateway passes via a LAN segment 112 to a gateway-side PEP2 106 .
  • the PEP2 106 then sends the traffic via a wide area network (WAN), such as part of the Internet, 113 to the server 107 .
  • WAN wide area network
  • the traffic may be a client request, which could generate server response traffic in the reverse direction.
  • Data transfer from the client 101 to the terminal PEP1 102 , and from the gateway PEP2 106 to server 107 uses known TCP protocols.
  • Data transfer over the satellite link from the PEP1 102 to the PEP2 106 uses the flight protocol (FP) described in greater detail above. The data transfer is thus sent over TCP-FP-TCP protocol links.
  • FP flight protocol
  • FIG. 2 shows the stacks involved in the various elements in a TCP-FP-TCP transfer.
  • FIG. 2 shows the stacks of a transfer end point application which include an application/presentation/session layer 285 , a TCP layer 206 , an IP layer 212 , an Ethernet or equivalent layer 222 and a UTP or equivalent layer 233 .
  • FIG. 2 shows the stacks involved in the various elements in a TCP-FP-TCP transfer.
  • FIG. 2 shows the stacks of a transfer end point application which include an application/presentation/session layer 285 , a TCP layer 206 , an IP layer 212 , an Ethernet or equivalent layer 222 and a UTP or equivalent layer 233 .
  • first PEP1 first PEP in the transfer direction front end
  • first PEP in the transfer direction front end
  • UTP or equivalent layer 234 includes a UTP or equivalent layer 234 , an Ethernet or equivalent layer 223 , a modified IP layer 213 , a modified TCP layer (TCP*) 207 , an application/presentation/session layer 201 , an FP layer 208 , a modified IP layer 214 , an Ethernet or equivalent layer 224 and a UTP or equivalent layer 235 .
  • TCP* modified TCP layer
  • a transfer originating from an end point 285 is acted upon using conventional data communication rules by the TCP layer 206 , the IP layer 212 , the Ethernet 222 , the UTP layer 233 , the UTP layer 234 and the Ethernet 223 before it is grabbed by the modified IP layer 213 and passed up the stack to the modified TCP layer 207 , translated by the application/presentation/session layer 201 and then managed by the FP layer 208 before being sent through the modified IP layer 214 , the Ethernet 224 and UTP layer 235 .
  • incoming FP packets are grabbed by a modified IP layer 219 , after passing through the physical UTP layer 240 and link Ethernet 229 layers, and then managed by the FP layer 209 before passing, via application/presentation/session/layer 204 to TCP* 210 which along with the modified IP layer 220 manages the terrestrial TCP/IP connection.
  • the invention allows for the exchange of information between the Intermediate Device (the “Terminal”) and PEP1. This is to aid overall flow control and the sharing of bandwidth within the overall flow, between incoming (terrestrial network-to-PEP) and outgoing (PEP-to-terrestrial network) TCP connections by managing buffer resources associated to the link Bandwidth Delay Product (BDP). Additionally, the novel overall flow control scheme ensures near 100% throughput, assuming sufficient TCP/IP traffic as an input, while allowing for the receiving PEPs buffer requirements, through conventional window mechanisms, and fairly sharing the capacity between a number of connections.
  • BDP Bandwidth Delay Product
  • the PEP knows of any Constant Rate Assignments (CRAs) to the Terminal PEP1 102 (i.e. not dynamic and varying capacity) it can at least ensure that sufficient TCP/IP flow is maintained to fill its future assignments and possibly buffer space.
  • CRAs Constant Rate Assignments
  • the Simple Network Management Protocol is a request-reply protocol running over User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
  • UDP User Datagram Protocol
  • SNAP is an asymmetric protocol, operating between a management station and an agent.
  • Intermediate Devices (Terminals) are expected to support SNAP messaging for network management.
  • MIB Management Information Base
  • the Management Information Base (MIB) specified for Terminals incorporates several (but not all) generic MIB-II (MIB version 2) objects.
  • the PEP behind the terminal can assume the role of a local management station, thereby getting read access to MIB-II objects of the Intermediate Device (Terminal) using the appropriate community name.
  • Buffering in the terminal is limited by number of packets rather than by volume of data (although we note that data bytes could be used if the Intermediate Device output queue length in bytes were known).
  • the PEP either knows (or otherwise, can determine) the maximum size (in number of packets) of the Intermediate Device output queue. This parameter may be called MaxQlen.
  • MIB-II objects for deriving buffer occupancy information are in the interfaces group (the group of MIB-II objects related to the network interfaces of the device), specifically, for any of the interfaces given below. While these are specific, it should be understood that one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize possible use of other interface variations, modifications, and alternatives.
  • IfOutQlen is a gauge indicating the number of packets in the outbound queue.
  • IfOutOctets is a counter indicating the total number of octets transmitted out of the interface including framing octets.
  • IfOutUcastpkts is a counter indicating the number of unicast packets whose transmission to a single address was requested.
  • IfOutNUcastpkts is a counter indicating the total number of packets whose transmission to a multicast or broadcast address was requested.
  • PEP to Intermediate Device communication The basic idea for PEP to Intermediate Device communication is for the PEP to regularly send SNAP GetRequest queries to the Intermediate Device (Terminal) for the IfOutQlen of the satellite link interface, although it is to be noted that the Intermediate Device could send the PEP an SNAP Set when its IfOutQlen reaches a pre-defined limit. The returned value allows the PEP to control the amount of data that is fed to the terminal.
  • step 301 the variables FreeQ_i and FreeQ_(i ⁇ 1) are first initialized. The process then moves to step 302 . In step 302 , the PEP then waits until there are packets to send to the terminal (Packets_to_send >0). The process then moves to step 303 . In step 303 , when there are packets to send, a test is performed to check whether the PEP is already aware of a certain amount of buffer space available on the terminal (FreeQ_(i ⁇ 1)).
  • step 304 the PEP sends packets up to (FreeQ_(i ⁇ 1)) packets. The process then moves to step S 305 .
  • step S 305 the PEP sends a SNAP GetRequest for IfOutQlen. The terminal responds with a SNAP GetResponse containing a value for IfOutQlen. The process then moves to step S 306 .
  • step 307 the PEPs send the minimum of ⁇ FreeQ_I, Packets_to_send ⁇ packets to the terminal. The process then moves to step 308 .
  • the following parameters employed by the process above are described:
  • MaxQlen maximum size (in number of packets) of the Intermediate Device (Terminal) satellite link outbound queue.
  • Query timer a delay to avoid querying the terminal too frequently. Its value may be set based on the time required to empty a full queue at a given return link maximum rate.
  • Thresh a threshold (in number of packets) for deciding whether the queue is full enough to wait before going back to query. A suitable low value should be used.
  • Margin a security margin to account for an unknown amount of traffic originating from the terminal itself, for inaccuracies in the OutQlen values reported. This should be set in such a way that the probability of dropping packets due to overflows at the terminal is suitably low to keep the costs of lost FP packets low.
  • FreeQ_i free satellite link buffer space maximum on the terminal.
  • FreeQ_(i ⁇ 1) remaining free satellite link buffer space available.
  • FreeQ_i will be much larger than Packets_to_send and the PEP will go through steps 302 to 308 each and every time a packet to send arrives. This entails one SNAP query per run, since step 303 avoids one SNAP query when the PEP is already aware of some buffer space available on the terminal. The PEP could be made to wait for a certain delay before returning to step 302 after step 308 , thereby avoiding sending a certain number of SNAP queries. However, there is no simple way to avoid this delay when a large number of packets to send arrive in a burst.
  • step 302 Since the delay would slow transmission down in that very important case, it is more efficient to go back to step 302 and run through step 308 without delay. At worst, there will therefore be one query per packet if packets arrive one by one, but in such a case, SNAP queries will not hamper traffic since there will be virtually no traffic to interfere with.
  • step 311 the PEP will wait until the expiration of a query timer if FreeQ_i is not greater than a threshold. This is to prevent un-necessary SNAP queries being sent to an Intermediate Device when there is little chance of the PEP sent packets having been sent beyond the Intermediate Device (Terminal).
  • Another, lower timer could be employed between the tests of step 310 and step 305 should FreeQ_i be greater than the threshold to allow the Intermediate Device (Terminal) time to process the packets.
  • the PEP should also make use of some form of PEP rate control clocking-out mechanism to ensure that the transmission rate from the PEP to the Intermediate Device (Terminal) does not over run the Terminal input queue and processing rate when sending bursts to fill up the said queue.
  • packets arriving at the PEP from the terrestrial side, while the packet-driven algorithm is in process are queued and subsequently drawn from the queue when the algorithm returns to step 302 , this process being consistent with the packet driven format of the PEP.
  • the PEP includes both a Transmit and a Receive Buffer.
  • a packet from the terrestrial world is queued in the TCP* 207 layer's buffer.
  • This buffer is equivalent to a conventional TCP buffer at the receiving end point, with the space in the buffer being linked to the advertised window on the TCP connection.
  • This ‘linkage’ allows the TCP connection on the terrestrial link to slow down the flow of packets to the PEP as the TCP* buffer becomes full, in much the same way as TCP would slow down the flow of packet as the receiving ends buffers become full.
  • a packet is allowed to pass from the TCP* layer to the FP layer, it is also stored in the FP buffer and associated to a connection.
  • the FP buffer facilitates re-transmissions if necessary and the sharing of the satellite link resources between competing TCP connections, as described.
  • the FP total buffer space can become artificially high. For example, if the global size is 3 Mbytes, then if three connections are opened, each connection will be allowed 1 Mbyte for its individual transmit buffer.
  • the PEP can pull a packet from the applicable TCP* buffer. This mechanism ensures that when the FP Buffer and even TCP* buffers are full, then the flow of a connection can be re-triggered by the arrival of ACKs.
  • the PEP includes a re-transmission procedure, based on timers, to ensure that data is re-transmitted if presumed lost, thereby guaranteeing the arrival of ACKs to re-trigger the flow or, if the satellite link is lost, a connection tear-down).
  • the following is an illustrative example for calculating default buffer sizes for the gateway and terminal-side PEP transmit and receive buffers.
  • the total forward link rate is 60 mega-bits per second (Mbps) and the total return link rate is 48 Mbps.
  • Each terminal can be assumed to operate at a maximum receive rate in the forward link of 8 Mbps and a maximum transmit rate in the return link of 2 Mbps.
  • the transmit bandwidth and thus transmit buffer should assume 60 Mbps.
  • the bandwidth is 8 Mbps.
  • the transmit and receive bandwidths are 2 Mbps and 48 Mbps respectively.
  • BDP Bandwidth Delay Product
  • RTT Round Trip Time
  • the RTT is actually the time for a packet to be sent and the associated FP ACK to be sent back and clear the packet from the transmit buffer or open up more receive buffer space through window advertisements. This is the RTT between the PEPs and includes any ACK delay timers used to provide a minimum ACK frequency. From satellite testing, a value of 600 ms is reasonable for Terminals that have been allocated a constant rate of bandwidth (Constant Rate Assignment—CRA) for this example and a delayed ACK timer of 500 ms could be assumed. For Terminals operating in a pure BoD environment using Variable Bandwidth Dynamic Capacity (VBDC), the mean RTT measured was around 1400 ms which would obviously require a larger buffer.
  • CRA Constant Rate Assignment
  • the utilization factor adjusts the calculated buffer sizes to maintain PEP/FP performance under heavier buffer utilization due to packet loss/corruption. From simulation and theory, we expect transmit buffer utilization to be around 102-105% of the calculated buffer size depending upon error conditions and packet sizes. Each FP packet that is lost must remain buffered for an additional RTT to allow for successful retransmission and acknowledgement.
  • a single BDP sized buffer allows the link to stay fully utilized as long as the receiver is processing the packets quickly enough and there are no errors. If a packet loss occurs, the missing packet (hole) will progress to the left edge of the receive window (as the receiver processes data) and the buffer will begin to fill. After one RTT the receive buffer will be full and transmission of new packets must be halted while the lost packet is retransmitted. Effectively, a single RTT pause is inserted for any packet lost once. If a double BDP buffer is used, then virtually any number of packets can be lost once with the FP and the connection will still send new data at full speed if available.
  • FP packets that are allowed to be stored in the FP Receiver buffer are cleared by a TCP acknowledgement.
  • a window mechanism is used from the receiving PEP to the transmitting PEP to indicate the status of each connection's buffer space and thus prevent over-flow.
  • transmission of data means the passing of a packet from the TCP* layer to the FP layer, the re-transmission of a FP data packet or an acknowledgment packet signaling the successful arrival of data.
  • the PEP pulls a packet from the applicable TCP* buffer 207 , providing that the three flow control rules allow this.
  • This technique in combination with the above rules and large initial windows, allows nearly 100% usage of available capacity, while managing the distribution of bandwidth in a variable bandwidth/latency system. Natural back pressure from the TCP* buffers slows down the terrestrial TCP/IP connection flow.

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