US20020111355A1

US20020111355A1 - Cyclic urea and cyclic amide derivatives

Info

Publication number: US20020111355A1
Application number: US10/050,287
Authority: US
Inventors: Puwen Zhang; Arthur Santilli; Andrew Fensome; Eugene Terefenko; Andrew Viet; Jay Wrobel; James Edwards; Todd Jones; Christopher Tegley; Lin Zhi
Original assignee: American Home Products Corp
Current assignee: Wyeth LLC; Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date: 1999-05-04
Filing date: 2002-01-16
Publication date: 2002-08-15
Also published as: CN1349537A; US6369056B1

Abstract

This invention provides compounds of the formula:

wherein: A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that A, B and D cannot all be CH; R¹and R²are independent substituents selected from H, COR^A, NR^BCOR^A, or as defined herein; or R¹and R²are fused to form an optionally substituted 3 to 8 membered spirocyclic or heterocyclic ring; R³is H, OH, NH₂, or optionally substituted alkyl, or alkenyl, or COR^C; R⁴is a substituted benzene ring or a five or six membered ring with 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms from the group defined herein or Q is O, S, NR⁶, or CR⁷R⁸; R⁶, R⁷and R⁸are as defined herein; or CR⁷R⁸form a six membered ring; W is O or a chemical bond; as well as their use and pharmaceutical compositions as agonists and antagonists of the progesterone receptor.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/552,356, filed Apr. 19, 2000, which claims the benefit of the priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/183,037, filed May 4, 1999, now abandoned.[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to compounds which are agonists and antagonists of the progesterone receptor, their preparation and utility.

Intracellular receptors (IR) form a class of structurally related gene regulators known as “ligand dependent transcription factors” (R. M. Evans, Science, 240, 889, 1988). The steroid receptor family is a subset of the IR family, including progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).

The natural hormone, or ligand, for the PR is the steroid progesterone, but synthetic compounds, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate or levonorgestrel, have been made which also serve as ligands. Once a ligand is present in the fluid surrounding a cell, it passes through the membrane via passive diffusion, and binds to the IR to create a receptor/ligand complex. This complex binds to specific gene promoters present in the cell's DNA. Once bound to the DNA the complex modulates the production of mRNA and protein encoded by that gene.

A compound that binds to an IR and mimics the action of the natural hormone is termed an agonist, whilst a compound that inhibits the effect of the hormone is an antagonist.

PR agonists (natural and synthetic) are known to play an important role in the health of women. PR agonists are used in birth control formulations, typically in the presence of an ER agonist. ER agonists are used to treat the symptoms of menopause, but have been associated with a proliferative effect on the uterus that can lead to an increased risk of uterine cancers. Co-administration of a PR agonist reduces or ablates that risk.

PR antagonists may also be used in contraception. In this context they may be administered alone (Ulmann, et al, Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci., 261, 248, 1995), in combination with a PR agonist (Kekkonen, et al, Fertility and Sterility, 60, 610, 1993) or in combination with a partial ER antagonist such as tamoxifen (WO 96/19997 A1, Jul. 4, 1996).

PR antagonists may also be useful for the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancers (Horwitz, et al, Horm Cancer, 283, pub: Birkhaeuser, Boston, Mass., ed. Vedeckis) as well as uterine and ovarian cancers. PR antagonists may also be useful for the treatment of non-malignant chronic conditions such as fibroids (Murphy, et al, J. Clin. Endo. Metab., 76, 513, 1993) and endometriosis (Kettel, et al, Fertility and Sterility, 56, 402, 1991).

PR antagonists may also be useful in hormone replacement therapy for post menopausal patients in combination with a partial ER antagonist such as tamoxifen (U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,136).

PR antagonists, such as nifepristone and onapristone, have been shown to be effective in a model of hormone dependent prostate cancer, which may indicate their utility in the treatment of this condition in men (Michna, et al, Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci., 761, 224, 1995).

Jones, et al, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,810) describe the PR antagonist dihydroquinoline 1.

Jones, et al, described the enol ether 2 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,646) as a PR ligand.

Jones, et al, described compound 3 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,127) as a PR ligand.

Zhi, et al, described lactones 4, 5 and 6 as PR antagonists (J. Med. Chem, 41, 291, 1998).

Zhi, et al, described the ether 7 as a PR antagonist (J. Med. Chem, 41, 291, 1998).

Combs, et al., disclosed the amide 8 as a ligand for the PR ( J. Med. Chem., 38, 4880, 1995).

Perlman, et al., described the vitamin D analog 9 as a PR ligand ( Tet. Letters, 35, 2295, 1994).

Hamann, et al, described the PR antagonist 10 ( Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci., 761, 383, 1995).

Chen, et al, described the PR antagonist 11 (Chen, et al, POI-37, 16 ^thInt. Cong. Het. Chem., Montana, 1997).

Kurihari, et. al., described the PR ligand 12 ( J. Antibiotics, 50, 360, 1997).

The patent by Christ et al. (WO 9814436) claims a cyclo amide such as compound A as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. Other prior art includes pyridazine cyclo amide such as compound B by Turck et al. ( Tetrahedron, 49(3), 599-606 (1993)) and compounds such as C by Canonne et al. (J. heterocyclic Chem. 26, 113 (1989)). No activity data were reported in Turck's and Canonne' publications.

Regarding cyclic amides, Singh et al. and Kumar et al. (Singh et al. J. Med. Chem. 37(2), 248-254(1994); Kumar et al. J. Org. Chem. 57(25), 6995-6998 (1992)) disclose compounds such as D and E claimed as cAMP PDE III inhibitors.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides compounds of Formula I:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that A, B and D can not all be CH;

R ¹and R²are independent substituents selected from H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₂to C₆alkenyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkenyl, C₂to C₆alkynyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkynyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, NR^BCOR^A;

or R ¹and R²are fused to form a spirocyclic ring selected from a), b) or c), each spirocyclic ring optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 C₁-C₃alkyl groups:

a) a 3 to 8 membered spirocyclic alkyl ring;

b) a 3 to 8 membered spirocyclic alkenyl ring; or

c) an optionally substituted 3 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring containing one to three heteroatoms from the group including O, S and N; the spirocyclic rings of a), b) and c) being optionally substituted by from 1 to 4 groups selected from fluorine, C ₁to C₆alkyl, C₁to C₆alkoxy, C₁to C₆thioalkyl, —CF₃, —OH, —CN, NH₂, —NH(C₁to C₆alkyl), or —N(C₁to C₆alkyl)₂;

R ^Ais H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R ^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R ³is H, OH, NH₂, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₆alkenyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkenyl, or COR^C;

R ^Cis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R ⁴is a trisubstituted benzene ring containing the substituents X, Y and Z as shown below:

X is taken from the group including halogen, CN, C ₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, amino, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms, COR^D, OCOR^D, or NR^ECOR^D;

R ^Dis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R ^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

Y and Z are independent substituents taken from the group including H, halogen, CN, NO ₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃thioalkoxy; or

R ⁴is a five or six membered ring with 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms from the group including O, S, SO, SO₂or NR⁵and containing one or two independent substituents from the group including H, halogen, CN, NO₂and C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, or NR^GCOR^F;

R ^Fis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R ^Gis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R ⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is O, S, NR ⁶, or CR⁷R⁸;

R ₆is from the group including CN, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, or SO₂CF₃;

R ⁷and R⁸are independent substituents from the group including H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, NO₂, CN, or CO₂R⁹;

R ⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR ⁷R⁸form a six membered ring of the structure below:

W is O or a chemical bond.

When W is a chemical bond, it is understood that Formula I exists as:

Preferred compounds are those of Formula I

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that A, B and D can not all be CH;

R ¹is H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, or NR^BCOR^A;

R ²is H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₂to C₆alkenyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkenyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, or NR^BCOR^A; or

R ¹and R²are fused to form the optionally substituted 3 to 8 membered spirocyclic alkyl, alkenyl or heterocyclic rings described above;

R ^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R ^Cis H, C₁to C₄alkyl, substituted C₁to C₄alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₄alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₄alkoxy, C₁to C₄aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₄aminoalkyl;

X is selected from halogen, CN, C ₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, a 5 membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms, COR^D, OCOR^D, or NR^ECOR^D;

R ^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

Y and Z are independent substituents selected from H, halogen, CN, NO ₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃thioalkoxy; or

R ⁵is a five or six membered ring with 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms from the group including O, S, SO, SO₂or NR⁵and containing one or two independent substituents from the group including H, halogen, CN, NO₂and C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃alkoxy;

R ⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is O, S, NR ⁶, or CR⁷R⁸;

R ⁶is selected from CN, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, or SO₂CF₃;

R ⁷and R⁸are independent substituents selected from the group including H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, NO₂, CN, or CO₂R;

R ⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR ⁷R⁸form a six membered ring of the structure below:

W is O or a chemical bond;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Still, more preferred compounds are those of Formula I

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that A, B and D cannot all be CH;

R ¹=R²and are selected from the group of C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, or spirocyclic alkyl constructed by fusing R¹and R²to form a 3 to 6 membered spirocyclic ring;

R ³is H, OH, NH₂, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, or COR^C;

R ^Cis H, C₁to C₄alkyl, or C₁to C₄alkoxy;

R ⁴is a disubstituted benzene ring containing the substituents X, and Y as shown below:

X is selected from the group of halogen, CN, C ₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, 5 membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms, or C₁to C₃thioalkoxy;

Y is a substituent on the 4′ or 5′position from the group including H, halogen, CN, NO ₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₄alkyl, or C₁to C₃thioalkoxy; or

R ⁴is a five membered ring with the structure:

R ⁵is H, or C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₄CO₂alkyl;

X′ is selected from halogen, CN, NO ₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃alkoxy;

Y′ is selected from H and C ₁to C₄alkyl; or

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that A, B and D can not all be CH;

R ¹=R²and are selected from CH₃and spirocyclic alkyl constructed by fusing R¹and R²to form a 6 membered spirocyclic ring;

R ³is H, OH, NH₂, CH₃, substituted methyl, or COR^C;

R ^Cis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₄alkoxy;

R ⁴is a disubstituted benzene ring containing the substituents X and Y as shown below:

X is halogen, CN, methoxy, NO ₂, or 2-thiazole;

Y is a substituent on the 4′ or 5′position selected from H and F; or

R ⁴is a five membered ring of the structure:

U is O, S, or NH;

X′ is halogen, CN, or NO ₂;

Y′ is H or C ₁to C₄alkyl;

R ⁴is a six membered ring with the structure:

X ¹is N or CX²;

X ²is halogen, CN or NO₂;

Q is O, S, NR ⁶, or CR⁷R⁸;

R ₆is selected from CN, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, or SO₂CF₃;

R ⁷and R⁸are independent substituents selected from H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, NO₂, CN, or CO₂R⁹;

R ⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR ⁷R⁸form a six membered ring of the structure below:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Further preferred compounds include those of Formula I:

Q is O, S, NR ⁶, or CR⁷R⁸;

R ₆is CN, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, or SO₂CF₃;

R ⁷and R⁸are independent substituents selected from the group including H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, NO₂, CN, or CO₂R⁹;

R ⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR ⁷R⁸form a six membered ring of the structure:

W is O or a chemical bond;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

Each of the generic and subgeneric groups of compounds described above, as well as the methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing them, may be divided into two further subgeneric groups, one in which Q is oxygen and another in which Q is sulfur or NR ⁶or CR⁷R⁸.

The compounds of this invention may contain an asymmetric carbon atom and some of the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to optical isomers and diastereomers. The shown without respect to stereochemistry in Formula I, the present invention includes such optical isomers and diastereomers; as well as the racemic and resolved, enantiomerically pure R and S stereoisomers; as well as other mixtures of the R and S stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The term “alkyl” is used herein to refer to both straight- and branched-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having one to eight carbon atoms, preferably one to six carbon atoms; “alkenyl” is intended to include both straight- and branched-chain alkyl group with at least one carbon-carbon double bond and two to eight carbon atoms, preferably two to six carbon atoms; “alkynyl” group is intended to cover both straight- and branched-chain alkyl group with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and two to eight carbon atoms, preferably two to six carbon atoms.

The terms “substituted alkyl”, “substituted alkenyl”, and “substituted alknyl” refer to alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl as just described having one or more substituents from the group including halogen, CN, OH, NO ₂, amino, aryl, heterocyclic, substituted aryl, substituted heterocyclic, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, arylthio. These substituents may be attached to any carbon of an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group provided that the attachment constitutes a stable chemical moiety.

The term “aryl” is used herein to refer to an aromatic system which may be a single ring or multiple aromatic rings fused or linked together as such that at least one part of the fused or linked rings forms the conjugated aromatic system The aryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and phenanthryl.

The term “substituted aryl” refers to aryl as just defined having one to four substituents from the group including halogen, CN, OH, NO ₂, amino, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, or arylthio.

The term “heterocyclic” is used herein to describe a stable 4- to 7-membered monocyclic or a stable multicyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group including N, O, and S atoms. The N and S atoms may be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring also includes any multicyclic ring in which any of the above defined heterocyclic rings is fused to an aryl ring. The heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom provided the resultant structure is chemically stable. Such heterocyclic groups include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, thienyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, and isoquinolinyl.

The term “substituted heterocyclic” is used herein to describe the heterocyclic just defined having one to four substituents selected from the group which includes halogen, CN, OH, NO ₂, amino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, or arylthio. The term “alkoxy” is used herein to refer to the OR group, where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl. The term “aryloxy” is used herein to refer to the OR group, where R is an aryl or substituted aryl. The term “alkylcarbonyl” is used herein to refer to the RCO group, where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl. The term “alkylcarboxy” is used herein to refer to the COOR group, where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl. The term “aminoalkyl” refers to both secondary and tertiary amines wherein the alkyl or substituted alkyl groups contain one to eight carbon atoms, which may be either same or different and the point of attachment is on the nitrogen atom “Halogen” refers to Cl, Br, F, or I.

The compounds of the present invention can be used in the form of salts derived from pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable acids or bases. These salts include, but are not limited to, the following salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and, as the case may be, such organic acids as acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, and maleic acid. Other salts include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium in the form of esters, carbamates and other conventional “pro-drug” forms, which, when administered in such form, convert to the active moiety in vivo.

The compounds of this invention have been shown to act as competitive inhibitors of progesterone binding to the PR and act as agonists and/or antagonists in functional models, either/or in-vitro and in-vivo. These compounds may be used for contraception, in the treatment of fibroids, endometriosis, breast, uterine, ovarian and prostate cancer, and post menopausal hormone replacement therapy.

This invention includes pharmaceutical compositions and treatments which comprise administering to a mammal a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more compounds as described above wherein Q is oxygen as antagonists of the progesterone receptor. The invention further provides comparable methods and compositions which utilize one or more compounds herein wherein Q is S, NR ⁶, or CR⁷R⁸as agonists of the progesterone receptor.

The progesterone receptor antagonists of this invention, used alone or in combination, can be utilized in methods of contraception and the treatment and/or prevention of benign and malignant neoplastic disease. Specific uses of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of invention include the treatment and/or prevention of uterine myometrial fibroids, endometriosis, benign prostatic hypertrophy; carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, prostate, pituitary, meningioma and other hormone-dependent tumors. Additional uses of the present progesterone receptor antagonists include the synchronization of the estrus in livestock.

The progesterone receptor agonists of this invention, used alone or in combination, can be utilized in methods of contraception and the treatment and/or prevention of dysfunctional bleeding, uterine leiomyomata, endometriosis; polycystic ovary syndrome, carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, prostate. Additional uses of the invention include stimulation of food intake.

When the compounds are employed for the above utilities, they may be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, for example, solvents, diluents and the like, and may be administered orally in such forms as tablets, capsules, dispersible powders, granules, or suspensions containing, for example, from about 0.05 to 5% of suspending agent, syrups containing, for example, from about 10 to 50% of sugar, and elixirs containing, for example, from about 20 to 50% ethanol, and the like, or parenterally in the form of sterile injectable solutions or suspensions containing from about 0.05 to 5% suspending agent in an isotonic medium Such pharmaceutical preparations may contain, for example, from about 25 to about 90% of the active ingredient in combination with the carrier, more usually between about 5% and 60% by weight.

The effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration and the severity of the condition being treated. However, in general, satisfactory results are obtained when the compounds of the invention are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.5 to about 500 mg/kg of animal body weight, preferably given in divided doses two to four times a day, or in a sustained release form For most large mammals, the total daily dosage is from about 1 to 100 mg, preferably from about 2 to 80 mg. Dosage forms suitable for internal use comprise from about 0.5 to 500 mg of the active compound in intimate admixture with a solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.

These active compounds may be administered orally as well as by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes. Solid carriers include starch, lactose, dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose and kaolin, while liquid carriers include sterile water, polyethylene glycols, non-ionic surfactants and edible oils such as corn, peanut and sesame oils, as are appropriate to the nature of the active ingredient and the particular form of administration desired. Adjuvents customarily employed in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions may be advantageously included, such as flavoring agents, coloring agents, preserving agents, and antioxidants, for example, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, BHT and BHA.

The preferred pharmaceutical compositions from the standpoint of ease of preparation and administration are solid compositions, particularly tablets and hard-filled or liquid-filled capsules. Oral administration of the compounds is preferred.

These active compounds may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds as a free base or pharmacologically acceptable salt can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid, polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringe ability exits. It must be stable under conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacterial and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oil.

The compounds of this invention can be prepared following the Schemes illustrated below:

As demonstrated in Scheme I, the compounds of this invention are generally prepared by employing the suitable coupling reaction as a final step. An appropriately substituted ortho-amino acid or its derivatives such as an ethyl ester (X=Br, I, Cl, or a latent coupling precursor such as alkoxy group which can be converted into an OTf group suitable in the coupling reaction) is treated with a suitable organo metallic reagent, e.g. Grignard reagent, in appropriate nonprotic solvents which include but not limited to THF or ether to give ortho-amino carbinol 2 under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen at −78° C. to room temperature. Ring closure of carbinol 2 to yield oxazin-2-ones 3 is commonly effected by a condensing agent such as carbonyldimidazole, phosgene, dimethylcarbonate, or diethylcarbonate in a suitable nonprotic solvent such as THF at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 65° C. The arylation of oxazin-2-ones 3 to yield 4 can be effected by various coupling reactions including Suzuki, Stille reactions etc. These reactions are commonly performed in the presence of a transition metallic catalyst, e.g., palladium or nickel complex often with phosphino ligands, e.g., Ph ₃P, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane or palladium salt such as palladium acetate. Under this catalytic condition, an appropriately substituted nucleophilic reagent, e.g., aryl boronic acid, arylstannane, or aryl zinc compound, is coupled with oxazinones 3 to give compounds 4. If a base is needed in the reaction, the commonly used bases include but not limited to sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium phosphate, barium carbonate, potassium acetate, or cesium fluoride. The most commonly used solvents in these reactions include benzene, DMF, isopropanol, ethanol, DME, ether, acetone or a mixture of any one of these solvent and water. The coupling reaction is generally executed under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 95° C. Oxazinones 3 can be converted into a nucleophile such as boronic acid which can be coupled with an appropriate electrophile, e.g., aryl bromide or aryl iodide, to yield 6 employing the coupling reaction condition as described above.

The transformation of 3 into 5 can be effected by treating 3 with an organo metallic reagent, e.g., n-BuLi, in a nonprotic solvent such as THF or ether followed by quenching the reaction solution with a suitable electrophile such as trimethyl borate, triisopropyl borate, bishexalkyl tin reagent, or zinc chloride at temperatures ranging from −78° C. to room temperature under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen. Conversion of carbamate 6 to thiocarbamate 7 can be readily effected by treatment of 6 with a suitable sulfur reagent such as P ₂S₅or Lawesson's reagent in a suitable nonprotic solvent such as toluene, chlorobenzene, benzene, or xylene under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen at the temperature of boiling solvent.

Scheme II describes the procedures to prepare oxazinones bearing two different substituents at position-4. The Weinreb amide 9 can be prepared from an appropriately substituted isatoic anhydride when treated with N-, O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride salt in a protic solvent such as ethanol or isopropanol at reflux under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen. Coupling of amide 9 with an aryl electrophile such as aryl boronic acid or arylstannane to give 10 can be effected by employing a typical coupling reaction such as Suzuki, Stille coupling procedure in a similar fashion as described for the preparation of oxazinones 4. Treatment of Weinreb amide 10 with organo metallic compounds, e.g., alkyllithium, alkynyllithium, aryllithium, or their Grignard counterpart in a nonprotic solvent such as THF or ether under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen at −78 ° to room temperature affords amino ketone 11. Conversion of ketone 11 to carbinol 12 can be effected by treatment of 10 with an organo metallic reagent such as alkyl, alkynyl, or aryl Grignard compound in a nonprotic solvent such as THF or ether under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen at −78° C. to room temperature. Conversion of ketone 11 to carbinol 12 can also be effected by reduction of ketone group of 11 to the carbinol moiety of 12 using an appropriate reducing reagent such as lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride in a suitable solvent such as THF, ether, or anhydrous alcohol under an inert atmosphere in the temperature ranging from 0° C. to the boiling point of the solvent. Ring closure of carbinol 12 to produce the compounds of this invention, 13, can be accomplished with condensing agents such as carbonyldiimidazole, phosgene, dimethylcarbonate, or diethylcarbonate in a suitable nonprotic solvent such as THF at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 65° C. Conversion of carbamate 13 to thiocarbamate 14 can be readily effected by treatment of 13 with a suitable sulfur reagent such as P ₂S₅or Lawesson's reagent in a suitable nonprotic solvent such as toluene, chlorobenzene, benzene, or xylene under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen at the temperature of boiling solvent.

Alternatively, ortho-amino ketone 11 can be prepared by treatment of ortho-amino nitrile 16 with an organo metallic compound such as an organo lithium reagent or Grignard reagent in a suitable solvent such as THF or ether under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen at temperatures ranging from −78° C. to room temperature as illustrated in Scheme III. Nitrile 16 can be readily prepared from an appropriately substituted nitrile such as bromobenzonitrile 15 using a suitable coupling reaction such as Stille or Suzuki protocol carried out in a similar fashion as described for the preparation of the Weinreb amide 10.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate the compounds of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

2-Amino-5-bromo-3-pyridine Carboxylic Acid

To a solution of 2-amino-nicotinic acid (10 g, 72.5 mmol) in acetic acid (70 mL) was dropwise added bromine (9.8 mL, 79.8 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen. Upon completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue triturated with ether and collected on a filter to give 2-amino-5-bromo-3-pyridine carboxylic acid as a yellow solid (15.7 g, 99%): mp 272° C., (decomposed); [0142] ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.8-7.8 (bs, 2H), 8.44 (d, 1H, J=2.48 Hz), 8.34 (d, 1H, J=2.48 Hz); MS (EI) m/z 216/218 ([M+]⁺, 100%)

EXAMPLE 2

2-(2-Amino-5-bromo-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-2-ol

To a solution of 2-amino-5-bromo-3-pyridine carboxylic acid (5 g, 23 mmol) in THF (70 mL) at 0° C. was added methyl magnesium bromide (13.7 g, 115 mmol) under nitrogen. After addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 12 hours, cooled to room temperature and quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The ethyl acetate was added and organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified via flash chromatography to give 2-(2-amino-5-bromo-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-2-ol as a yellow solid (1.2 g, 23%): mp 107-108° C.; [0143] ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) 67.89 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz), 7.40 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz), 6.28 (bs, 2H), 5.51 (s, 1H), 1.4 (s, 6H); MS (APCI) m/z 231 ([M+H]⁺, 100%).

EXAMPLE 3

6-Bromo-4,4′-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-oxa-1,8-diaza-naphthalen-2-one

A mixture of 2-(2-amino-5-bromo-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-2-ol (0.86 g, 3.7 mmol) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (excess) in THF (10 mL) was heated at 35° C. overnight. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, poured into ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated. The residue was purified by a flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% ethyl acetate/hexane) to afford 6-bromo-4,4′-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-oxa-1,8-diaza-naphthalen-2-one (0.9 g, 94%) as a white solid: mp 251-252° C.; [0144] ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 10.9 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, 1H, J=2.19 Hz), 8.0 (d, 1H, J=2.22 Hz), 1.6 (s, 6H); MS (EI) m/z 256 ([M]⁺, 80%); Anal. Calc. For C₉H₉BrN₂O₂: C, 42.05, H, 3.53, N, 10.90. Found: C, 42.15, H, 3.65, N, 10.80.

EXAMPLE 4

6-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-oxa-1,8-diaza-naphthalene-2-one

A mixture of 6-bromo-4,4′-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-oxa-1,8-diaza-naphthalen-2-one (0.1 g, 0.39 mmol), 3-chlorophenyl boronic acid (0.075 g, 0.47 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium (0) (0.023 g, 0.02 mmol), and sodium carbonate (0.1 g, 0.94 mmol) in DME (8 mL) and water (5 mL) was subject to a blanket of nitrogen for 15 minutes at 50° C. and then was heated at 85° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added. The organic layer washed with aqueous ammonium chloride (2×50 mL) and with brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The product was dissolved in dichloromethane and passed through a plug of magnesol. The solvent was removed and the clear oil obtained triturated with ether (25 mL) to give 6-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-oxa-1,8-diaza-naphthalene-2-one as a white solid (0.087 g, 80%): mp 214-215° C.; [0145] ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 10.9 (s, 1H), 8.56 (d, 1H, J=2.35 Hz), 8.06 (d, 1H, J=2.35 Hz), 7.86 (t, 1H, J=2.35 Hz), 7.72 (td, 1H, J=9.4, 2.35 Hz), 7.54-7.44 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 289 ([M+H]⁺, 100%); Anal. Calc. For C₁₇H₁₇NO₃: C, 62.40, H, 4.54, N, 9.70. Found: C, 60.53, H, 4.40, N, 9.21.

EXAMPLE 5

6-Chloro-3-nitro-pyridine-2-carbonitile

A mixture of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine and cuprous cyanide in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was quickly heated to 180° C. and maintained at that temperature for 15 minutes with vigorous stirring. The mixture was cooled to −10° C. and the deep brown solution was poured into ice water (3.5 L) and stirred for 30 min. The flocculent brown precipitate was collected and washed with H[0146] ₂O. After drying for about 1.5 h, the moist solid was extracted with boiling toluene (3×300 mL). The combined toluene extracts were washed with H₂O, brine, and dried (MgSO₄), concentrated. The crude product was crystallized from EtOAc/hexane to afford the title compound: mp 115-117° C.; ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 8.16 (dd, 1H, J=8.7, 3.0 Hz), 8.82 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz); MS (EI) m/z 183/185 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calc. For C₆H₂ClN₃O₂: C, 39.26, H, 1.10, N, 22.89. Found: C, 39.47, H, 1.38, N, 22.77.

EXAMPLE 6

3-Amino-6-chloro-pyridine-2-carbonitrile

To a solution of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine(4.8 g, 26.15 mmol) in MeOH (60 mL) and concentrated HCl (25 mL) was slowly added iron powder (5.12g, 91.53 mmol). After the completion of addition, the mixture was refluxed for 45 minutes and poured into 700 mL of H[0147] ₂O. Filtration of the resulting slurry gave a dull yellow solid. The filtrate was made basic with concentrated NH₄OH, the resulting slurry was filtered and both the solid and the filtrates were extracted with ether. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound as a creamy solid (2.8 g, 58%): mp 162-165° C. which was used in next step without further purification.

EXAMPLE 7

1-(3-Amino-6-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-ethanone

To a solution of 3-amino-6-chloro-pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.75 g, 4.88 mmol) in anhydrous THF (25 mL) under nitrogen was added a solution of methylmagnesium bromide (3M in ether, 8.1 mL, 24.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then slowly quenched with H[0148] ₂O, and treated with 5N HCl solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and organic extracts were washed with brine, and dried (MgSO₄). After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by a chromatography using EtOAc/hexane mixture (1:3) as eluent to afford the title compound as a greenish crystalline solid: (0.71 g, 85%): mp: 108-110° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.51 (s, 3H), 7.28-7.39 (mn, 4H); MS(ESI) m/z 171/173 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calc. For C₇H₇ClN₂O: C, 49.28, H, 4.14, N, 16.14. Found: C, 49.70, H, 4.03, N, 16.41.

EXAMPLE 8

1-(3-Amino-6-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-propan-2-ol

To a solution of 1-(3-amino-6-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-ethanone in anhydrous THF under N[0149] ₂was added a solution of methylmagnesium bromide (3N in ether). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, then slowly quenched with H₂O, treated with 0.5 N HCl and stirred for 30 minutes, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated, and chromatographed using a mixture of EtOAc/Hexane (3.5:6.5) to afford the title compound as a white crystals (0.45 g, 82%): mp: 118-121° C. ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 1.45(s, 6H), 3.35(s, 1H), 5.51(s, 1H), 5.68(s, 1H), 7.02(s, 1H); MS((+)APCI) m/z 187/189 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calc. For C₈H₁₁ClN₂O: C, 51.48, H, 5.94, N, 15.01. Found: C, 51.22, H, 5.99, N, 14.47.

EXAMPLE 9

6-Chloro-4,4-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-oxa-1,5-diaza-naphthalen-2-one

To a solution of 1-(3-amino-6-chloro-3-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-propan-2-ol (0.3 g, 1.67 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added a solution of 1,1′-carbonyldimidazole (0.68 g, 4.12 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. The reaction mixture was treated with 0.5N HCl, washed with brine, H[0150] ₂O, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and crystallized from EtOAc/hexane to obtain the title compound as a white crystalline solid (0.2 g, 56%): mp 175-178° C. ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 1.60 (s, 6H), 7.30 (d, 1H, J=8.41 Hz), 7.41 (d, 1H, J=8.41 Hz), 10.47 (s, 1H); MS((+)APCI) m/z 213 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calc. For C₉H₉ClN₂O₂: C, 50.84, H, 4.27, N, 13.17. Found: C, 50.99, H, 4.28, N, 12.98.

EXAMPLE 10

The compounds of this invention were tested in the relevant assay as described below and their potency are in the range of 0.01 nM to 5 μM in the in vitro assays and 0.001 to 300 mg/kg in the in vivo assays. The selected example is example 4. [0151]
Example 4, hPR CV-1, IC[0152] ₅₀=0.8 μM
A. In-vitro Biology [0153]
The in-vitro biology is determined by (1) competitive Radioligand Binding: using the A-form of the human progesterone receptor with progesterone as the radioligand; (2) co-transfection assay, which provides functional activity expressed as agonist EC50 and Antagonist IC50 values; (3) a T47D cell proliferation, which is a further functional assay which also provides agonist and antagonist data; and (4) T47D cell alkaline phosphatase assay, which is a further functional assay which also provides agonist and antagonist data. [0154]
1. hPR Binding Assay [0155]
This assay is carried out in accordance with: Pathirana, C.; Stein, R. B.; Berger, T. S.; Fenical, W.; Ianiro, T.; Mais, D. E.; Torres, A.; Glodman, M. E., [0156] Nonsteroidal human progesterone receptor modulators from the marine alga cymoplia barbata, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 1992, 41, 733-738.
2. PRE-luciferase Assay in CV-1 Cells [0157]
The object of this assay is to determine a compound's progestational or antiprogestational potency based on its effect on PRE-luciferase reporter activity in CV-1 cells co-transfected with human PR and PRE-luciferase plasmids. The materials methods used in the assay are as follows. [0158]
a. Medium: [0159]
The growth medium was as follows: DMEM (BioWhittaker) containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (heat inactivated), 0.1 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM GlutaMax (GIBCO, BRL). The experimental medium was as follows: DMEM (BioWhittaker), phenol red-free, containing 10% (v/v) charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (heat-inactivated), 0.1 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM GlutaMax (GIBCO, BRL). [0160]
b. Cell Culture, Transfection, Treatment and Luciferase Assay [0161]
Stock CV-1 cells are maintained in growth medium Co-transfection is done using 1.2×10[0162] ⁷cells, 5 mg pLEM plasmid with hPR-B inserted at Sph1 and BamH1 sites, 10 mg pGL3 plasmid with two PREs upstream of the luciferase sequence, and 50 mg sonicated calf thymus DNA as carrier DNA in 250 ml. Electroporation is carried out at 260 V and 1,000 mF in a Biorad Gene Pulser II. After electroporation, cells are resuspended in growth medium and plated in 96-well plate at 40,000 cells/well in 200 μl. Following overnight incubation, the medium is changed to experimental medium. Cells are then treated with reference or test compounds in experimental medium Compounds are tested for antiprogestational activity in the presence of 3 nM progesterone. Twenty-four hr. after treatment, the medium is discarded, cells are washed three times with D-PBS (GIBCO, BRL). Fifty μl of cell lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis.) is added to each well and the plates are shaken for 15 min in a Titer Plate Shaker (Lab Line Instrument, Inc.). Luciferase activity is measured using luciferase reagents from Promega.
c. Analysis of Results: [0163]
Each treatment consists of at least 4 replicates. Log transformed data are used for analysis of variance and nonlinear dose response curve fitting for both agonist and antagonist modes. Huber weighting is used to downweight the effects of outliers. EC[0164] ₅₀or IC₅₀values are calculated from the retransformed values. JMP software (SAS Institute, Inc.) is used for both one-way analysis of variance and non-linear response analyses.
d. Reference Compounds: [0165]

Progesterone and trimegestone are reference progestins and RU486 is the reference antiprogestin. All reference compounds are run in full dose-response curves and the EC ₅₀or IC₅₀values are calculated.

TABLE 1


Estimated EC₅₀, standard error (SE), and 95% confidence intervals
(CI) for reference progestins from three individual studies

EC50

95% CI

Compound	Exp.	(nM)	SE	lower	upper

Progesterone	1	0.616	0.026	0.509	0.746
	2	0.402	0.019	0.323	0.501
	3	0.486	0.028	0.371	0.637
Trimegestone	1	0.0075	0.0002	0.0066	0.0085
	2	0.0081	0.0003	0.0070	0.0094
	3	0.0067	0.0003	0.0055	0.0082

[0167]

TABLE 2

Estimated IC₅₀, standard error (SE), and 95% confident interval (CI)

for the antiprogestin, RU486 from three individual studies

IC 50 95% CI

Compound Exp. (nM) SE lower upper

RU486 1 0.028 0.002 0.019 0.042

2 0.037 0.002 0.029 0.048

3 0.019 0.001 0.013 0.027
Progestational Activity: [0168]
Compounds that increase PRE-luciferase activity significantly (p<0.05) compared to vehicle control are considered active. [0169]
Antiprogestational Activity: [0170]
Compounds that decrease 3 nM progesterone induced PRE-luciferase activity significantly (p<0.05) [0171]
EC[0172] ₅₀:
Concentration of a compound that gives half-maximal increase PRE-luciferase activity (default-nM) with SE. [0173]
IC[0174] ₅₀:
Concentration of a compound that gives half-maximal decrease in 3 nM progesterone induced PRE-luciferase activity (default-nM) with SE. [0175]
3. T47D Cell Proliferation Assay [0176]
The objective of this assay is the determination of progestational and antiprogestational potency by using a cell proliferation assay in T47D cells. A compound's effect on DNA synthesis in T47D cells is measured. The materials and methods used in this assay are as follows. [0177]
a. Growth Medium: [0178]
DMEM:F12 (1:1) (GIBCO, BRL) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (not heat-inactivated), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM GlutaMax (GIBCO, BRL). [0179]
b. Treatment Medium: [0180]
Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) (#51200-038GIBCO, BRL) phenol red-free supplemented with 0.5% charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, 200 mg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM GlutaMax (GIBCO, BRL). [0181]
c. Cell Culture [0182]
Stock T47 D cells are maintained in growth medium For BrdU incorporation assay, cells are plated in 96-well plates (Falcon, Becton Dickinson Labware) at 10,000 cells/well in growth medium After overnight incubation, the medium is changed to treatment medium and cells are cultured for an additional 24 hr before treatment. Stock compounds are dissolved in appropriate vehicle (100% ethanol or 50% ethanol/50% DMSO), subsequently diluted in treatment medium and added to the cells. Progestin and antiprogestin reference compounds are run in full dose-response curves. The final concentration of vehicle is 0.1%. In control wells, cells receive vehicle only. Antiprogestins are tested in the presence of 0.03 nM trimegestone, the reference progestin agonist. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the medium is discarded and cells are labeled with 10 mM BrdU (Amersham Life Science, Arlington Heights, Ill.) in treatment medium for 4 hr. [0183]
d. Cell Proliferation Assay [0184]
At the end of BrdU labeling, the medium is removed and BrdU incorporation is measured using a cell proliferation ELISA kit (#RPN 250, Amersham Life Science) according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, cells are fixed in an ethanol containing fixative for 30 min, followed by incubation in a blocking buffer for 30 min to reduce background. Peroxidase-labeled anti-BrdU antibody is added to the wells and incubated for 60 min. The cells are rinsed three times with PBS and incubated with 3,3′5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate for 10-20 min depending upon the potency of tested compounds. Then 25 μl of 1 M sulfuric acid is added to each well to stop color reaction and optical density is read in a plate reader at 450 nm within 5 min. [0185]
e. Analysis of Results: [0186]
Square root-transformed data are used for analysis of variance and nonlinear dose response curve fitting for both agonist and antagonist modes. Huber weighting is used to downweight the effects of outliers. EC[0187] ₅₀or IC₅₀values are calculated from the retransformed values. JMP software (SAS Institute, Inc.) is used for both one-way analysis of variance and non-linear dose response analyses in both single dose and dose response studies.
f. Reference Compounds: [0188]

Trimegestone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) are reference progestins and RU486 is the reference antiprogestin. All reference compounds are run in full dose-response curves and the EC ₅₀or IC₅₀values are calculated.

TABLE 3


Estimated EC₅₀, standard error (SE), and 95% confidence intervals
(CI) for individual studies

EC₅₀

95% CI

Compound	Exp	(nM)	SE	lower	upper

Trimegestone	1	0.017	0.003	0.007	0.040
	2	0.014	0.001	0.011	0.017
	3	0.019	0.001	0.016	0.024
MPA	1	0.019	0.001	0.013	0.027
	2	0.017	0.001	0.011	0.024

[0190]

TABLE 4

Estimated IC₅₀, standard error, and 95% confident interval for the

antiprogestin, RU486

IC₅₀ 95% CI

Compound Exp (nM) SE lower upper

RU486 1 0.011 0.001 0.008 0.014

2 0.016 0.001 0.014 0.020

3 0.018 0.001 0.014 0.022
EC[0191] ₅₀: Concentration of a compound that gives half-maximal increase in BrdU incorporation with SE; IC₅₀: Concentration of a compound that gives half-maximal decrease in 0.1 trimegestone induced BrdU incorporation with SE
4. T47D Cell Alkaline Phosphatase Assay [0192]
The purpose of this assay is to identify progestins or antiprogestins by determining a compound's effect on alkaline phosphatase activity in T47D cells. The materials and methods used in this assay are as follows. [0193]
a. Culture Medium: [0194]
DMEM:F12 (1:1) (GIBCO, BRL) supplemented with 5% (v/v) charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum (not heat-inactivated), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM GlutaMax (GIBCO, BRL). [0195]
b. Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Buffer: [0196]
I. 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 9.8, containing 0.2% Triton X-100 [0197]
II. 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 9.8 containing 4 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma). [0198]
c. Cell Culture and Treatment: [0199]
Frozen T47D cells were thawed in a 37° C. water bath and diluted to 280,000 cells/ml in culture medium. To each well in a 96-well plate (Falcon, Becton Dickinson Labware), 180 μl of diluted cell suspension was added. Twenty μl of reference or test compounds diluted in the culture medium was then added to each well. When testing for progestin antagonist activity, reference antiprogestins or test compounds were added in the presence of 1 nM progesterone. The cells were incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO[0200] ₂/humidified atmosphere for 24 hr.
d. Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme Assay: [0201]
At the end of treatment, the medium was removed from the plate and fifty μl of assay buffer I was added to each well. The plates were shaken in a titer plate shaker for 15 min. Then 150 μl of assay buffer II was added to each well. Optical density measurements were taken at 5 min intervals for 30 min at a test wavelength of 405 nM. [0202]
e. Analysis of Results: Analysis of Dose-response Data [0203]
For reference and test compounds, a dose response curve is generated for dose (X-axis) vs. the rate of enzyme reaction (slope) (Y-axis). Square root-transformed data are used for analysis of variance and nonlinear dose response curve fitting for both agonist and antagonist modes. Huber weighting is used to downweight the effects of outliers. EC[0204] ₅₀or IC₅₀values are calculated from the retransformed values. JMP software (SAS Institute, Inc.) is used for both one-way analysis of variance and non-linear dose response analyses in both single dose and dose response studies.
f. Reference Compounds: [0205]

Progesterone and trimegestone are reference progestins and RU486 is the reference antiprogestin. All reference compounds are run in full dose response curves and the EC ₅₀or IC₅₀values are calculated.

TABLE 5


Estimated EC₅₀, standard error (SE), and 95% confidence intervals
(CI) for reference progestins from three independent experiments

EC50

95% CI

Compound	Exp.	(nM)	SE	lower	upper

Progesterone	1	0.839	0.030	0.706	0.996
	2	0.639	0.006	0.611	0.669
	3	1.286	0.029	1.158	1.429
Trimegestone	1	0.084	0.002	0.076	0.091
	2	0.076	0.001	0.072	0.080
	3	0.160	0.004	0.141	0.181

[0207]

TABLE 6

Estimated IC₅₀, standard error, and 95% confident interval for the

reference antiprogestin RU486 from three independent experiments

IC 50 95% CI

Compound Exp (nM) SE lower upper

RU486 1 0.103 0.002 0.092 0.115

2 0.120 0.001 0.115 0.126

3 0.094 0.007 0.066 0.134
B. In-vivo Biology [0208]
The primary in-vivo assay is the rat decidualization model, which may be used to determine progestational effects of both agonists and antagonists. The secondary in-vivo assay is the rat ovulation inhibition model, which is under development, and hence the protocol is un-available. [0209]
1. Rat Decidualization Assay [0210]
The objective of this procedure is used to evaluate the effect of progestins and antiprogestins on rat uterine decidualization and compare the relative potencies of various test compounds. The materials and methods used in this assay are as follows. [0211]
a. Methods: [0212]
Test compounds are dissolved in 100% ethanol and mixed with corn oil (vehicle). Stock solutions of the test compounds in oil (Mazola™) are then prepared by heating (−80° C.) the mixture to evaporate ethanol. Test compounds are subsequently diluted with 100% corn oil or 10% ethanol in corn oil prior to the treatment of animals. No difference in decidual response was found when these two vehicles were compared. [0213]
b. Animals (RACUC Protocol #5002) [0214]
Ovariectomized mature female Sprague-Dawley rats (−60-day old and 230 g) are obtained from Taconic (Taconic Farms, N.Y.) following surgery. Ovariectomy is performed at least 10 days prior to treatment to reduce circulating sex steroids. Animals are housed under 12 hr light/dark cycle and given standard rat chow and water ad libitum. [0215]
c. Treatment [0216]
Rats are weighed and randomly assigned to groups of 4 or 5 before treatment. Test compounds in 0.2 ml vehicle are administered by subcutaneous injection in the nape of the neck or by gavage using 0.5 ml. The animals are treated once daily for seven days. For testing antiprogestins, animals are given the test compounds and a EC50 dose of progesterone (5.6 mg/kg) during the first three days of treatment. Following decidual stimulation, animals continue to receive progesterone until necropsy four days later. [0217]
d. Dosing [0218]
Doses are prepared based upon mg/kg mean group body weight. In all studies, a control group receiving vehicle is included. Determination of dose-response curves is carried out using doses with half log increases (e.g. 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg . . . ). [0219]
e. Decidual Induction [0220]
Approximately 24 hr after the third injection, decidualization is induced in one of the uterine horns by scratching the antimesometrial luminal epithelium with a blunt 21 G needle. The contralateral horn is not scratched and serves as an unstimulated control. Approximately 24 hr following the final treatment, rats are sacrificed by CO[0221] ₂asphyxiation and body weight measured. Uteri are removed and trimmed of fat. Decidualized (D-horn) and control (C-horn) uterine horns are weighed separately.
f. Analysis of Results: [0222]
The increase in weight of the decidualized uterine horn is calculated by D-horn/C-horn and logarithmic transformation is used to maximize normality and homogeneity of variance. The Huber M-estimator is used to down weight the outlying transformed observations for both dose-response curve fitting and one-way analysis of variance. JMP software (SAS Institute, Inc.) is used for both one-way ANOVA and non-linear dose-response analyses. [0223]
g. Reference Compounds: [0224]

All progestin reference compounds were run in fill dose-response curves and the EC ₅₀for uterine wet weight were calculated.

TABLE 7


Estimated EC₅₀, standard error (SE), and 95% confidence intervals for
individual studies

EC₅₀

95% CI

Compound	Exp	(mg/kg, s.c.)	SE	lower	upper

Progesterone	1	5.50	0.77	4.21	7.20
	2	6.21	1.12	4.41	8.76
3-Ketodesogestrel	1	0.11	0.02	0.07	0.16
	2	0.10	0.05	0.11	0.25
	3	0.06	0.03	0.03	0.14
Levonorgestrel	1	0.08	0.03	0.04	0.16
	2	0.12	0.02	0.09	0.17
	3	0.09	0.02	0.06	0.13
	4	0.09	0.02	0.06	0.14
MPA	1	0.42	0.03	0.29	0.60
	2	0.39	0.05	0.22	0.67
	3	0.39	0.04	0.25	0.61

[0226]

TABLE 8

Estimated average EC₅₀, standard error, and 95% confidence

intervals for dose-response curves of 3 reference compounds

EC₅₀ 95% CI

Compound (mg/kg. s.c.) SE lower upper

Progesterone 5.62 0.62 4.55 7.00

3-Ketodesogestrel 0.10 0.02 0.07 0.14

Levonorgestrel 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.12
[0227]

TABLE 9

Estimated IC₅₀, standard error, and 95% confident interval for the

antiprogestin, RU 486

IC₅₀ 95% CI

Compound Exp. (mg/kg, p.o.) SE lower upper

RU 486 1 0.21 0.07 0.05 0.96

2 0.14 0.02 0.08 0.27
Concentration: Compound concentration in assay(default-mg/kg body weight) [0228]
Route of administration: Route the compound is administered to the animals [0229]
Body weight: Mean total animal body weight (default-kg) [0230]
D-horn: Wet weight of decidualized uterine horn (default-mg) [0231]
C-horn: Wet weight of control uterine horn (default-mg) [0232]
Decidual response: [(D−C)/C]×100% [0233]
Progestational activity: Compounds that induce decidualization significantly (p<0.05) compared to vehicle control are considered active [0234]
Antiprogestational activity: Compounds that decrease EC[0235] ₅₀progesterone induced decidualization significantly (p<0.05)
EC[0236] ₅₀for uterine weight: Concentration of compound that gives half-maximal increase in decidual response (default-mg/kg)
IC[0237] ₅₀for uterine weight: Concentration of compound that gives half-maximal decrease in EC₅₀progesterone induced decidual response (default-mg/kg)
All publications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference herein. While the invention has been described with reference to a particularly preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. [0238]

Claims

What is claimed:

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that two or three of A, B and D are N;

R¹and R²are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, C₁to C₆alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, and NR^BCOR^A;

or R¹and R²are fused to form a spirocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of a), b) and c):

a) a 3 to 8 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

b) a 3 to 8 membered spirocyclic ring having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; and

c) a 3 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring having in its backbone one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N;

the spirocyclic rings of a), b) and c) being optionally substituted by from 1 to 4 groups selected from the group consisting of fluorine, C₁to C₆alkyl, C₁to C₆alkoxy, C₁to C₆thioalkyl, CF₃, OH, CN, NH₂, NH(C₁to C₆alkyl), and N(C₁to C₆alkyl)₂;

R^Ais H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R³is H, OH, NH₂, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₆alkenyl, substituted C₃to C₆alkenyl, or COR^C;

R^Cis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R⁴is (i) or (i):

(i) a substituted benzene ring having the substituents X, Y and Z as shown below:

wherein:

X is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, amino, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring having in its backbone 1 to 3 heteroatoms, COR^D, OCOR^D, and NR^ECOR^D;

R^Dis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

Y and Z are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, and C₁to C₃thioalkoxy; or

(ii) a five or six membered ring having in its backbone 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO₂and NW and having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, and NR^GCOR^F;

R^Fis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R^Gis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is O or S;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:

R¹and R²are H, C₁to C₆alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, or NR^BCOR^A;

R⁴is (iii) or (iv):

(iii) the substituted benzene ring, wherein:

X is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, a 5 membered heterocyclic ring having in its backbone 1 to 3 heteroatoms, COR^D, OCOR^D, and NR^ECOR^D; or

(iv) the five or six membered ring having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, and C₁to C₃alkoxy.

3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:

R¹=R²and are C₁to C₃alkyl or R¹and R²are fused to form the 3 to 6 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R³is H, OH, NH₂, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, or COR^C;

R^Cis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃alkoxy;

R⁴is selected from the group consisting of (v), (vi), and (vii):

(v) the substituted benzene ring of the formula:

wherein:

X is selected from the group consisting of of halogen, CN, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, 5 membered heterocyclic ring having in its backbone 1 to 3 heteroatoms, and C₁to C₃thioalkoxy;

Y is on the 4′ or 5′ position and is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, and C₁to C₃thioalkoxy;

(vi) the five membered ring of the structure:

wherein:

U is O, S, or NR⁵;

X′ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, and C₁to C₃alkoxy;

Y′ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁to C₃alkyl; and

(vii) the six membered ring of the structure:

wherein:

X¹is N or CX²;

X²is halogen, CN or NO₂.

4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:

R¹=R²and are CH₃or R¹and R²are fused to form a 6 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R³is H, OH, NH₂, CH₃, substituted CH₃, or COR^C;

R^Cis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃alkoxy;

R⁴is the substituted benzene ring having the substituents X and Y as shown below:

wherein:

X is halogen, CN, C₁alkoxy, NO₂, or 5-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein said heterocyclic ring is 2-thiazole;

Y is on the 4′ or 5′ position and is H or halogen; wherein said halogen is F.

5. The compound according to claim 4 wherein R⁴is the moiety:

6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:

R³is H, OH, NH₂, CH₃, substituted CH₃, or COR^C;

R^Cis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or C₁to C₃alkoxy;

R⁴is the five membered ring of the structure:

U is O, S, or NH;

X′ is halogen, CN, or NO₂;

Y′ is H or C₁to C₃alkyl.

7. The compound according to claim 6 wherein R⁴is the moiety:

wherein:

Y′ is H or C₁to C₃alkyl.

8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically effective carrier or excipient.

9. A method of inducing contraception in a mammal, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

10. A method of treatment or prevention of benign or malignant neoplastic disease in a mammal, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the benign or malignant neoplastic disease is selected from the group consisting of uterine myometrial fibroids, endometriosis, benign prostatic hypertrophy; carcinomas or adenocarcinomas of the endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, prostate, pituitary, meningioma and other hormone-dependent tumors.

12. A method of treatment or prevention in a mammal of carcinomas or adenocarcinomas of the endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, or prostate, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

13. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that two or more of A, B and D is N;

R¹and R²are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₂to C₆alkenyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkenyl, C₂to C₆alkynyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkynyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, and NR^BCOR^A;

a) a 3 to 8 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁴is (i) or (ii):

wherein:

X is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, amino, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, substituted C₁to C₃amino alkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring having in its backbone 1 to 3 heteroatoms, COR^D, OCOR^D, and NR^ECOR^D;

R^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

(ii) a five or six membered ring having in its backbone 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO₂and NR⁵and having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, and NR^GCOR^F;

R^Gis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is O, S, NR⁶, or CR⁷R;

R₆is selected from the group consisting of CN, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, and SO₂CF₃;

R⁷and R⁸are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, NO₂, CN, and CO₂R⁹;

R⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR⁷R⁸form a six membered ring having the structure below:

W is a chemical bond;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

14. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that two or more of A, B and D is N;

R¹and R²are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₂to C₆alkenyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkenyl, C₂to C₆alkynyl, substituted C₂to C₆alkynyl, C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, COR^A, and NR^ECOR^A;

a) a 3 to 8 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁴is (i) or (ii):

wherein:

X is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃thioalkoxy, amino, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, NO₂, C₁to C₃perfluoroalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring having in its backbone 1 to 3 heteroatoms, COR^D, OCOR^D, and NR^BCOR^D;

R^Dis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃amino alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃aminoalkyl;

R^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R^Gis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is NR⁶or CR⁷R⁸;

R⁷and R⁸are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, C₁to C₆alkyl, substituted C₁to C₆alkyl, C₃to Cg cycloalkyl, substituted C₃to C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, NO₂, CN, and CO₂R⁹;

R⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR⁷R⁸form a six membered ring having the structure below:

W is O;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

15. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that two or three of A, B and D are N;

a) a 3 to 8 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁴is a substituted benzene ring having the substituents X, Y and Z as shown below:

wherein:

R^Dis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, substituted C₁to C₃alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, substituted C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃amino alkyl;

R^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

Y and Z are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, and C₁to C₃thioalkoxy;

Q is O, S, NW, or CR⁷R⁸;

R⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR⁷R⁸form a six membered ring having the structure below:

W is O;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

16. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that one of A, B and D is N;

a) a 3 to 8 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁴is (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv):

wherein:

R^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

Y and Z are independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃alkyl, and C₁to C₃thioalkoxy;

(ii) a five membered ring having in its backbone 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO₂and NR⁵and having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, and NR^GCOR^F;

(iii) a six membered ring having in its backbone 1 NR⁵heteroatom and having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, and NR^GCOR^F; or

(iv) a six membered ring having in its backbone 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, and SO₂and having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, and NR^GCOR^F;

R^Gis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is O;

W is a chemical bond;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

17. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

A, B and D are N or CH, with the proviso that one of A, B and D is N;

a) a 3 to 8 membered saturated spirocyclic ring;

R^Bis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁴is (i) or (ii):

wherein:

R^Eis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

(ii) a five or six membered ring having in its backbone 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO₂and NR⁵and having one or two independent substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁to C₃alkyl, C₁to C₃alkoxy, C₁to C₃aminoalkyl, COR^F, and NR^ECOR^F;

R^Gis H, C₁to C₃alkyl, or substituted C₁to C₃alkyl;

R⁵is H or C₁to C₃alkyl;

Q is S, NR⁶, or CR⁷R⁸;

R⁹is C₁to C₃alkyl;

or CR⁷R⁸form a six membered ring having the structure below:

W is a chemical bond;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.