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US20020009267A1 - Optical fiber connector - Google Patents

Optical fiber connector Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020009267A1
US20020009267A1 US09/295,521 US29552199A US2002009267A1 US 20020009267 A1 US20020009267 A1 US 20020009267A1 US 29552199 A US29552199 A US 29552199A US 2002009267 A1 US2002009267 A1 US 2002009267A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
ferule
optical fiber
chamber
fiber connector
housing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
US09/295,521
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US6416233B2 (en
Inventor
Tsuguhito Shirakawa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Yazaki Corp
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Assigned to YAZAKI CORPORATION reassignment YAZAKI CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SHIRAKAWA, TSUGUHITO
Publication of US20020009267A1 publication Critical patent/US20020009267A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6416233B2 publication Critical patent/US6416233B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
    • G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
    • G02B6/381—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs of the ferrule type, e.g. fibre ends embedded in ferrules, connecting a pair of fibres
    • G02B6/3818—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs of the ferrule type, e.g. fibre ends embedded in ferrules, connecting a pair of fibres of a low-reflection-loss type
    • G02B6/3821—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs of the ferrule type, e.g. fibre ends embedded in ferrules, connecting a pair of fibres of a low-reflection-loss type with axial spring biasing or loading means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
    • G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
    • G02B6/389—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs characterised by the method of fastening connecting plugs and sockets, e.g. screw- or nut-lock, snap-in, bayonet type
    • G02B6/3893—Push-pull type, e.g. snap-in, push-on

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical fiber connector.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the prior art connector.
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view thereof.
  • a ferule 12 with an optical fiber mounted is accommodated in a housing.
  • a convex member 13 is provided on the outer periphery of the ferule 12 .
  • An auxiliary cover 14 is engaged with the rear end of the housing 17 .
  • a spring 15 is provided between the convex member 13 and the auxiliary cover 14 .
  • the ferule 12 is urged in a direction of coupling the pertinent optical connector with a complementary connector.
  • the housing 17 is provided with a protruding wall on its inner periphery.
  • the convex member 13 is kept in contact with the protruding wall 16 so that the ferule 12 is prevented from coming off from the housing 17 .
  • the ferule 12 is accommodated in the housing so that it can move so as to be coupled with a complementary connector.
  • the ferule of the connector at issue is brought into contact with the tip of the ferule of the complementary connector, thereby reducing optical loss.
  • an optical fiber 21 provided with a ferule 22 is accommodated in its bent state within a housing 23 , and the optical fiber 21 is secured by a wedge 24 attached to an auxiliary cover 25 engaged with the rear end of the housing 23 .
  • the optical fiber 21 will not retract.
  • optical fiber connector proposed in the publication is very complicate in structure. This leads an increase in the number of components, a rise in cost and an increase in the number of man-hours.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an optical fiber connector which is simple in structure and does not give rise to a break in communication when force is applied.
  • an optical fiber connector comprising: a housing having a ferule chamber;
  • a ferule having an optical fiber and accommodated in the ferule chamber; a spring attached to the optical fiber in the ferule chamber, for urging the ferule so to be coupled with a complementary connector; and stopping means for stopping the ferule from retracting when it retracts by a prescribed length.
  • the stopping means for stopping the ferule from retracting when it retracts by a prescribed length is provided in the housing, even when force is applied to the optical fiber, optical loss does not increase, thereby preventing a break in communication.
  • said prescribed length is within a range where said ferule is kept in contact with the complementary connector when the ferule retracts. In this configuration, an increase in the optical loss can be removed.
  • said stopping means includes a convex member formed on the outer periphery of the ferule and a securing piece formed in the ferule chamber and to be engaged with the convex member.
  • said securing piece is formed so as to cut a ]-shape slit in a side wall of the ferule chamber and comprises a protrusion attached to its tip and to be brought into contact with the convex member.
  • the ferule can be easily accommodated in the ferule chamber.
  • the convex member prevents the ferule from being coming off from the ferule chamber in engagement with a protrusion formed on an inner wall of the housing.
  • said stopping means stops the ferule from retracting when the ferule retracts until the spring reach a compression limitation corresponding to the prescribed length.
  • said prescribed length can be adjusted by a diameter of the spring.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are an exploded perspective view and a sectional perspective view of a conventional optical fiber connector, respectively.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are a sectional view and an enlarged sectional view of the main part of another conventional optical fiber connector, respectively.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the embodiment.
  • a housing 1 is provided with a protrusion 3 on its inner periphery so that a ferule 2 is prevented from coming off from the housing 1 .
  • the protrusion 3 and an auxiliary cover 10 constitutes a ferule chamber 4 .
  • a convex member 6 is provided on the outer periphery of the ferule 2 .
  • the convex portion 6 is brought into contact with the protrusion 3 to prevent the ferule 2 from coming off from the housing 1 .
  • the ferule 2 is provided with a flange 8 at its rear end.
  • a spring 7 is provided between the flange 8 and the auxiliary cover 10 . The ferule 2 is urged in the direction of coupling the pertinent optical connector with a complementary connector.
  • the side wall of the ferule chamber 4 is cut like a ]-shape slit to form a securing piece 9 (FIG. 1).
  • the securing piece 9 is provided with a protrusion 9 A at its tip. The protrusion 9 A is brought into contact with the convex member 6 to stop the retract of the ferule 2 .
  • the protrusion 9 A is formed within a range where the tip 2 A of the ferule 2 is kept in contact with that of a complementary connector 2 even when the ferule 2 retracts by a distance L from the coupling state.
  • the retracting of the ferule 2 is stopped by the securing piece 9 .
  • the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the retracting of the ferule is stopped by the length of the ferule chamber 4 itself.
  • the length of the ferule chamber 4 is set at such a value that the spring 7 reaches the compression limit when the ferule 2 retracts by a length L.
  • the length L can be adjusted by the diameter of the spring 7 .

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

In an optical connector, a ferule accommodated in a ferule chamber of a housing is urged by a spring so that the optical connector is coupled with a complementary connector. The housing is provided with a means for stopping the retracting of the ferule when the ferule retracts by a certain length. In this configuration, a break in communication occurs even when force is applied to an optical fiber cable.

Description

    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • 1. Field of the Invention [0001]
  • The present invention relates to an optical fiber connector. [0002]
  • 2. Description of the Related Art [0003]
  • Now referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, an explanation will be given of a prior art optical fiber connector. FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the prior art connector. FIG. 5 is a sectional view thereof. [0004]
  • As seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, a [0005] ferule 12 with an optical fiber mounted is accommodated in a housing.
  • A convex [0006] member 13 is provided on the outer periphery of the ferule 12. An auxiliary cover 14 is engaged with the rear end of the housing 17. A spring 15 is provided between the convex member 13 and the auxiliary cover 14. The ferule 12 is urged in a direction of coupling the pertinent optical connector with a complementary connector.
  • The [0007] housing 17 is provided with a protruding wall on its inner periphery. The convex member 13 is kept in contact with the protruding wall 16 so that the ferule 12 is prevented from coming off from the housing 17.
  • Specifically, the [0008] ferule 12 is accommodated in the housing so that it can move so as to be coupled with a complementary connector. In connector coupling, the ferule of the connector at issue is brought into contact with the tip of the ferule of the complementary connector, thereby reducing optical loss.
  • In such a conventional optical fiber connector, when the [0009] optical fiber 11 is touched with a hand, it will be pulled. Thus, the ferule 12 attached to the tip of the optical fiber retracts. As a result, a gap may be produced between the complementary connector and the ferule to increase the optical loss leading to a break of communication.
  • In order to avoid such a break in communication, the, optical fiber connector as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 has been proposed in JP-A-7-218764. [0010]
  • As seen from FIGS. 6 and 7, an [0011] optical fiber 21 provided with a ferule 22 is accommodated in its bent state within a housing 23, and the optical fiber 21 is secured by a wedge 24 attached to an auxiliary cover 25 engaged with the rear end of the housing 23. In this configuration, when force is applied to the optical fiber connector 20, the optical fiber 21 will not retract.
  • However, the optical fiber connector proposed in the publication is very complicate in structure. This leads an increase in the number of components, a rise in cost and an increase in the number of man-hours. [0012]
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an optical fiber connector which is simple in structure and does not give rise to a break in communication when force is applied. [0013]
  • In order to attain the above object, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an optical fiber connector comprising: a housing having a ferule chamber; [0014]
  • a ferule having an optical fiber and accommodated in the ferule chamber; a spring attached to the optical fiber in the ferule chamber, for urging the ferule so to be coupled with a complementary connector; and stopping means for stopping the ferule from retracting when it retracts by a prescribed length. [0015]
  • Since the stopping means for stopping the ferule from retracting when it retracts by a prescribed length is provided in the housing, even when force is applied to the optical fiber, optical loss does not increase, thereby preventing a break in communication. [0016]
  • Preferably, said prescribed length is within a range where said ferule is kept in contact with the complementary connector when the ferule retracts. In this configuration, an increase in the optical loss can be removed. [0017]
  • Preferably, said stopping means includes a convex member formed on the outer periphery of the ferule and a securing piece formed in the ferule chamber and to be engaged with the convex member. [0018]
  • In this configuration, the retracting of the ferule can be easily stopped. [0019]
  • Preferably, said securing piece is formed so as to cut a ]-shape slit in a side wall of the ferule chamber and comprises a protrusion attached to its tip and to be brought into contact with the convex member. [0020]
  • In this configuration, the ferule can be easily accommodated in the ferule chamber. [0021]
  • Preferably, the convex member prevents the ferule from being coming off from the ferule chamber in engagement with a protrusion formed on an inner wall of the housing. [0022]
  • In this configuration, the shape of the ferule can be simplified. [0023]
  • Preferably, said stopping means stops the ferule from retracting when the ferule retracts until the spring reach a compression limitation corresponding to the prescribed length. [0024]
  • In this configuration, a break in communication can be avoided through a simple structure. [0025]
  • Preferably, said prescribed length can be adjusted by a diameter of the spring. [0026]
  • Therefore, the prescribed length can be easily adjusted.[0027]
  • The above and other objects and features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [0028]
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a first embodiment of the present invention; [0029]
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the first embodiment of the present invention; [0030]
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the second embodiment of the present invention; [0031]
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are an exploded perspective view and a sectional perspective view of a conventional optical fiber connector, respectively; and [0032]
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are a sectional view and an enlarged sectional view of the main part of another conventional optical fiber connector, respectively.[0033]
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • Now referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an explanation will be given of an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the embodiment. [0034]
  • In FIGS. 1 and 2, a [0035] housing 1 is provided with a protrusion 3 on its inner periphery so that a ferule 2 is prevented from coming off from the housing 1. The protrusion 3 and an auxiliary cover 10 constitutes a ferule chamber 4.
  • A convex [0036] member 6 is provided on the outer periphery of the ferule 2. The convex portion 6 is brought into contact with the protrusion 3 to prevent the ferule 2 from coming off from the housing 1. The ferule 2 is provided with a flange 8 at its rear end. A spring 7 is provided between the flange 8 and the auxiliary cover 10. The ferule 2 is urged in the direction of coupling the pertinent optical connector with a complementary connector.
  • The side wall of the [0037] ferule chamber 4 is cut like a ]-shape slit to form a securing piece 9 (FIG. 1). The securing piece 9 is provided with a protrusion 9A at its tip. The protrusion 9A is brought into contact with the convex member 6 to stop the retract of the ferule 2.
  • In FIG. 2, the [0038] protrusion 9A is formed within a range where the tip 2A of the ferule 2 is kept in contact with that of a complementary connector 2 even when the ferule 2 retracts by a distance L from the coupling state.
  • Referring to FIG. 3, an explanation will be given of a second embodiment of the present invention. [0039]
  • In the first embodiment, the retracting of the [0040] ferule 2 is stopped by the securing piece 9. On the other hand, the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the retracting of the ferule is stopped by the length of the ferule chamber 4 itself.
  • Specifically, when the [0041] ferule 2 retracts because of application of force to the optical fiber 5, the spring 7 is compressed. However, when the spring 7 reaches the compression limit, the retracting of the ferule 2 is stopped.
  • Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3, the length of the [0042] ferule chamber 4 is set at such a value that the spring 7 reaches the compression limit when the ferule 2 retracts by a length L. The length L can be adjusted by the diameter of the spring 7.

Claims (7)

What is claimed is:
1. An optical fiber connector comprising:
a housing having a ferule chamber;
a ferule having an optical fiber and accommodated in the ferule chamber;
a spring attached to the optical fiber in the ferule chamber, for urging the ferule so to be coupled with a complementary connector; and
stopping means for stopping the ferule from retracting when it retracts by a prescribed length.
2. An optical fiber connector according to claim 1, wherein said prescribed length is within a range where said ferule is kept in contact with the complementary connector when the ferule retracts.
3. An optical fiber connector according to claim 1, wherein said stopping means includes a convex member formed on the outer periphery of the ferule and a securing piece formed in the ferule chamber and to be engaged with the convex member.
4. An optical fiber connector according to claim 3, wherein said securing piece is formed so as to cut a ]-shape slit in a side wall of the ferule chamber and comprises a protrusion attached to its tip and to be brought into contact with the convex member.
5. An optical fiber connector according to claim 3, wherein said convex member prevents the ferule from being coming off from the ferule chamber in engagement with a protrusion formed on an inner wall of the housing.
6. An optical fiber connector according to claim 1, wherein said stopping means stops the ferule from retracting when the ferule retracts until the spring reach a compression limitation corresponding to the prescribed length.
7. An optical fiber connector according to claim 6, wherein said length can be adjusted by a diameter of the spring.
US09/295,521 1998-04-24 1999-04-21 Optical fiber connector Expired - Lifetime US6416233B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10-115008 1998-04-24
JP10115008A JPH11305070A (en) 1998-04-24 1998-04-24 Optical fiber connector

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20020009267A1 true US20020009267A1 (en) 2002-01-24
US6416233B2 US6416233B2 (en) 2002-07-09

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JP (1) JPH11305070A (en)
DE (1) DE19918395C2 (en)
GB (1) GB2339302B (en)

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US6633259B1 (en) 1999-03-05 2003-10-14 Rannuch Corporation Method and apparatus for improving utility of automatic dependent surveillance
US6812890B2 (en) 2000-02-29 2004-11-02 Rannoch Corporation Voice recognition landing fee billing system
US20040222916A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2004-11-11 Smith Alexander E. Minimum safe altitude warning
US20040246178A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2004-12-09 Smith Alexander E. Method and apparatus to correlate aircraft flight tracks and events with relevant airport operations information
US20050068232A1 (en) * 2000-02-29 2005-03-31 Smith Alexander E. Correlation of flight track data with other data sources
US20050182557A1 (en) * 2003-06-10 2005-08-18 Smith Alexander E. Land use compatibility planning software
US20060036378A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2006-02-16 Smith Alexander E Airport pavement management system
US20060085236A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2006-04-20 Smith Alexander E Automated management of airport revenues
US20060191326A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2006-08-31 Smith Alexander E Multilateration enhancements for noise and operations management
US20070001903A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2007-01-04 Smith Alexander E Use of geo-stationary satellites to augment wide_area multilateration synchronization
US20070040734A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2007-02-22 Evers Carl A Method and system for elliptical-based surveillance
US20070115165A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2007-05-24 Breen Thomas J Extension of aircraft tracking and positive identification from movement areas into non-movement areas
US20070130541A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2007-06-07 Louch John O Synchronization of widgets and dashboards
US20080036659A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-02-14 Smith Alexander E Correlation of flight track data with other data sources
US20080088508A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-04-17 Smith Alexander E Enhanced Passive Coherent Location Techniques to Track and Identify UAVs, UCAVs, MAVs, and Other Objects
US20080191942A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-08-14 Smith Alexander E Method and apparatus to extend ads performance metrics
US20080211709A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-09-04 Smith Alexander E Deployable passive broadband aircraft tracking
US20090201191A1 (en) * 2006-05-08 2009-08-13 Vadim Kozhevnikov Aircraft tracking using low cost tagging as a discriminator
US7889133B2 (en) 1999-03-05 2011-02-15 Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. Multilateration enhancements for noise and operations management
US9821476B2 (en) 2008-04-14 2017-11-21 Carnegie Mellon University Articulated device with visualization system
EP3379312A4 (en) * 2016-01-29 2019-07-10 Fujikura Ltd. Optical connector and optical connector system

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JP2001330757A (en) * 2000-05-23 2001-11-30 Yazaki Corp Optical connector
US6789954B2 (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-09-14 Fitel Usa Corp. Robust fiber connector
US6899464B2 (en) * 2002-10-28 2005-05-31 Rick Stevens Optical connector
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US9417406B2 (en) 2012-08-31 2016-08-16 Corning Cable Systems Llc Cable assemblies and optical connector assemblies employing a unitary alignment pin and translating element
US10139573B2 (en) 2012-08-31 2018-11-27 Corning Optical Communications LLC Cable assemblies, optical connector assemblies, and optical connector subassemblies employing a unitary alignment pin and cover

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Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US20080036659A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-02-14 Smith Alexander E Correlation of flight track data with other data sources
US20080088508A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-04-17 Smith Alexander E Enhanced Passive Coherent Location Techniques to Track and Identify UAVs, UCAVs, MAVs, and Other Objects
US20070001903A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2007-01-04 Smith Alexander E Use of geo-stationary satellites to augment wide_area multilateration synchronization
US20040222916A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2004-11-11 Smith Alexander E. Minimum safe altitude warning
US20040246178A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2004-12-09 Smith Alexander E. Method and apparatus to correlate aircraft flight tracks and events with relevant airport operations information
US7667647B2 (en) 1999-03-05 2010-02-23 Era Systems Corporation Extension of aircraft tracking and positive identification from movement areas into non-movement areas
US20080211709A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-09-04 Smith Alexander E Deployable passive broadband aircraft tracking
US20080191942A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2008-08-14 Smith Alexander E Method and apparatus to extend ads performance metrics
US20050200501A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2005-09-15 Smith Alexander E. Aircraft boundary transition warnings and auto alerting
US6992626B2 (en) 1999-03-05 2006-01-31 Rannoch Corporation Method and apparatus to correlate aircraft flight tracks and events with relevant airport operations information
US20060036378A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2006-02-16 Smith Alexander E Airport pavement management system
US20070040734A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2007-02-22 Evers Carl A Method and system for elliptical-based surveillance
US6806829B2 (en) 1999-03-05 2004-10-19 Rannock Corporation Method and apparatus for improving the utility of a automatic dependent surveillance
US7889133B2 (en) 1999-03-05 2011-02-15 Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. Multilateration enhancements for noise and operations management
US20060085236A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2006-04-20 Smith Alexander E Automated management of airport revenues
US20070115165A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2007-05-24 Breen Thomas J Extension of aircraft tracking and positive identification from movement areas into non-movement areas
US20060191326A1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2006-08-31 Smith Alexander E Multilateration enhancements for noise and operations management
US6633259B1 (en) 1999-03-05 2003-10-14 Rannuch Corporation Method and apparatus for improving utility of automatic dependent surveillance
US7248219B2 (en) 2000-02-29 2007-07-24 Era Systems Corporation Correlation of flight track data with other data sources
US6885340B2 (en) 2000-02-29 2005-04-26 Rannoch Corporation Correlation of flight track data with other data sources
US20050068232A1 (en) * 2000-02-29 2005-03-31 Smith Alexander E. Correlation of flight track data with other data sources
US6812890B2 (en) 2000-02-29 2004-11-02 Rannoch Corporation Voice recognition landing fee billing system
US20050182557A1 (en) * 2003-06-10 2005-08-18 Smith Alexander E. Land use compatibility planning software
US20070130541A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2007-06-07 Louch John O Synchronization of widgets and dashboards
US20090201191A1 (en) * 2006-05-08 2009-08-13 Vadim Kozhevnikov Aircraft tracking using low cost tagging as a discriminator
US9821476B2 (en) 2008-04-14 2017-11-21 Carnegie Mellon University Articulated device with visualization system
EP3379312A4 (en) * 2016-01-29 2019-07-10 Fujikura Ltd. Optical connector and optical connector system

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Publication number Publication date
DE19918395C2 (en) 2001-12-20
JPH11305070A (en) 1999-11-05
DE19918395A1 (en) 1999-11-04
GB9908442D0 (en) 1999-06-09
GB2339302B (en) 2002-10-16
US6416233B2 (en) 2002-07-09
GB2339302A (en) 2000-01-19

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