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US20010046357A1 - Gold coated signal cable - Google Patents

Gold coated signal cable Download PDF

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Publication number
US20010046357A1
US20010046357A1 US09/352,138 US35213899A US2001046357A1 US 20010046357 A1 US20010046357 A1 US 20010046357A1 US 35213899 A US35213899 A US 35213899A US 2001046357 A1 US2001046357 A1 US 2001046357A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
coating
gold
hydrogen
signal cable
cable
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Granted
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US09/352,138
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US6343173B2 (en
Inventor
Audun Hordvik
Morten Eriksrud
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Alcatel Submarine Networks Norway AS
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Optoplan AS
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Assigned to OPTOPLAN AS reassignment OPTOPLAN AS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ERIKSRUD, MORTEN, HORDVIK, AUDUN
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
    • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
    • G02B6/4429—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables
    • G02B6/44382—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables the means comprising hydrogen absorbing materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
    • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
    • G02B6/4402—Optical cables with one single optical waveguide

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, as appears from the preamble of patent claim 1 .
  • Signal cables are i.a. used in oil and gas wells for measurement of such parameters as pressure, temperature, tension, flow, and for fiber optic communication.
  • the cables may have a length of 6 km or more for use in wells, and should tolerate temperatures of 200° C. and pressure over 1000 bar.
  • the cables are vulnerable to corrosion because they are usually located in the liquid filled annulus between the casing and the tubing.
  • NO patent-publication 175119 describes a cable for this application, where the fiber is inside a steel tube which protects it from the hydrostatic pressure which normally will be several hundred bar.
  • the tube is stranded around a center element, and the fiber is able to move sidewise in the tube so that some elongation of the cable due to thermal expansion and/or mechanical tension, is possible without straining the fiber.
  • the attenuation can be permanent or reversible. Permanent losses are a result of a reaction between the hydrogen which diffuses into the optical fiber, and the silica glass, and the loss will generally increase with the hydrogen concentration, and with time. Reversible losses are the results of hydrogen molecules which diffuse into the optical fiber, but does not combine with the glass. The latter loss is proportional with the concentration of hydrogen.
  • Representative partial pressures of hydrogen in submarine cables are about 1 bar.
  • For submarine cables one has tried to solve this problem by, for example, placing the optical fiber cable inside a copper tube in order to establish a barrier against diffusion of hydrogen into the optical fiber.
  • One object of the invention is to provide a signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, said cable preventing or reducing the penetration of hydrogen into the fiber material.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide such a device which also reduces the formation of hydrogen in the area around the fiber optical cable in oil/gas wells.
  • the invention relates to a signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, said cable comprising one or more optical fibers encapsulated in at the least one pressure and temperature resistant hollow and normally tube- or channel-shaped protection means, optionally placed by or integrated with a cable-construction, for example as described in NO patent publication 175119.
  • the protection means is provided by a thin continuous surface coating of gold, or a gold-alloy which mainly comprises gold.
  • the surprising technical effect resulting from this new gold coating on fiber optic signal cables is firstly that the gold coating passivates the metal in the cover means resulting in a strong reduction in the formation of hydrogen on the surface of the cover means. Secondly, the solubility of hydrogen in gold is very low, and therefore the permeability rate for hydrogen in gold is very low.
  • a goldcoating on the cover means for example a steel tube, with a few micrometers thickness, for example 1 -10 ⁇ m, it is therefore possible to achieve a satisfactory and lasting signal transmission in the fiber optical cable for a period for several years, even with ambient hydrostatic pressure of several hundred bar, ambient temperature around 200° C., and in corrosive environments.
  • Gold coating with such thickness can be established at the cover means with known methods, such as electroplating, on tube-lengths of several kilometers.
  • the gold coating is preferably provided at the exterior surface of the cover means, both in order to passivate the cover material, and to establish a diffusion barrier against hydrogen.
  • the gold coating may however, as an alternative or in addition, also be provided at the interior surface of the cover means, to establish a diffusion barrier against hydrogen.
  • the signal cable according to the invention may further comprise several cover means which encapsulate each other, for example concentric pipes or channels of steel, and one or more of the said surfaces of the concentric placed cover means, may be provided with gold coating. It is preferably the exterior surface of the cover means which is provided with a gold coating. This produces both a passivating effect and a barrier. A gold coating on the interior surface will only produce a barrier effect and besides be harder to apply than an exterior coating.
  • the gold coated signal cable according to the invention may be used in different cable constructions, for example, the one described in NO patent-publication 175119.
  • a thin protecting layer on the outside of the cover means for example of a temperature resistant plastic, before the gold coated signal cable enters into the production process for the composite cable.
  • suitable plastics are polyether keton (PEEK), perfluor alkoxy (PFA) and teflon.
  • a plastic coating as described above, provided on the exterior surface of the cover means or at the exterior surface of the outermost cover means, may also have a passivating effect on the surface of the cover means and reduce local production of hydrogen.
  • the thickness of the gold coating can be selected considering the range of use and signal cable construction. Multiple gold coatings demand less thickness per coating, and lower pressure/temperature in the surroundings also demands less thickness. Normally, the thickness of the coating should not be less than 2-3 micrometers in order to achieve a coating without pores. In the example below it is given an example of a calculation with a 3 micrometers thickness of the coating.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section of a first embodiment of a signal cable according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section corresponding to FIG. 1, of a second embodiment
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section corresponding to FIG. 1, of a third embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 shows an optical fiber 1 in a tube-shaped cover means 2 .
  • the exterior surface of the cover means 2 er provided with a thin coating 3 of gold.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment where the optical fiber 1 is in a first tube-shaped cover means 2 a, which again is encapsulated in a generally concentric second tube-shaped cover means 2 b.
  • both the exterior surfaces of the cover means 2 a and 2 b are provided with a gold coating 3 a and 3 b.
  • FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment where the optical fiber 1 is in a tube-shaped cover means 2 .
  • the exterior surface of the cover means 2 is in this embodiment covered with a gold coating 3 and a plastic coating 4 in order to give the gold coating a mechanical protection.
  • the hydrogen permeability for gold is about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 exp( ⁇ 15840/T)mol/cm sec. ⁇ square root ⁇ atm.
  • the hydrogen permeability for Inconel 625 is about 8.16 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 exp( ⁇ 7232/T)mol/cm sec. ⁇ square root ⁇ atm.
  • T is the absolute temperature in K. TABLE 1 Calculated pressure of hydrogen in a steel tube with and without a 3 ⁇ m thick gold coating. Pressure inside tube Pressure inside tube with Outer without coating Au-coating Temp pressure 1 year 5 year 1 year 5 year 170° C. 1 1 1 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 atm atm atm atm atm 170° C. 100 100 100 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm 200° C. 1 1 1 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 0.18 atm atm atm atm atm 200° C. 100 100 100 0.43 2.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm
  • the invention thus provides an improved signal cable which makes it possible to transmit optical signals during a longer time period without substantial loss of signals, in oil and gas wells under high pressure and temperature and in surroundings with high partial pressure of hydrogen.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)

Abstract

Signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, said cable comprising one or more optical fibers (1) wrapped in at least one pressure- and temperature-resistant, hollow and generally channel-shaped, protection means (2), optionally placed near, or integrated with, a cable construction. The protection means (2) is provided with a thin continuous surface coating (3) of gold to passivate the formation of hydrogen, and to prevent or reduce the diffusion of hydrogen through the protection means and into the optical fiber, and accordingly prevent resulting loss of signal in the fiber.

Description

  • The invention relates to a signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, as appears from the preamble of [0001] patent claim 1.
    • BACKGROUND
  • Signal cables are i.a. used in oil and gas wells for measurement of such parameters as pressure, temperature, tension, flow, and for fiber optic communication. The cables may have a length of 6 km or more for use in wells, and should tolerate temperatures of 200° C. and pressure over 1000 bar. In addition, the cables are vulnerable to corrosion because they are usually located in the liquid filled annulus between the casing and the tubing. [0002]
  • NO patent-publication 175119 describes a cable for this application, where the fiber is inside a steel tube which protects it from the hydrostatic pressure which normally will be several hundred bar. The tube is stranded around a center element, and the fiber is able to move sidewise in the tube so that some elongation of the cable due to thermal expansion and/or mechanical tension, is possible without straining the fiber. [0003]
  • For submarine cables, it is known that as a result of corrosion of, or at, the metal-containing cable, hydrogen is produced. The hydrogen diffuses into the optical fiber and results in attenuation of the light being transmitted. [0004]
  • The attenuation can be permanent or reversible. Permanent losses are a result of a reaction between the hydrogen which diffuses into the optical fiber, and the silica glass, and the loss will generally increase with the hydrogen concentration, and with time. Reversible losses are the results of hydrogen molecules which diffuse into the optical fiber, but does not combine with the glass. The latter loss is proportional with the concentration of hydrogen. [0005]
  • Representative partial pressures of hydrogen in submarine cables are about 1 bar. For submarine cables, one has tried to solve this problem by, for example, placing the optical fiber cable inside a copper tube in order to establish a barrier against diffusion of hydrogen into the optical fiber. [0006]
  • In oil and gas wells it has surprisingly been found that considerable amounts of hydrogen are developed in the area outside and on the cable. Because of the high temperature prevailing in such wells, normally 100-200° C., the hydrogen will quickly penetrate into a steel tube which encapsulates the fiber, and diffuse into the optical fiber and cause losses. The partial pressure of hydrogen inside the pipe can be up to 100 bar. Even at much lower hydrogen pressures, the loss in the fiber will normally be so high that the cable is no longer usable for the intended purpose. [0007]
  • The use of copper in such applications is, however, not practical, because of the high hydrostatic pressure to which the cable is exposed. Copper will further not be a particularly effective barrier against hydrogen at the high temperatures of interest. [0008]
    • OBJECT
  • One object of the invention is to provide a signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, said cable preventing or reducing the penetration of hydrogen into the fiber material. [0009]
  • Another object of the invention is to provide such a device which also reduces the formation of hydrogen in the area around the fiber optical cable in oil/gas wells. [0010]
    • THE INVENTION
  • The objectives are achieved with a cable according to the characterizing part of [0011] patent claim 1. Further advantageous features are evident from the dependent claims.
  • The invention relates to a signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, said cable comprising one or more optical fibers encapsulated in at the least one pressure and temperature resistant hollow and normally tube- or channel-shaped protection means, optionally placed by or integrated with a cable-construction, for example as described in NO patent publication 175119. [0012]
  • According to the invention, the protection means is provided by a thin continuous surface coating of gold, or a gold-alloy which mainly comprises gold. [0013]
  • According to the invention the surprising technical effect resulting from this new gold coating on fiber optic signal cables is firstly that the gold coating passivates the metal in the cover means resulting in a strong reduction in the formation of hydrogen on the surface of the cover means. Secondly, the solubility of hydrogen in gold is very low, and therefore the permeability rate for hydrogen in gold is very low. With a goldcoating on the cover means, for example a steel tube, with a few micrometers thickness, for example 1 -10 μm, it is therefore possible to achieve a satisfactory and lasting signal transmission in the fiber optical cable for a period for several years, even with ambient hydrostatic pressure of several hundred bar, ambient temperature around 200° C., and in corrosive environments. [0014]
  • Gold coating with such thickness can be established at the cover means with known methods, such as electroplating, on tube-lengths of several kilometers. [0015]
  • The gold coating is preferably provided at the exterior surface of the cover means, both in order to passivate the cover material, and to establish a diffusion barrier against hydrogen. The gold coating may however, as an alternative or in addition, also be provided at the interior surface of the cover means, to establish a diffusion barrier against hydrogen. [0016]
  • The signal cable according to the invention, may further comprise several cover means which encapsulate each other, for example concentric pipes or channels of steel, and one or more of the said surfaces of the concentric placed cover means, may be provided with gold coating. It is preferably the exterior surface of the cover means which is provided with a gold coating. This produces both a passivating effect and a barrier. A gold coating on the interior surface will only produce a barrier effect and besides be harder to apply than an exterior coating. [0017]
  • The gold coated signal cable according to the invention, may be used in different cable constructions, for example, the one described in NO patent-publication 175119. In order to protect the gold coating on the signal cable according to the invention, during production, installation and operation, it would be advantageous to provide a thin protecting layer on the outside of the cover means, for example of a temperature resistant plastic, before the gold coated signal cable enters into the production process for the composite cable. Examples of applicable plastics are polyether keton (PEEK), perfluor alkoxy (PFA) and teflon. [0018]
  • A plastic coating as described above, provided on the exterior surface of the cover means or at the exterior surface of the outermost cover means, may also have a passivating effect on the surface of the cover means and reduce local production of hydrogen. [0019]
  • The thickness of the gold coating can be selected considering the range of use and signal cable construction. Multiple gold coatings demand less thickness per coating, and lower pressure/temperature in the surroundings also demands less thickness. Normally, the thickness of the coating should not be less than 2-3 micrometers in order to achieve a coating without pores. In the example below it is given an example of a calculation with a 3 micrometers thickness of the coating.[0020]
  • In the enclosed drawings there are shown schematic embodiments of the invention, where [0021]
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section of a first embodiment of a signal cable according to the invention, [0022]
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section corresponding to FIG. 1, of a second embodiment, and [0023]
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section corresponding to FIG. 1, of a third embodiment. [0024]
  • FIG. 1 shows an [0025] optical fiber 1 in a tube-shaped cover means 2. The exterior surface of the cover means 2, er provided with a thin coating 3 of gold.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment where the [0026] optical fiber 1 is in a first tube-shaped cover means 2 a, which again is encapsulated in a generally concentric second tube-shaped cover means 2 b. In this embodiment both the exterior surfaces of the cover means 2 a and 2 b are provided with a gold coating 3 a and 3 b.
  • FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment where the [0027] optical fiber 1 is in a tube-shaped cover means 2. The exterior surface of the cover means 2 is in this embodiment covered with a gold coating 3 and a plastic coating 4 in order to give the gold coating a mechanical protection.
    • EXAMPLE
  • This calculation example is put forward in order to illustrate the barrier effect of gold, with a coating thickness of 3 micrometers as a function of temperature and time, in comparison with an unprotected steel tube. [0028]
  • The table which is given below, presents the calculation results for an unprotected steel tube (Inconel 625) and a steel tube provided with a 3 micrometers thick gold coating after 1 and 5 years, at a partial pressure of hydrogen at 1 and 100 atmospheres at 100 and 200° C. It is assumed that the steel tube has an outer diameter of 1.8 mm, and an inner diameter of 1.4 mm. These are realistic dimensions for most applications. The hydrogen permeability for gold is about 1·10[0029] −4 exp(−15840/T)mol/cm sec.{square root}atm. The hydrogen permeability for Inconel 625 is about 8.16·10−7 exp(−7232/T)mol/cm sec.{square root}atm. T is the absolute temperature in K.
    TABLE 1
    Calculated pressure of hydrogen in a steel tube with and without a
    3 μm thick gold coating.
    Pressure inside tube Pressure inside tube with
    Outer without coating Au-coating
    Temp pressure
    1 year 5 year 1 year 5 year
    170° C. 1 1 1 4 · 10−3 2 · 10−2
    atm atm atm atm atm
    170° C. 100 100 100 4 · 10−2 2 · 10−1
    atm atm atm atm atm
    200° C. 1 1 1 4 · 10−2 0.18
    atm atm atm atm atm
    200° C. 100 100 100 0.43 2.0
    atm atm atm atm atm
  • As can be seen from the table, a gold-coating of 3 μm produces a substantial reduction of the hydrogen pressure surrounding the optical fiber inside the steel-tube, even after 5 years. Without the gold coating the pressure inside the tube, will approach the outer pressure after only a few days. [0030]
  • The invention thus provides an improved signal cable which makes it possible to transmit optical signals during a longer time period without substantial loss of signals, in oil and gas wells under high pressure and temperature and in surroundings with high partial pressure of hydrogen. [0031]

Claims (5)

1. Signal cable for transmission of optical signals in oil and gas wells, said cable comprises one or more optical fibers (1) wrapped in at least one pressure and temperature resistant, hollow, and generally channel-shaped protection means (2), optionally placed by, or integrated with a cable construction, characterized in that the protection means (2) is provided with a thin continuous surface-coating (3) of gold or a gold alloy mainly comprising gold.
2. Signal cable according to
claim 1
, characterized in that the coating is deposited on the external surface of the protecting means (2).
3. Signal cable according to
claim 1
, characterized in that the coating is about 1-10 μm thick.
4. Signal cable according to
claim 1
, characterized in that the coating is about 3 μm thick.
5. Signal cable according to
claim 1
, characterized in that the exterior surface of the protection means (2), or the exterior surface of the outermost protection means (2 b), is provided with a coating (4) of temperature resistant plastic.
US09/352,138 1997-04-21 1999-07-13 Gold coated signal cable Expired - Lifetime US6343173B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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NO19971825A NO306032B1 (en) 1997-04-21 1997-04-21 Signal cable for transmission of optical signals
NO971825 1997-04-21

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US6661957B1 (en) * 2001-07-17 2003-12-09 Marc David Levenson Diffusion barriers for holey fibers
GB2404994A (en) * 2003-08-13 2005-02-16 Sensor Highway Ltd Optical fiber cable
WO2006106284A1 (en) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-12 Schlumberger Holdings Limited Apparatus and method for preventing unwanted exposure of a device to an undesirable substance
EP2511745A1 (en) * 2004-07-22 2012-10-17 Welldynamics, Bv Hydrogen diffusion delay barrier for fiber optic cables used in hostile environments

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EP1122570A3 (en) * 2000-01-31 2003-01-08 Sumitomo Electric Industries Co., Ltd. Optical fiber coil and manufacturing method thereof
US6960724B2 (en) * 2002-09-30 2005-11-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Dual stress member conductive cable
US20050238309A1 (en) * 2004-04-21 2005-10-27 Gary Drenzek Optical fibers for use in harsh environments
US7400803B2 (en) * 2005-03-25 2008-07-15 Welldynamics, B.V. Method and apparatus for providing a hydrogen diffusion barrier for fiber optic cables used in hostile environments
US7218820B2 (en) * 2004-07-22 2007-05-15 Welldynamics, Inc. Method and system for providing a hydrogen diffusion barrier for fiber optic cables used in hostile environments
US8929702B2 (en) * 2007-05-21 2015-01-06 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Modular opto-electrical cable unit
US8090227B2 (en) 2007-12-28 2012-01-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Purging of fiber optic conduits in subterranean wells
DE102009024885B4 (en) * 2009-06-09 2018-05-09 Arianegroup Gmbh Method of manufacturing a fiber optic sensor and use thereof
CA2851877C (en) 2011-10-17 2021-02-09 Schlumberger Canada Limited Dual use cable with fiber optic packaging for use in wellbore operations
US10062476B2 (en) 2012-06-28 2018-08-28 Schlumberger Technology Corporation High power opto-electrical cable with multiple power and telemetry paths
WO2016105373A1 (en) 2014-12-23 2016-06-30 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Methods to correct the spectrum distortion of ffpi sensors induced by dynamic wavelength dependent attenuation
WO2016122446A1 (en) 2015-01-26 2016-08-04 Schlumberger Canada Limited Electrically conductive fiber optic slickline for coiled tubing operations
WO2017172599A1 (en) * 2016-03-28 2017-10-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Metallized polymer-coated optical fibers and methods of making metallized polymer-coated optical fibers
US10049789B2 (en) 2016-06-09 2018-08-14 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Compression and stretch resistant components and cables for oilfield applications

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US6661957B1 (en) * 2001-07-17 2003-12-09 Marc David Levenson Diffusion barriers for holey fibers
GB2404994A (en) * 2003-08-13 2005-02-16 Sensor Highway Ltd Optical fiber cable
EP2511745A1 (en) * 2004-07-22 2012-10-17 Welldynamics, Bv Hydrogen diffusion delay barrier for fiber optic cables used in hostile environments
EP2511746A1 (en) * 2004-07-22 2012-10-17 Welldynamics, Bv Hydrogen diffusion delay barrier for fiber optic cables used in hostile environments
WO2006106284A1 (en) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-12 Schlumberger Holdings Limited Apparatus and method for preventing unwanted exposure of a device to an undesirable substance
US20090129732A1 (en) * 2005-04-05 2009-05-21 Schiumberger Tochnology Corporation Apparatus and Method For Preventing Unwanted Exposure of a Device to an Undesirable Substance
US7693376B2 (en) 2005-04-05 2010-04-06 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Apparatus and method for preventing unwanted exposure of a device to an undesirable substance

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US6343173B2 (en) 2002-01-29
NO971825L (en) 1998-10-22
NO971825D0 (en) 1997-04-21
NO306032B1 (en) 1999-09-06

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