JP2008191625A - Development apparatus and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a compact development apparatus that prevents carrier deterioration and that can carry out good image formation over a long period of time in a development apparatus using a two-component developer, and to provide an image forming apparatus. <P>SOLUTION: In a development apparatus using a developer that are mixed with a toner, a carrier, and opposite polarity particles that are charged to a polarity opposite to the charging polarity of the toner, the surface charge density of the opposite polarity particles is in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a developing device and an image forming apparatus that develop a latent image on an image carrier using a developer containing toner and a carrier.

  Conventionally, in an image forming apparatus using an electrophotographic method, as a developing method of an electrostatic latent image formed on an image carrier, a one-component developing method using only toner as a developer and a two-component using a toner and a carrier Development methods are known.

  In the one-component development system, the toner is generally charged by passing the toner through a regulating portion formed by a toner carrier and a regulation plate pressed against the toner carrier, thereby forming a desired toner thin layer and static. Develop the electrostatic latent image. For this reason, since the toner carrier and the image carrier are developed in close proximity, the dot reproducibility is excellent, and by forming a uniform toner thin layer, a magnetic brush found in the two-component development system is used. It is easy to obtain a uniform image without image unevenness. In addition, it is considered advantageous in terms of simplification, miniaturization, and cost reduction of the apparatus. However, on the other hand, due to the strong stress in the regulating part, the toner surface is denatured and the charge acceptability is lowered, the toner regulating member and the surface of the toner carrier are contaminated by the adhesion of the toner and external additives, and the charge imparting property to the toner is reduced. This causes problems such as fogging due to poorly charged toner and contamination in the machine. As a result, there is a problem that the life of the developing device is shortened.

  On the other hand, in the two-component development system, the toner is charged by frictional charging by mixing with the carrier, so that stress is small and it is advantageous for toner deterioration. Furthermore, since the carrier as a charge imparting member to the toner has a large surface area, it is relatively resistant to contamination by the toner and external additives, and is advantageous for extending the life.

  However, even when a two-component developer is used, the surface of the carrier is contaminated by toner and external additives, and the toner charge amount is reduced by long-term use, such as fogging and toner scattering. Problems arise and their lifetime is by no means sufficient, and a longer lifetime is desired.

  As a method for extending the life of a two-component developer, Patent Document 1 discloses that a carrier is supplied by supplying a small amount of carrier together with toner or by itself and discharging a deteriorated developer having reduced chargeability accordingly. Has been disclosed to suppress the increase in the deteriorated carrier ratio. In this apparatus, since the carrier is replaced, it is possible to suppress a decrease in toner charge amount due to carrier deterioration at a certain level, which is advantageous in extending the service life.

  Patent Document 2 discloses a two-component developer composed of a toner to which a carrier and particles having a chargeability opposite to the toner charge polarity are externally added, and a developing method using the same. In this developing method, the reverse polarity charged particles are added for the purpose of acting as an abrasive and spacer particles, and it is shown that the effect of suppressing deterioration is due to the effect of removing spent matter on the carrier surface. Further, the cleaning portion of the image carrier is effective for improving the cleaning property and polishing the image carrier.

Patent Document 3 discloses a so-called hybrid development system in which only the toner of the two-component developer is carried on a toner carrier facing the image carrier and a latent image on the image carrier is developed. ing. The hybrid development system does not cause image unevenness due to the magnetic brush, has excellent dot reproducibility and image uniformity, and the image carrier and the magnetic brush are not in direct contact with each other, so that carrier transfer (carrier consumption) to the image carrier is avoided. It does not occur and has features that are not found in the usual two-component development system. In the hybrid development system, the toner is charged by frictional charging with the carrier. Therefore, maintaining the charge imparting performance of the carrier is important for stabilizing the chargeability of the toner and maintaining the image quality over a long period of time.
JP 59-1000047 A JP 2003-215855 A JP-A-9-185247

  However, in Patent Document 1, there is a problem in terms of cost and environment because a mechanism for collecting the discharged carrier is necessary and the carrier becomes a consumable item. Further, it is necessary to repeat a predetermined amount of printing until the new and old ratio of the carrier is stabilized, and it is not always possible to maintain the initial characteristics. Further, in Patent Document 2, the consumption amount of toner and reverse polarity charged particles differs depending on the image area ratio. In particular, when the image area ratio is small, the consumption of reverse polarity charged particles adhering to a non-image portion having a large area becomes excessive. There is a problem that the effect of suppressing the carrier deterioration in the developing device is lowered. Furthermore, the hybrid development method of Patent Document 3 has a problem that the carrier surface is contaminated with toner, a post-treatment agent, and the like together with the number of printed sheets, and the charge imparting performance of the carrier is lowered.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a compact developing device and an image forming apparatus capable of preventing carrier deterioration and forming a good image over a long period in a developing device using a two-component developer.

  In order to solve the above problems, the present invention has the following features.

1.
A developer carrying member that carries and transports to the surface a developer containing toner, a carrier, and reverse polarity particles that are charged in the opposite polarity to the charged polarity of the toner, and the developer carrying member facing the developer carrying member A separation mechanism for separating the toner or the reverse polarity particles from the developer on the top, and developing a latent image on the image carrier to form a toner image, the reverse polarity A developing device characterized in that the surface charge density of the particles is in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier.

2.
The separation mechanism includes a reverse polarity particle recovery member provided on the upstream side in the developer movement direction with respect to the development region of the developer carrier, and means for applying a voltage to the reverse polarity particle recovery member. 2. The developing device according to 1.

3.
The voltage applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member, when the reverse polarity particles are positively charged, applying a voltage having an average value lower than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier, 3. The developing device according to 2, wherein when the reverse polarity particles are negatively charged, a voltage having an average value higher than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrying member is applied.

4).
4. The developing device according to 3, wherein an AC voltage is applied to at least one of the developer carrying member and the reverse polarity particle collecting member.

5.
The maximum value of the electric field strength between the reverse polarity particle recovery member and the developer carrying member is 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more and 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or less 4 The developing device according to 1.

6).
6. The developing according to any one of 2 to 5, wherein the reverse polarity particle collecting member also serves as at least one of a regulating member that regulates a developer amount on the developer carrying member and a casing of the developing device. apparatus.

7).
The separation rate of the reverse polarity particles from the toner is in the range of 9.3 to 50.3% due to the electric field formed between the reverse polarity particle recovery member and the developer carrier. The developing device according to any one of 1 to 6.

8).
The separation mechanism includes a toner carrier that is provided between the developer carrier and the image carrier, and that separates and carries toner from the developer on the developer carrier, on the toner carrier. 2. The developing device according to 1, wherein the electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member is developed with the toner.

9.
As the voltage applied to the toner carrier, when the toner is negatively charged, a voltage having an average value higher than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier is applied. 9. The developing device according to 8, wherein when the toner is charged, a voltage having an average value lower than an average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrying member is applied.

10.
10. The developing device according to 9, wherein an AC voltage is applied to at least one of the toner carrier and the developer carrier.

11.
11. The maximum value of the electric field strength between the toner carrier and the developer carrier is 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more and 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or less. Development device.

12
The separation rate of the reverse polarity particles from the toner is in the range of 9.3 to 50.3% due to the electric field formed between the toner carrier and the developer carrier. The developing device according to any one of 8 to 11.

13.
The developing device according to any one of 1 to 12, wherein a toner obtained by externally adding the reverse polarity particles to the developer is supplied.

14
14. The developing device according to 13, wherein the toner is externally added with the same polarity particles charged to the same polarity as the toner.

15.
15. The developing device according to claim 14, wherein in the external addition processing of the reverse polarity particles and the same polarity particles to the toner, the reverse polarity particles are externally added after the same polarity particles are externally added.

16.
The image carrier, an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier, and any one of 1 to 15 for developing the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier An image forming apparatus comprising: the developing device described above.

  According to the present invention, a developer containing reverse polarity particles that are charged to a polarity opposite to that of the toner is used as the developer, and a developing device including a separating unit that separates the reverse polarity particles or toner from the developer is used as the developing device. When the separation means separates the reverse polarity particles, the separated reverse polarity particles are temporarily accumulated in the separation means and then collected in the developer. On the other hand, when the separation means separates the toner, only the toner after separating the reverse polarity particles is used to develop the latent image on the image carrier, so that the discharge of the reverse polarity particles from the developer is suppressed. The For this reason, consumption of reverse polarity particles in the developer is suppressed without depending on the image area ratio, and there will always be sufficient reverse polarity particles in the developer. Effective adhesion to can be realized. At this time, by setting the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles in the developer to a range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier in the developer, the toner base material according to the number of printing durability Even when spent on the carrier of the post-treatment agent or the like occurs, the auxiliary effect of the carrier charge imparting property due to the adhesion of the reverse polarity particles to the carrier is exhibited to an appropriate level, and the carrier charge imparting property is close to the initial stage. Will be kept in a state. As a result, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the carrier for a long period of time, to realize a stable charge amount of the toner through the printing durability, and to extend the life of the developing device.

  In the hybrid developing system, toner is supplied from the magnetic brush onto the toner carrier by an electric field. Due to the toner supply electric field, the reverse polarity particles charged with a polarity opposite to that of the toner have a force to return to the magnetic brush. receive. Therefore, by using a development device of the hybrid development system, the toner on the toner carrying member can be the toner after the reverse polarity particle separation, and as a result, the latent image can be developed with the toner from which the reverse polarity particles are separated. Therefore, in the hybrid development system, it is possible to suppress consumption of the reverse polarity particles without providing a special means for separating the reverse polarity particles or providing a process for returning the collected reverse polarity particles to the developer tank. It is possible to provide a developing device and an image forming apparatus capable of forming a stable image over a long period of time with a compact and low-cost configuration.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 shows a main part of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. This image forming apparatus is a printer that performs image formation by transferring a toner image formed on an image carrier (photoconductor) 1 to a transfer medium P such as paper by an electrophotographic method. This image forming apparatus has an image carrier 1 for carrying an image, and a charging member 3 as a charging unit for charging the image carrier 1 and an image carrier around the image carrier 1. A developing device 2a for developing the electrostatic latent image on the image 1, a transfer roller 4 for transferring the toner image on the image carrier 1, and a cleaning blade 5 for removing residual toner on the image carrier 1 It arranges in order along the rotation direction A of the body 1.

  The image carrier 1 is formed by forming a photosensitive layer on the surface of a grounded substrate. After the photosensitive layer is charged by the charging member 3, exposure is performed with a laser emitter or the like at the point E in the figure. Exposure by apparatus 30 forms an electrostatic latent image on the surface. The developing device 2a develops the electrostatic latent image into a toner image. The transfer roller 4 transfers the toner image on the image carrier 1 to the transfer medium P, and then discharges it in the direction of arrow C in the figure. The cleaning blade 5 removes the residual toner on the image carrier 1 after the transfer with its mechanical force. For the image carrier 1, the charging member 3, the exposure device 30, the transfer roller 4, the cleaning blade 5 and the like used in the image forming apparatus, a well-known electrophotographic technique may be arbitrarily used. For example, although a charging roller is shown in the drawing as the charging means, a charging device that is not in contact with the image carrier 1 may be used. Further, for example, there may be no cleaning blade.

  In the present embodiment, the developing device 2a includes a developer tank 16 that contains the developer 24, a developer carrier 11 that carries and conveys the developer 24 supplied from the developer tank, and the developer carrier. The separator 11 is provided with separation means for separating toner or reverse polarity particles from the developer on the body 11, and the reverse polarity particles are collected in the developer tank 16. As a result, consumption of the reverse polarity particles can be suppressed, and the reverse polarity particles can effectively compensate for the chargeability of the carrier, and as a result, the deterioration of the carrier can be suppressed over a long period of time. Therefore, the toner charge amount can be effectively maintained over a long period even when images having a relatively small image area ratio are continuously formed.

  If the developing device does not have the above separating means, the carrier deterioration suppressing effect in the developing device is lowered particularly when the image area ratio is small. The expression of this phenomenon is considered to be based on the following mechanism. In the two-component developing device, the toner separation property from the carrier in the developer is improved by forming a strong electric field by applying an oscillating electric field in the developing region. When a developer containing reverse polarity particles is used, the carrier, toner, and reverse polarity particles are separated, and the carrier remains on the developer carrier by magnetic attraction, but the toner remains in the image portion of the electrostatic latent image. The reverse polarity particles are consumed in the non-image area. Therefore, the consumption balance between the toner and the reverse polarity particles is not stable depending on the image area ratio, and particularly when a large amount of images having a large background area are printed, the reverse polarity particles in the developer are preferentially consumed, It is considered that the chargeability cannot be compensated and the effect of suppressing carrier deterioration is reduced.

  In the present embodiment, the developer 24 includes toner, a carrier for charging the toner, and reverse polarity particles. The reverse polarity particles can be charged with a polarity opposite to that of the toner as the charge polarity in the developer, and the average value of the surface charge density of the surface charge density of the carrier in the developer. The particles are in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the average value. For example, when the toner is negatively charged by the carrier, the opposite polarity particles are positively charged in the developer, and the average value of the surface charge density is 0. 0 of the surface charge density of the carrier that is also positively charged. The positively chargeable particles are in the range of 5 to 3.0 times. Also, for example, when the toner is positively charged by the carrier, the reverse polarity particles are negatively charged in the developer, and the average value of the surface charge density is 0 of the surface charge density of the carrier that is also negatively charged. It is a negatively chargeable particle having a range of 0.5 to 3.0 times. By incorporating reverse polarity particles in the two-component developer and accumulating the reverse polarity particles in the developer with durability by the separating means, the chargeability of the carrier can be increased by spending the toner or the post-treatment agent on the carrier. Even if it falls, the auxiliary effect of the charge imparting property of the carrier due to the adhesion of the opposite polarity particles is exhibited to an appropriate level, and the chargeability of the carrier can be effectively compensated, and as a result, the deterioration of the carrier can be suppressed.

  When the average value of the surface charge density in the developer of the reverse polarity particles is smaller than 0.5 times the average value of the surface charge density in the developer of the carrier, the charge imparting property of the surface of the reverse polarity particles is Since the charge imparting property is too small, sufficient charge imparting property cannot be imparted to the carrier even when reverse polarity particles adhere to the carrier surface. As a result, the charge amount of the toner decreases with the number of printed sheets, which causes problems such as deterioration of background fogging and increase of toner scattering in the apparatus. Further, when the average value of the surface charge density in the developer of the reverse polarity particles is larger than 3.0 times the average value of the surface charge density in the developer of the carrier, the charge imparting property on the surface of the reverse polarity particles is the carrier. Since it is too large for the charge imparting property of the surface, excessive charge imparting property is imparted to the carrier when reverse polarity particles adhere to the carrier surface. As a result, the charge amount of the toner increases with the number of printed sheets, causing a problem that the density is lowered and the dot reproducibility is deteriorated.

  The reverse polarity particles preferably used are appropriately selected depending on the charging polarity of the toner. When a negatively chargeable toner is used as the toner, fine particles having positive chargeability are suitably used as the reverse polarity particles. For example, inorganic fine particles such as strontium titanate, barium titanate, and alumina, acrylic resins, benzoguanamine resins, Fine particles composed of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin such as nylon resin, polyimide resin, and polyamide resin can be used, and a positive charge control agent that imparts positive chargeability can be contained in the resin. You may make it comprise the copolymer of a nitrogen monomer. Further, the surface of the fine particles having negative chargeability may be subjected to a surface treatment for imparting positive chargeability so as to become positively chargeable fine particles.

  On the other hand, in the case of using a positively chargeable toner, fine particles having negative chargeability are suitably used as the reverse polarity particles. For example, in addition to inorganic fine particles such as silica and titanium oxide, fluorine resin, polyolefin resin, silicone resin, Fine particles composed of a thermoplastic resin such as polyester resin or a thermosetting resin can be used, and a negative charge control agent imparting negative chargeability can be contained in the resin, or a fluorine-containing acrylic monomer or You may make it comprise the copolymer of a fluorine methacrylic monomer. Further, the surface of the fine particles having positive chargeability may be subjected to a surface treatment for imparting positive chargeability so as to become negatively chargeable fine particles.

  In addition, in order to control the chargeability and hydrophobicity of the reverse polarity particles, the surface of the inorganic fine particles may be surface-treated with a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, silicon oil or the like. When imparting positive chargeability, surface treatment with an amino group-containing coupling agent is preferred, and when imparting negative chargeability, surface treatment with a fluorine group-containing coupling agent is preferred.

  The number average particle diameter of the reverse polarity particles is preferably 100 to 1000 nm.

  The toner is not particularly limited, and a commonly used known toner can be used. The binder resin contains a colorant or, if necessary, a charge control agent or a release agent, and is added externally. What processed the agent can be used. The toner particle diameter is not limited to this, but the number average particle diameter of the toner is preferably about 3 to 15 μm.

  In manufacturing such a toner, it can be manufactured by a publicly known method, for example, a pulverization method, an emulsion polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, or the like.

  The binder resin used in the toner is not limited to this. For example, a styrene resin (monopolymer or copolymer containing styrene or a styrene substitution product), a polyester resin, an epoxy resin, or vinyl chloride. Resins, phenol resins, polyethylene resins, polypropylene resins, polyurethane resins, silicone resins and the like can be mentioned. It is preferable to use those having a softening temperature in the range of 80 to 160 ° C. and those having a glass transition point in the range of 50 to 75 ° C., depending on the resin alone or the composite.

  Moreover, as a coloring agent, the publicly known well-known thing can be used, for example, carbon black, aniline black, activated carbon, magnetite, benzine yellow, permanent yellow, naphthol yellow, phthalocyanine blue, first sky blue, ultra Marine blue, rose bengal, lake red, or the like can be used, and it is generally preferable to use 2 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  As the charge control agent, known ones can be used. Examples of the charge control agent for positively chargeable toners include nigrosine dyes, quaternary ammonium salt compounds, triphenylmethane compounds, imidazoles. System compounds and polyamine resins. Examples of the charge control agent for negatively chargeable toners include metal-containing azo dyes such as Cr, Co, Al, and Fe, salicylic acid metal compounds, alkyl salicylic acid metal compounds, and curlyx arene compounds. In general, the charge control agent is preferably used at a ratio of 0.1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  In addition, as the above-mentioned mold release agent, known ones that are generally used can be used. For example, polyethylene, polypropylene, carnauba wax, sazol wax and the like can be used alone or in combination of two or more. In general, it is preferably used at a ratio of 0.1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  Also, as the above external additives, publicly known ones can be used, and fluidity improvement, for example, inorganic fine particles such as silica, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, acrylic resin, styrene resin, silicone resin In addition, resin fine particles such as a fluororesin can be used, and it is particularly preferable to use a resin that has been hydrophobized with a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, or silicon oil. Such a fluidizing agent is added at a ratio of 0.1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner. The number average primary particle size of the external additive is preferably 10 to 100 nm.

  The carrier is not particularly limited, and a commonly used carrier can be used, and a binder type carrier, a coat type carrier, and the like can be used. The carrier particle diameter is not limited to this, but the number average particle diameter of the carrier is preferably 15 to 100 μm.

  The binder type carrier is obtained by dispersing magnetic fine particles in a binder resin, and positive or negative chargeable fine particles can be fixed to the carrier surface, or a surface coating layer can be provided. Charging characteristics such as polarity of the binder type carrier can be controlled by the material of the binder resin, the chargeable fine particles, and the type of the surface coating layer.

  Examples of the binder resin used for the binder-type carrier include thermoplastic resins such as vinyl resins, polyester resins, nylon resins, polyolefin resins, and the like typified by polystyrene resins, and curable resins such as phenol resins. .

  Magnetic fine particles of the binder type carrier include spinel ferrite such as magnetite and gamma iron oxide, and magnets such as spinel ferrite and barium ferrite containing one or more metals other than iron (Mn, Ni, Mg, Cu, etc.). Plumbite type ferrite, iron or alloy particles having an oxide layer on the surface can be used. The shape may be granular, spherical, or needle-shaped. In particular, when high magnetization is required, it is preferable to use iron-based ferromagnetic fine particles. In consideration of chemical stability, it is preferable to use ferromagnetic fine particles of magnetoplumbite type ferrite such as spinel ferrite and barium ferrite containing magnetite and gamma iron oxide. A magnetic resin carrier having a desired magnetization can be obtained by appropriately selecting the type and content of the ferromagnetic fine particles. The magnetic fine particles are suitably added in an amount of 50 to 90% by mass in the magnetic resin carrier.

  Silicone resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, fluorine resin, etc. are used as the surface coating material of the binder type carrier, and these resins are coated on the surface and cured to form a coating layer, thereby providing a charge imparting ability. Can be improved.

  For example, the charging fine particles or the conductive fine particles can be fixed to the surface of the binder type carrier by, for example, mixing the magnetic resin carrier and the fine particles uniformly and adhering the fine particles to the surface of the magnetic resin carrier. By applying a strong impact force and fixing the fine particles so as to be driven into the magnetic resin carrier. In this case, the fine particles are not completely embedded in the magnetic resin carrier, but are fixed so that a part thereof protrudes from the surface of the magnetic resin carrier. As the chargeable fine particles, organic or inorganic insulating materials are used. Specifically, organic insulating fine particles such as polystyrene, styrene copolymers, acrylic resins, various acrylic copolymers, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, fluororesin, and cross-linked products thereof may be used as the organic type. Regarding the charge level and polarity, a desired level of charge and polarity can be obtained by a material, a polymerization catalyst, a surface treatment or the like. Further, as the inorganic type, negatively charged inorganic fine particles such as silica and titanium dioxide, and positively charged inorganic fine particles such as strontium titanate and alumina are used.

  On the other hand, a coated carrier is a carrier in which a carrier core particle made of a magnetic material is coated with a resin, and in a coated carrier, like a binder carrier, positive or negatively chargeable fine particles are fixed on a carrier surface. it can. Charging characteristics such as polarity of the coat type carrier can be controlled by the type of the surface coating layer and the chargeable fine particles, and the same material as the binder type carrier can be used. In particular, the coating resin can be the same resin as the binder resin of the binder type carrier.

  The charged polarity of the toner and the reverse polarity particles by the combination of the reverse polarity particles, the toner and the carrier is obtained by mixing and stirring each to form a developer, and then separating the toner or the reverse polarity particles from the developer using the apparatus of FIG. It can be easily known from the direction of the electric field. First, the developer is uniformly supported on the surface of the conductive sleeve 31 by the magnetic force of the magnet roll 32, and then the metal electrode 34 is disposed in non-contact with the developer. Thereafter, by rotating the magnet roll 32 while applying a voltage to the metal sleeve by the power source 33, particles having the same polarity as the applied voltage fly to the metal electrode 34 by an electric field. By performing this operation by changing the polarity of the voltage, the charging polarity of the toner or the reverse polarity particles can be known.

  The mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier may be adjusted so as to obtain a desired toner charge amount. The toner ratio is 3 to 50% by mass based on the total amount of the toner and the carrier. Although depending on the ratio of the surface area to be used, 5 to 20% by mass is preferable.

  The amount of the reverse polarity particles contained in the developer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention is achieved. For example, 0.01 to 5.00 parts by mass, particularly 0.01 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier. 2.00 parts by mass is preferred.

  The developer can be prepared, for example, by externally adding reverse polarity particles to the toner in advance and then mixing with a carrier.

  In the developing device 2a, the reverse polarity particles for separating and collecting the reverse polarity particles from the developer on the developer carrier 11 as separation means for separating the toner or the reverse polarity particles from the developer on the developer carrier 11 The collection member 22 is employed. As shown in FIG. 1, the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 is provided on the upstream side in the developer movement direction from the development region 6 in the developer carrier 11, and the developer is applied by applying a reverse polarity particle separation bias. The reverse polarity particles therein are electrically separated and collected on the surface of the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22. After the reverse polarity particles are separated by the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22, the remaining developer on the developer carrier 11, that is, the toner and the carrier are continuously conveyed, and the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier 1 is developed in the development region 6. Develop the image.

  The reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 is connected to a power source 40, a predetermined reverse polarity particle separation bias is applied, and the developer carrier 11 is connected to a power source 41. Thus, the reverse polarity particles in the developer are electrically separated and collected on the surface of the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22.

  The reverse polarity particle separation bias applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 varies depending on the charge polarity of the reverse polarity particles, that is, when the toner is negatively charged and the reverse polarity particles are positively charged, the developer carrier 11 is used. When the toner is positively charged and the reverse polarity particles are negatively charged, the average of the voltages applied to the developer carrier 11 is lower than the average value of the voltages applied to the toner. The voltage is an average value higher than the value. The difference between the average voltage applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 and the average voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 is 20 even when the reverse polarity particles are charged to either positive or negative polarity. It is preferable to be -500V, especially 50-300V. If the potential difference is too small, it will be difficult to sufficiently collect the reverse polarity particles. On the other hand, if the potential difference is too large, the carrier held by the magnetic force on the developer carrier 11 is separated by the electric field, and the original developing function may be impaired in the developing region.

In the developing device 2a, it is further preferable that an alternating electric field is formed between the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 and the developer carrier 11. Since the toner reciprocates due to the formation of the AC electric field, the reverse polarity particles adhering to the toner surface can be effectively separated, and the recovery of the reverse polarity particles can be improved. At that time, an electric field of 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more is preferably formed. By forming an electric field of 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more, it becomes possible to separate the reverse polarity particles from the toner even by the electric field, and it is possible to further improve the reverse polarity separation and recovery. It becomes possible.

  In the present specification, an electric field formed between the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 and the developer carrier 11 is referred to as a reverse polarity particle separation electric field. Such a reverse polarity particle separation electric field is usually obtained by applying an AC voltage to one or both of the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 and the developer carrier 11. In particular, when an AC voltage is applied to the developer carrier 11 in order to develop the electrostatic latent image with toner, a reverse polarity particle separation electric field is formed by using the AC voltage applied to the developer carrier 11. It is desirable. At this time, the reverse polarity particle separation electric field only needs to have the maximum absolute value within the above range.

  For example, when the charged polarity of the reverse polarity particles is positive, the DC voltage and the AC voltage are applied to the developer carrier 11, and only the DC voltage is applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22, the reverse polarity particle recovery is performed. Only a DC voltage lower than the average value of the voltages (DC + AC) applied to the developer carrier 11 is applied to the member 22. Further, for example, when the charged polarity of the reverse polarity particles is negative, the DC voltage and the AC voltage are applied to the developer carrier 11, and only the DC voltage is applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22, the reverse polarity particles Only a DC voltage higher than the average value of the voltages (DC + AC) applied to the developer carrier 11 is applied to the recovery member 22. At these times, the maximum absolute value of the reverse polarity particle separation electric field is the potential difference between the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 (DC + AC) and the voltage applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 (DC). Is the value obtained by dividing the maximum value by the closest gap between the opposite polarity particle recovery member 22 and the developer carrier 11, and it is desirable that this value be in the above range.

  Further, for example, when the charged polarity of the reverse polarity particles is positive, only the DC voltage is applied to the developer carrier 11, and the AC voltage and DC voltage are applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22, the reverse polarity particles A DC voltage on which an AC voltage is superimposed is applied to the recovery member 22 so that the average voltage is lower than the DC voltage applied to the developer carrier 11. Further, for example, when the charged polarity of the reverse polarity particles is negative, only the DC voltage is applied to the developer carrier 11 and the AC voltage and the DC voltage are applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22, the reverse polarity particles A DC voltage on which an AC voltage is superimposed is applied to the recovery member 22 so that the average voltage is higher than the DC voltage applied to the developer carrier 11. At these times, the maximum absolute value of the reverse polarity particle separation electric field is the potential difference between the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 (DC) and the voltage applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 (DC + AC). Is the value obtained by dividing the maximum value by the closest gap between the opposite polarity particle recovery member 22 and the developer carrier 11, and it is desirable that this value be in the above range.

  Further, for example, when the charged polarity of the reverse polarity particles is positive and a DC voltage in which an AC voltage is superimposed on both the developer carrier 11 and the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 is applied, A voltage (DC + AC) having an average voltage smaller than the average value of the voltage (DC + AC) applied to the developer carrier 11 is applied. In addition, for example, when the polarity of the reverse polarity particles is negative and a DC voltage in which an AC voltage is superimposed on both the developer carrier 11 and the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 is applied, A voltage (DC + AC) having an average voltage larger than the average value of the voltage (DC + AC) applied to the developer carrier 11 is applied. At these times, the voltage (direct current + alternating current) applied to the developer carrier 11 and the opposite polarity particle recovery member 22 are generated due to differences in the amplitude, phase, frequency, duty ratio and the like of the alternating voltage components applied to each. The value obtained by dividing the maximum value of the potential difference from the applied voltage (DC + AC) by the closest gap between the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 and the developer carrier 11 is the absolute value of the reverse polarity particle separation electric field. It is the maximum value, and it is desirable that the value be in the above range.

  The reverse polarity particles on the surface of the member separated and collected by the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 are recovered in the developer tank 16. When recovering the reverse polarity particles from the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 to the developer tank, the average value of the voltage applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 and the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 are small or large. It is sufficient to reverse the relationship, and the timing at the time of non-image formation, such as the interval between sheets before the start of image formation or after the end of image formation, during image formation during continuous operation (between pages between the previous page and the subsequent page). Can be done.

  The reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 may be made of any material as long as the voltage can be applied. For example, an aluminum roller subjected to a surface treatment may be used. In addition, on a conductive substrate such as aluminum, for example, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, urethane resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, porsulfone resin, polyether ketone resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate You may use what gave resin coatings, such as resin, a silicone resin, a fluororesin, and rubber coatings, such as silicone rubber, urethane rubber, nitrile rubber, natural rubber, and isoprene rubber. The coating material is not limited to this. Further, a conductive agent may be added to the bulk or surface of the coating. Examples of the conductive agent include an electronic conductive agent or an ionic conductive agent. Examples of the electronic conductive agent include carbon black such as kettin black, acetylene black, and furnace black, metal powder, and metal oxide fine particles, but are not limited thereto. Examples of the ionic conductive agent include cationic compounds such as quaternary ammonium salts, amphoteric compounds, and other ionic polymer materials. Furthermore, a conductive roller made of a metal material such as aluminum may be used.

  The developer carrying member 11 includes a magnet roller 13 that is fixedly arranged, and a rotatable sleeve roller 12 that contains the magnet roller 13. The magnet roller 13 has five magnetic poles N1, S1, N3, N2, and S2 along the rotation direction B of the sleeve roller 12. Of these magnetic poles, the main magnetic pole N1 is disposed at the position of the developing region 6 facing the image carrier 1 and generates a repulsive magnetic field for peeling off the developer 24 on the sleeve roller 12. The pole portions N3 and N2 are arranged at positions facing the inside of the developing tank 16.

  The developer tank 16 is formed of a casing 18 and normally contains a bucket roller 17 for supplying developer to the developer carrier 11 therein. An ATDC (Automatic Toner Density Control) sensor 20 for detecting toner concentration is preferably disposed at a position facing the bucket roller 17 of the casing 18.

  The developing device 2a normally has a replenishment section 7 for replenishing toner in the developer tank 16 for the amount of toner consumed in the development area 6, and a developer thin film for regulating the amount of developer on the developer carrier 11. It has a regulating member (regulating blade) 15 for stratification. The supply unit 7 includes a hopper 21 that stores supply toner 23 and a supply roller 19 for supplying toner into the developer tank 16.

  As the replenishment toner 23, it is desirable to use a toner having externally treated reverse polarity particles. By using the toner to which the reverse polarity particles are externally added, it becomes possible to effectively assist the decrease in the chargeability of the carrier that gradually deteriorates due to durability. The external addition amount of the reverse polarity particles in the replenishing toner 23 is preferably 0.1 to 10.0% by mass, particularly preferably 0.5 to 5.0% by mass with respect to the toner.

  As the external additive for the replenishment toner, particles other than the reverse polarity particles may be externally added for the purpose of imparting various properties required for the toner such as charge control, fluidity control, and adhesion force control. In this case, from the viewpoint of ensuring the chargeability of the toner, it is desirable to externally add the same polarity particles that are charged to the same polarity as the toner as the external additive other than the reverse polarity particles.

  As the homopolar particles, fine particles having positive chargeability are used when the toner is a positively chargeable toner. For example, it is possible to use inorganic fine particles such as strontium titanate, barium titanate, and alumina, and fine particles composed of thermoplastic resin such as acrylic resin, benzoguanamine resin, nylon resin, polyimide resin, polyamide resin, or thermosetting resin. it can. In addition, for the purpose of charge control, the surface of inorganic fine particles is made positively chargeable, or a positive charge control agent imparting positive chargeability is added to the resin, or a copolymer of nitrogen-containing monomers is formed. You may do it. Here, as said positive charge control agent, nigrosine dye, a quaternary ammonium salt, etc. can be used, for example, As said nitrogen-containing monomer, 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, acrylic acid 2- Diethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylpyridine, N-vinylcarbazole, vinylimidazole, and the like can be used.

  On the other hand, when the toner is a negatively chargeable toner, fine particles having negative chargeability are used as the same polarity particles. For example, in addition to inorganic fine particles such as silica and titanium oxide, fine particles composed of thermoplastic resin such as fluororesin, polyolefin resin, silicone resin, polyester resin or thermosetting resin can be used. You may make it contain the negative charge control agent which provides negative charging property, or may comprise the copolymer of a fluorine-containing acrylic monomer or a fluorine-containing methacrylic monomer. Here, as said negative charge control agent, a salicylic acid type, a naphthol type chromium complex, an aluminum complex, an iron complex, a zinc complex etc. can be used, for example.

  In addition, in order to control the chargeability and hydrophobicity of the homopolar particles, the surface of the inorganic fine particles may be surface-treated with a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, silicone oil or the like. When imparting positive chargeability to the surface, it is preferable to perform surface treatment with an amino group-containing coupling agent, and when imparting negative chargeability, surface treatment with a fluorine group-containing coupling agent is preferred.

  In the external addition treatment of the opposite polarity particles and the same polarity particles, it is preferable that the opposite polarity particles are externally added after the same polarity particles are added externally. By doing so, the same polarity particles that lead to carrier deterioration can be firmly attached to the toner by the first external addition treatment, and then the reverse polarity particles can be attached to the toner surface with an appropriate strength.

  Specifically, in the developing device 2 a shown in FIG. 1, the developer 24 in the developer tank 16 is mixed and stirred by the rotation of the bucket roller 17, is frictionally charged, and is then pumped up by the bucket roller 17 to be surface of the developer carrier 11. To the sleeve roller 12. The developer 24 is held on the surface side of the sleeve roller 12 by the magnetic force of the magnet roller 13 inside the developer carrying member (developing roller) 11, rotates together with the sleeve roller 12, and is provided to face the developing roller 11. The passing amount is regulated by the regulated member 15. Thereafter, only the reverse polarity particles contained in the developer are separated and collected by the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 at the portion facing the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 as described above. The remaining developer from which the reverse polarity particles have been separated is conveyed to a developing area 6 facing the image carrier 1. In the developing region 6, developer spikes are formed by the magnetic force of the main magnetic pole N <b> 1 of the magnet roller 13, and are formed between the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier 1 and the developing roller 11 to which a developing bias is applied. Due to the force applied to the toner by the electric field, the toner in the developer moves toward the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier 1, and the electrostatic latent image is developed into a visible image. The development method may be a reversal development method or a regular development method. The developer 24 that has consumed the toner in the developing region 6 is conveyed toward the developer tank 16 and is applied to the developer carrier 11 by the repulsive magnetic fields of the magnet roller equipolar portions N3 and N2 provided facing the bucket roller 17. It is peeled off from above and collected into the developer tank 16. When a supply control unit (not shown) provided in the supply unit 7 detects from the output value of the ATDC sensor 20 that the toner concentration in the developer 24 has become equal to or lower than the minimum toner concentration for ensuring image density, the toner supply is performed. A drive start signal is sent to the drive means of the roller 19. Then, the toner replenishing roller 19 starts rotating, and with this rotation, the replenishing toner 23 stored in the hopper 21 is supplied into the developer tank 16. On the other hand, the reverse polarity particles collected by the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 are returned onto the development roller by reversing the direction of the electric field applied to the development roller and the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 during non-image formation, As the developing roller rotates, it is transported together with the developer and returned to the developer tank.

  In FIG. 1, the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 is provided separately from the restriction member 15 and the casing 26, but the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 may also serve as at least one of the restriction member 15 and the casing 26. That is, at least one of the regulating member 15 and the casing 26 may be used as the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22. In that case, a reverse polarity particle separation bias may be applied to the regulating member 15 and the casing 26. Thereby, space saving and low cost can be realized.

  In the developing device 2a, not all reverse polarity particles have to be collected by the reverse polarity particle collecting member 22, but some of the reverse polarity particles are not collected but are used for development together with the toner and consumed. May be. Since the reverse polarity particles in the other parts are collected and the reverse polarity particles are replenished, the carrier charge assisting effect by the reverse polarity particles can be obtained even if the reverse polarity particles cannot be completely recovered. In this case, the separation rate of the reverse polarity particles is preferably in the range of 9.3% to 50.3%. When the separation rate is too low, the recoverability of the reverse polarity particles is deteriorated, and the effect of suppressing the carrier deterioration by the reverse polarity particles is weakened. If the separation rate is too high, the effect of suppressing the deterioration of the carrier can be sufficiently obtained, but the collected reverse polarity particles are excessively attached to the toner in the developer, resulting in a decrease in the charge amount of the toner.

  Next, the main part of an image forming apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. In FIG. 2, members having the same functions as those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in FIG.

  The developing device 2b shown in FIG. 2 uses a developer carrier as a separating means for separating toner or reverse polarity particles from the developer on the developer carrier 11 instead of the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 shown in FIG. A toner carrier 25 that separates and carries the toner from the developer on 11 is employed. As shown in FIG. 2, the toner carrier 25 is provided between the developer carrier 11 and the image carrier 1, and a toner separation bias is applied to electrically remove the toner in the developer. The surface of the support 25 is separated and supported. The toner separated and carried by the toner carrier 25 is conveyed by the toner carrier 25 and develops the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier 1 in the developing area 6.

  As described above, in the developing device 2b, unlike the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, instead of separating the reverse polarity particles from the developer, the toner is separated from the developer by the toner carrier 25 and carried. The toner separated and carried on the toner carrier 25 is used for developing the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier 1.

  The toner carrier 25 is connected to a power source 50, a predetermined toner separation bias is applied, and the developer carrier 11 is connected to a power source 51. As a result, the toner in the developer is electrically separated and carried on the surface of the toner carrier 25.

  The toner separation bias applied to the toner carrier 25 varies depending on the charging polarity of the toner, that is, when the toner is negatively charged, the average value is higher than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11. When the toner is positively charged, the voltage is an average value lower than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11. The difference between the average voltage applied to the toner carrier 25 and the average voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 is 20 to 500 V, especially when the toner is charged to either positive or negative polarity. It is preferable that it is 50-300V. If the potential difference is too small, the amount of toner on the toner carrier 25 is small and a sufficient image density cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the potential difference is too large, the toner supply becomes excessive, and wasteful toner consumption may increase.

In the developing device 2b, an AC electric field is preferably formed between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11. By forming an alternating electric field, the toner reciprocally vibrates, so that the toner and the reverse polarity particles can be effectively separated. At that time, it is preferable that an electric field of 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more and 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or less is formed as the maximum value. By forming an electric field of 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more, it becomes possible to separate the reverse polarity particles from the toner even by the electric field, and it becomes possible to further improve the toner separation property. . In addition, when an electric field of 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more is used, a leak occurs between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11, which is not preferable.

  In the present specification, an electric field formed between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11 is referred to as a toner separation electric field. Such a toner separation electric field is usually obtained by applying an alternating voltage to one or both of the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11. In particular, when an AC voltage is applied to the toner carrier 25 in order to develop the electrostatic latent image with toner, it is desirable to form a toner separation electric field using the AC voltage applied to the toner carrier 25. At this time, the maximum value of the absolute value of the toner separation electric field may be within the above range.

  For example, when the charging polarity of the toner is positive, a DC voltage and an AC voltage are applied to the developer carrier 11, and only a DC voltage is applied to the toner carrier 25, the developer is applied to the toner carrier 25. Only a DC voltage lower than the average value of the voltages (DC + AC) applied to the carrier 11 is applied. Further, for example, when the charging polarity of the toner is negative, a DC voltage and an AC voltage are applied to the developer carrier 11, and only a DC voltage is applied to the toner carrier 25, the toner carrier 25 is developed. Only a DC voltage higher than the average value of the voltages (DC + AC) applied to the agent carrier 11 is applied. At these times, the maximum value of the absolute value of the toner separation electric field is the maximum value of the potential difference between the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 (DC + AC) and the voltage applied to the toner carrier 25 (DC). It is a value divided by the closest gap between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11, and it is desirable that this value is in the above range.

  Further, for example, when the charging polarity of the toner is positive, only a DC voltage is applied to the developer carrier 11 and an AC electric field and a DC voltage are applied to the toner carrier 25, the toner carrier 25 is developed. A DC voltage on which an AC electric field is superimposed is applied so that the average voltage is lower than the DC voltage applied to the agent carrier 11. Further, for example, when the charging polarity of the toner is negative, only a DC voltage is applied to the developer carrier 11 and an AC electric field and a DC voltage are applied to the toner carrier 25, the toner carrier 25 is developed. A DC voltage on which an AC electric field is superimposed is applied so that the average voltage is higher than the DC voltage applied to the agent carrier 11. At these times, the maximum absolute value of the toner separation electric field is the maximum value of the potential difference between the voltage applied to the developer carrier 11 (DC) and the voltage applied to the toner carrier 25 (DC + AC). It is a value divided by the closest gap between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11, and it is desirable that this value is in the above range.

  Further, for example, when the charging polarity of the toner is positive and a DC voltage in which an AC voltage is superimposed is applied to both the developer carrier 11 and the toner carrier 25, the toner carrier 25 has the developer carrier 11. A voltage (DC + AC) having an average voltage smaller than the average value of applied voltages (DC + AC) is applied. Further, for example, when the toner charge polarity is negative and a DC voltage on which an AC voltage is superimposed is applied to both the developer carrier 11 and the toner carrier 25, the toner carrier 25 has the developer carrier 11. A voltage (DC + AC) having an average voltage larger than the average value of applied voltages (DC + AC) is applied. At these times, the voltage (direct current + alternating current) applied to the developer carrier 11 and the toner carrier 25 are generated due to differences in the amplitude, phase, frequency, duty ratio, etc. of the alternating voltage components applied to each. The value obtained by dividing the maximum value of the potential difference from the voltage (DC + AC) by the closest gap between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11 is the maximum value of the absolute value of the toner separation electric field. Is preferably within the above range.

  The remaining developer on the developer carrier 11 from which the toner has been separated by the toner carrier 25, that is, the carrier and the reverse polarity particles, are conveyed by the developer carrier 11 as they are and are collected in the developer tank 16. In this embodiment, after separation of the toner, the reverse polarity particles are recovered as they are into the developer tank by the developer carrier 11, and thus collected by the reverse polarity particle recovery member 22 described in the embodiment of FIG. The step of returning the reverse polarity particles to the developer tank at the time of non-image formation can be omitted.

  The toner carrier 25 may be made of any material as long as the voltage can be applied. For example, an aluminum roller subjected to surface treatment may be used. In addition, on a conductive substrate such as aluminum, for example, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, urethane resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, porsulfone resin, polyether ketone resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate You may use what gave resin coatings, such as resin, a silicone resin, a fluororesin, and rubber coatings, such as silicone rubber, urethane rubber, nitrile rubber, natural rubber, and isoprene rubber. The coating material is not limited to this. Further, a conductive agent may be added to the bulk or surface of the coating. Examples of the conductive agent include an electronic conductive agent or an ionic conductive agent. Examples of the electronic conductive agent include carbon black such as kettin black, acetylene black, and furnace black, metal powder, and metal oxide fine particles, but are not limited thereto. Examples of the ionic conductive agent include cationic compounds such as quaternary ammonium salts, amphoteric compounds, and other ionic polymer materials. Furthermore, a conductive roller made of a metal material such as aluminum may be used.

  Specifically, in the developing device 2b shown in FIG. 2, the developer 24 in the developer tank 16 is mixed and stirred by the rotation of the bucket roller 17 and frictionally charged, and then pumped up by the bucket roller 17 as in the developing device 2a. Then, it is supplied to the sleeve roller 12 on the surface of the developer carrier 11. The developer 24 is held on the surface side of the sleeve roller 12 by the magnetic force of the magnet roller 13 inside the developer carrier 11, is rotated together with the sleeve roller 12, and is a regulating member provided to face the developing roller 11. 15 restricts the passing amount. Thereafter, only the toner contained in the developer is separated and carried on the toner carrier 25 at the portion facing the toner carrier 25 as described above. The separated toner is conveyed to a developing area 6 facing the image carrier 1. In the developing area 6, the toner on the toner carrier 25 is imaged by the force applied to the toner by the electric field formed between the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier 1 and the toner carrier 25 to which the developing bias is applied. It moves toward the electrostatic latent image on the carrier 1, and the electrostatic latent image is developed into a visible image. The development method may be a reversal development method or a regular development method. The toner layer on the toner carrier 25 that has passed through the development region 6 is conveyed to the development region through toner supply / recovery by a magnetic brush at the opposed portion between the toner carrier 25 and the developer carrier 11. On the other hand, the developer separated from the toner and remaining on the developer carrying member 11 is conveyed to the developer tank 16 as it is, and is supplied to the magnet roller equipolar portions N3 and N2 provided facing the bucket roller 17. It is peeled off from the developer carrier 11 by the repulsive magnetic field and collected into the developer tank 16. When a supply control unit (not shown) provided in the supply unit 7 detects that the toner concentration in the developer 24 has become equal to or lower than the minimum toner concentration for securing the image density, as in FIG. A drive start signal is sent to the driving means of the roller 19, and the replenishment toner 23 is supplied into the developer tank 16.

  In the developing device 2b, not all of the reverse polarity particles have to be collected by the reverse polarity particle collecting member, but some of the reverse polarity particles are not collected but are used for development together with the toner and consumed. Also good. Since the reverse polarity particles in the other parts are collected and the reverse polarity particles are replenished, the carrier charge assisting effect by the reverse polarity particles can be obtained even if the reverse polarity particles cannot be completely recovered. In this case, the separation rate of the reverse polarity particles is preferably in the range of 9.3% to 50.3%. When the separation rate is too low, the recoverability of the reverse polarity particles is deteriorated, and the effect of suppressing the carrier deterioration by the reverse polarity particles is weakened. If the separation rate is too high, the effect of suppressing the deterioration of the carrier can be sufficiently obtained, but the collected reverse polarity particles are excessively attached to the toner in the developer, resulting in a decrease in the charge amount of the toner.

Embodiments of a developing device in an image forming apparatus using electrophotography to which the present invention is applied will be described below.
(Experimental example 1)
A printing durability test was performed using a developing device having the configuration shown in FIG. In the figure, reference numeral 22 denotes a separation / recovery roller for separating the opposite polarity particles. As the developer, a carrier for bizhub C350 (volume average particle diameter of about 33 μm) manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies and 10 kinds of toners manufactured by the following manufacturing method were used. The toner is manufactured by wet granulation method with 100 parts by mass of a toner base material having a volume average particle size of about 6.5 μm, and the surface of the toner is added with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as a hydrophobizing agent as an external additive a. 0.6 parts by mass of hydrophobic silica having a number average primary particle size of 20 nm treated and anatase-type titanium oxide having a number average primary particle size of 30 nm as an external additive b is a hydrophobizing agent in an aqueous wet process. 0.5 parts by mass of hydrophobic titanium oxide surface-treated with silane was subjected to external addition treatment at a speed of 40 m / s for 2 minutes using a Henschel mixer (manufactured by Mitsui Metal Mining Co., Ltd.). Of the toner types shown in Table 1, the toner having no reverse polarity particles is the toner obtained by the above method. For the other toners, the various types of surface treatments shown in Table 1 were applied to the strontium titanate having a number average particle diameter of 350 nm as the external additive c which is a reverse polarity particle. . The following were used as the surface treatment of the reverse polarity particles. In the table, fluorine-based silicone oil is obtained by treating fluorine-modified silicone oil with a predetermined amount in the table by a dry method. In addition, dimethylpolysiloxane is obtained by surface-treating dimethylpolysiloxane by a wet method with a predetermined addition amount in the table. In addition, a wet i-butylmethoxysilane / wet aminosilane is a product obtained by surface-treating i-butylmethoxysilane and aminosilane with a predetermined addition amount in the table by a wet method. Further, dimethylpolysiloxane / dry aminosilane is obtained by surface-treating dimethylpolysiloxane by a wet method at a predetermined addition amount in the table, and then surface-treating aminosilane by a predetermined method in the table by a dry method. In addition, for some wet i-butylmethoxysilane / dry aminosilane, after surface treatment of i-butylmethoxysilane with a predetermined amount in the table by a wet method, aminosilane is surface treated with a predetermined amount in the table by a dry method. It is a thing. Here, the dry method is a method in which a hydrophobizing agent is diluted with a solvent, the above-mentioned diluted solution is added to and mixed with reverse polarity particles, the mixture is heated and dried, and then crushed. The wet method is a method in which reverse polarity particles are dispersed in an aqueous system to form a slurry, a hydrophobizing agent is added and mixed, this is heated and dried, and then crushed. The external additive c, which is a reverse polarity particle, is added at a ratio of 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner base material, and externally added for 20 minutes at a speed of 40 m / s using a Henschel mixer. Obtained. The toner ratio in the developer was 8% by mass. However, the toner ratio is the ratio of the total amount of toner, post-treatment agent and reverse polarity particles to the total amount of developer (the same applies hereinafter).

A rectangular wave developing bias having an amplitude of 1.4 kV, a DC component of −400 V, a duty ratio of 50%, and a frequency of 2 kHz was applied to the developer carrying member. A DC bias of −550 V, which is a potential difference of −150 V with respect to the average potential of the developing bias and a potential difference of 850 V with respect to the maximum potential of the developing bias, was applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member. As the reverse polarity particle recovery member, an aluminum roller having an alumite treatment on the surface was used, and the gap at the closest part between the developer carrying member and the reverse polarity particle recovery member was set to 0.3 mm. The background potential of the electrostatic latent image formed on the image bearing member was −550V, and the image portion potential was −60V. The gap at the closest part between the image carrier and the developer carrier was 0.35 mm. The maximum absolute value of the reverse polarity particle separation electric field formed between the reverse polarity particle recovery member and the developer carrying member was 850 V / 0.3 mm = 2.8 × 10 ⁶ V / m. Recovery of the reverse polarity particles collected by the reverse polarity particle recovery member into the developer tank was performed by reversing the voltage applied to the developer carrier and the reverse polarity particle recovery member at the timing between the sheets.

  For the developer mixed with each toner, the surface charge density of the carrier and reverse polarity particles is measured according to the surface charge density measurement method described separately, and the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles is calculated to be several times the surface charge density of the carrier. The results are shown in Table 1.

  Table 1 shows the toner charge amount during the printing durability test. Table 1 shows the degree of change in charge imparting property of the carrier. Therefore, when the absolute value of the change in toner charge amount from the initial stage at the time of 50k sheets and 100k sheets is 0 to 5 μC / g, 5 to 10 μC In the case of / g, O is displayed in the case of 10 μC / g.

  From the results shown in Table 1, by setting the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles in the developer to a range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier in the developer, It can be seen that the effect of assisting the charge imparting property of the carrier due to the adhesion is exhibited to an appropriate level, and the charge imparting property of the carrier is maintained in a state close to the initial state. As a result, the change in the toner charge amount from the beginning can be suppressed to 0 to 10 μC / g even at the time of 50k sheets, and there are problems associated with a decrease in toner charge amount such as an increase in background fog and an increase in toner scattering in the machine. No problems associated with an increase in toner charge amount such as a decrease in density or a deterioration in dot reproducibility occurred. In particular, by setting the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles in the developer to a range of 1.2 to 2.2 times the surface charge density of the carrier in the developer, the initial charge accompanying an increase in the number of printed sheets It can be seen that the toner charge amount from the toner hardly changes, can be suppressed to 0 to 5 μC / g even at the time of 100k sheets, a good image can be formed over a long period of time, and the long life of the developing device can be achieved.

The measurement of the surface charge density of the carrier and the reverse polarity particles was performed by the following method.
(Measurement method of carrier surface charge density)
The surface charge density σ of the carrier can be obtained by Equation 1 assuming that the carrier is a sphere. In the formula, d is the particle size of the carrier, ρ is the particle density of the carrier, M is the carrier mass, and Q is the charge amount of the carrier. Among these, the charge amount and the carrier mass of the carrier were measured as follows using the apparatus of FIG. In the figure, 32 is a magnet roller, 31 is a conductive sleeve provided so as to be freely rotatable in the circumferential direction with respect to the magnet roller, and 34 is a metallic conductive electrode. Unused developer before printing durability whose mass has been measured in advance is uniformly adsorbed on the sleeve roller by magnetic force, and rotation of the magnet roller and application of voltage are started by a switch (not shown). The distance between the sleeve roller surface and the electrode 34 was 2 mm, and the applied voltage was 2 kV. As a result, all the toner in the developer was separated from the carrier and moved to the conductive electrode side indicated by 34. Note that the maximum absolute value of the electric field formed between the sleeve roller surface and the electrode 34 is 2000 V / 2 mm = 1.0 × 10 ⁶ V / m, and the reverse polarity attached to the toner in this large electric field. The particles do not separate from the toner and move with the toner toward the electrode 34 side.

  The amount of charge charged in the capacitor 35 before and after the movement is the amount of charge induced by the movement of the toner and the reverse polarity particles attached to the toner to the surface of the electrode 34. On the other hand, since the total charge amount in the developer is zero, the absolute value of this charge amount is equal to the absolute value of the charge amount that the carrier had in the developer. Accordingly, the amount of charge charged in the capacitor 35 is equal to the amount of charge held by the carrier in the developer. By this method, the amount of change in Vm before and after the movement of the toner was measured, and the amount of charge held by the carrier in the developer was calculated from the product of the capacitance of the capacitor 35. Further, the carrier mass was measured by subtracting the mass of the toner and the reverse polarity particles moved to the electrode side from the initial developer mass. On the other hand, the number average particle diameter of the carrier was determined by “Coulter Counter TA-II”, and this was used as the particle diameter of the carrier. The particle density of the carrier was determined by a liquid immersion method. These were substituted into Equation 1 to calculate the surface charge density of the carriers.

(Measurement method of reverse polarity particle surface charge density)
On the other hand, as with the carrier, the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles is obtained from the particle size d of the reverse polarity particles, the particle density ρ of the reverse polarity particles, the mass M of the reverse polarity particles, and the charge amount Q of the reverse polarity particles. Can do. Among these, the charge amount and the reverse polarity particle mass of the reverse polarity particles were measured as follows using the apparatus shown in FIGS. First, in the apparatus of FIG. 4, the developer before printing durability is uniformly adsorbed by the magnetic force of the magnet roller 32 on the surface of the conductive sleeve 31 provided so as to be freely rotatable in the circumferential direction with respect to the magnet roller 32. The magnet roller 32 was rotated while applying a voltage from the DC power source 33. A toner layer was formed on the surface of the flat plate electrode 36 by passing through the grounded conductive flat plate electrode 36 and causing the toner in the developer and reverse polarity particles adhering to the toner to fly by an electric field. The voltage applied at this time was 150 V, and the closest distance between the surface of the conductive sleeve 31 and the upper surface of the plate electrode 36 was 2 mm. At this time, the electric field formed was as small as 150 V / 2 mm = 0.075 × 10 ⁶ V / m, so that separation of the reverse polarity particles from the toner did not occur. After forming the toner layer, the plate electrode 36 was replaced with the apparatus shown in FIG.

  The apparatus of FIG. 5 is shown in the Japan Hardcopy 2004 Fall Meeting paper collection P17, and is an apparatus for capturing the induced charge accompanying the movement of the charged particles 46 between the parallel plate electrodes 36 and 37. By adjusting the variable capacitor so that the capacitance between the parallel plate electrodes 36 and 37 is equal to the capacitance of the variable capacitor 38, the potential difference input to the differential amplifier 45 is the motion of the charged particles 46. Is proportional to the current associated with. The current associated with the movement of the charged particles 46 can be measured by dividing the potential difference by the resistance values of the resistors 43 and 44 having known and equal values. When the current values are integrated, the total charge amount of the particles moved from the electrode 36 to the electrode 37 is measured. The A / D converter 47 converts analog data of the differential amplifier 45 into digital data, and the PC 42 calculates digital data. Using this method, a voltage obtained by superimposing a rectangular wave with a frequency of 2 kHz and Vpp of 1400 V on a DC voltage of −200 V is applied between the parallel plate electrodes 36 and 37 by the power sources 39 and 40 for 20 cycles, and the voltage before the stop is minus of the applied waveform. The voltage was stopped so as to be −900 V on the side. The interval between the parallel plate electrodes 36 and 37 was 150 μm. Due to the electric field thus formed, the reverse polarity particles are detached from the toner and reciprocate in the opposite direction to the toner, and during that time, partly adhere to the electrode 37 and adhere to the electrode 37 at the final stop voltage and stop. . On the other hand, the toner adheres to the electrode 36 after the reciprocating motion and stops. Since the particles that have moved from the electrode 36 to the electrode 37 are only reverse polarity particles, the current values from the start of voltage application to the final stop voltage are integrated and the amount converted to the charge amount is the charge amount of the reverse polarity particles. did. Further, the mass of the reverse polarity particles was measured from the weight of the reverse polarity particles attached on the electrode.

  Regarding the particle size of the reverse polarity particles, the reverse polarity particles adhering to the electrodes were photographed with a VE8800 manufactured by KEYENCE of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the image was image-processing software Image-Pro Plus manufactured by Media Cybernetics, USA. The particle size was measured by the method of particle size analysis. SEM images were taken until the number of particles reached 300, and the number average diameter of 300 particles was defined as the particle size of the reverse polarity particles. Moreover, the particle density of the reverse polarity particles was determined by the immersion method.

The particle size d of the reverse polarity particles, the particle density ρ of the reverse polarity particles, the mass M of the reverse polarity particles, and the charge amount Q of the reverse polarity particles obtained in this way were substituted into the formula 1, and the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles was calculated. .
(Experimental example 2)
A printing durability test was performed using a developing device having the configuration shown in FIG. As the developer, a carrier for bizhub C350 (volume average particle diameter of about 33 μm) manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies and a toner externally added with the same type of particles used in Experimental Example 1 were used. A DC voltage of −400 V was applied to the developer carrying member. A rectangular wave developing bias having an amplitude of 1.6 kV, a DC component of −300 V, a duty ratio of 50%, and a frequency of 2 kHz was applied to the toner carrier. The average potential of the toner carrier has a potential difference of 100V with respect to the potential of the developer carrier, and the maximum potential difference is 900V. An aluminum roller having an alumite treatment on the surface was used for the toner carrier, and the gap at the closest part between the developer carrier and the toner carrier was 0.3 mm. The background potential of the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier is −550 V, the image portion potential is −60 V, and the gap between the image carrier and the toner carrier is 0.15 mm. The maximum value of the absolute value of the toner separation electric field formed between the toner carrier and the developer carrier was 900 V / 0.3 mm = 3.0 × 10 ⁶ V / m.

  Table 2 shows the toner charge amount during the printing durability test.

In the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, by setting the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles in the developer to a range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier in the developer, the reverse polarity particles The effect of assisting the charge imparting property of the carrier due to the adhesion is exerted to an appropriate level, and the charge imparting property of the carrier is kept close to the initial state. As a result, the change in the toner charge amount from the initial stage can be suppressed to 0 to 5 μC / g even at the time of 50k sheets, and there are problems associated with a decrease in the toner charge amount such as an increase in background fog and an increase in toner scattering inside the machine. Thus, problems associated with an increase in toner charge amount, such as a decrease in density and a deterioration in dot reproducibility, do not occur. In particular, by setting the surface charge density of the reverse polarity particles in the developer to a range of 1.2 to 2.2 times the surface charge density of the carrier in the developer, the initial charge accompanying an increase in the number of printed sheets The toner charge amount from the toner hardly changes and can be suppressed to 0 to 5 μC / g even at the time of 100k sheets, and the long life of the apparatus can be achieved.
(Experimental example 3)
A printing durability test was performed using a developing device having the same configuration as in Experimental Example 2 except that the reverse polarity particle collecting member was omitted. As a developer, a carrier for bizhub C350 (volume average particle size of about 33 μm) manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies and a toner externally added with the same type of particles used in Experimental Examples 1 and 2 were used.

  Table 3 shows the toner charge amount during the printing durability test.

In the case of using the developing device having this configuration, the reverse polarity particles were not separated and collected, and the carrier deterioration suppressing effect was not obtained regardless of the kind of the reverse polarity particles externally added to the toner.
(Experimental example 4)
The developer having the configuration shown in FIG. 2 was used to perform a printing durability test. As a developer, a carrier for bizhub C350 (volume average particle size of about 33 μm) manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies and a toner manufactured by the following manufacturing method were prepared. ,used. That is, 100 parts by mass of a toner base material having a volume average particle diameter of about 6.5 μm prepared by a wet granulation method is subjected to a surface treatment with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as a hydrophobizing agent as an external additive a. 0.6 mass parts of hydrophobic silica having a number average primary particle size of 20 nm and an anatase-type titanium oxide having a number average primary particle size of 30 nm as an external additive b are surfaced with isobutyltrimethoxysilane which is a hydrophobizing agent in an aqueous wet process. A surface treatment was performed on 0.5 parts by mass of the treated hydrophobic titanium oxide using a Henschel mixer (manufactured by Mitsui Kinzoku Mine Co., Ltd.) at a speed of 40 m / s for 2 minutes, and the first external addition treatment was performed.

  Next, an external additive c, which is reverse polarity particles, was processed as a second-stage external addition process on the surface-treated toner. The treatment was performed by using a surface treatment of 0.6 parts by mass of dimethylpolysiloxane with respect to 100 parts by mass of strontium titanate having a number average particle diameter of 350 nm as an external additive c, and using the conditions shown in Table 4 with a Henschel mixer. went. Table 4 also shows the results obtained by measuring the ratio of the surface charge density of the external additive c, which is a reverse polarity particle at this time, to the surface charge of the carrier by the measurement method shown in Experimental Example 1. The printing durability test was performed under the same conditions as those shown in Experimental Example 2 except for the developer.

  For the developer used, the ratio of the reverse polarity particles separated from the toner by the reverse polarity particle recovery member was measured, and this was defined as the reverse polarity particle separation rate. The measurement method of the reverse polarity particle separation rate was as follows. That is, the developing device was driven under the same conditions as in the image formation, a toner layer was formed on the surface of the toner carrier, and the toner in the toner layer was collected. On the other hand, unused toner before mixing with the carrier was prepared, and the amount of strontium titanate contained in both toners was quantified using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). A value obtained by dividing the strontium titanate ratio of the toner on the toner carrier derived therefrom by the strontium titanate ratio of the unused toner was calculated from 1 to obtain a reverse polarity particle separation rate.

  The results of the reverse polarity particle separation rate and the printing durability test are shown in Table 5.

When the separation rate is in the range of 9.3% to 50.3%, the amount of the reverse polarity particles collected in the developer is in an appropriate range, and the effect of suppressing the carrier deterioration by the reverse polarity particles can be appropriately obtained. I understand that. If the separation rate is too low, the recoverability of the reverse polarity particles deteriorates, and the carrier deterioration suppression effect by the reverse polarity particles is weakened.On the other hand, if the separation rate is too high, the carrier deterioration suppression effect is sufficiently obtained. It is considered that the collected reverse polarity particles are excessively attached to the toner in the developer, and as a result, the charge amount of the toner is decreased.
(Experimental example 5)
Using the apparatus of FIGS. 4 and 5, a toner layer containing reverse polarity particles was formed on one of the parallel plate electrodes in the same procedure as shown in the measurement of surface charge density of reverse polarity particles. As the toner, the same toner as used in Experimental Example 1-2 was used. The amount of strontium titanate which is a reverse polarity particle contained in this toner is 2% by mass. When the amount of reverse polarity particles separated by an electric field was evaluated from the toner layer formed on the electrode, the result shown in FIG. 6 was obtained. As shown in FIG. 6, the amount of the reverse polarity particles separated by the electric field rose from about 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m, and it was found that the amount of separation increased when the electric field was increased. Further, when an electric field of 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more was used, a leak occurred between the toner carrier and the developer carrier. From the above, it can be seen that an electric field of 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more and 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or less is effective for separating the opposite polarity particles contained in the toner by the electric field.

1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating a main part of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is a schematic block diagram which shows the principal part of the image forming apparatus which is another embodiment which concerns on this invention. It is a schematic block diagram which shows the measuring device of the amount of electrification. It is a schematic block diagram which shows a part of apparatus for measuring a surface charge density. It is a schematic block diagram which shows a part of apparatus for measuring a surface charge density. It is a figure which shows the separation amount of an electric field and a reverse polarity particle.

Explanation of symbols

1 Image carrier (photosensitive drum)
2a, 2b Developing device 3 Charging device 4 Transfer roller 5 Cleaning blade 6 Development area 7 Toner replenishing device 11 Developer carrier 12 Sleeve roller 13 Magnet roller 14 Power supply 15 Restriction member (regulation blade)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 16 Developer tank 17 Bucket roller 18 Casing 19 Supply roller 20 ATDC sensor 21 Hopper 22 Reverse polarity particle separation member 23 Supply toner 24 Developer 25 Toner carrier 31 Conductive sleeve 32 Magnet roll 33 Bias power supply 34 Cylindrical electrode 36, 37 Electrode 38 Variable Capacitor 45 Differential Amplifier 46 Charged Particle 40, 41, 50, 51 Power Supply 42 PC
47 A / D converter

Claims (16)

A developer carrying member that carries and transports to the surface a developer containing toner, a carrier, and reverse polarity particles that are charged in the opposite polarity to the charged polarity of the toner, and the developer carrying member facing the developer carrying member A separation mechanism for separating the toner or the reverse polarity particles from the developer on the top, and developing a latent image on the image carrier to form a toner image, the reverse polarity A developing device characterized in that the surface charge density of the particles is in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier. The separation mechanism includes a reverse polarity particle recovery member provided on the upstream side in the developer movement direction with respect to the development region of the developer carrier, and means for applying a voltage to the reverse polarity particle recovery member. The developing device according to claim 1. The voltage applied to the reverse polarity particle recovery member, when the reverse polarity particles are positively charged, applying a voltage having an average value lower than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier, The developing device according to claim 2, wherein when the reverse polarity particles are negatively charged, a voltage having an average value higher than an average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrying member is applied. The developing device according to claim 3, wherein an AC voltage is applied to at least one of the developer carrying member and the reverse polarity particle collecting member. The maximum value of the electric field strength between the reverse polarity particle recovery member and the developer carrying member is 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more and 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or less. Item 5. The developing device according to Item 4. 6. The reverse polarity particle recovery member also serves as at least one of a regulating member that regulates the amount of developer on the developer carrying member and a casing of a developing device. Development device. The separation rate of the reverse polarity particles from the toner is in the range of 9.3 to 50.3% due to the electric field formed between the reverse polarity particle recovery member and the developer carrier. The developing device according to any one of claims 1 to 6. The separation mechanism includes a toner carrier that is provided between the developer carrier and the image carrier and separates and carries toner from the developer on the developer carrier, The developing device according to claim 1, wherein the electrostatic latent image on the image carrier is developed with the toner. As the voltage applied to the toner carrier, when the toner is negatively charged, a voltage having an average value higher than the average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrier is applied. The developing device according to claim 8, wherein a voltage having an average value lower than an average value of the voltage applied to the developer carrying member is applied when the toner is charged. The developing device according to claim 9, wherein an AC voltage is applied to at least one of the toner carrier and the developer carrier. 11. The maximum value of the electric field strength between the toner carrier and the developer carrier is 2.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or more and 5.5 × 10 ⁶ V / m or less. The developing device according to 1. The separation rate of the reverse polarity particles from the toner is in the range of 9.3 to 50.3% due to the electric field formed between the toner carrier and the developer carrier. The developing device according to claim 8. 13. The developing device according to claim 1, wherein a toner obtained by externally adding the reverse polarity particles is replenished to the developer. The developing device according to claim 13, wherein the toner is externally added with the same polarity particles that are charged to the same polarity as the toner. The developing device according to claim 14, wherein in the external addition processing of the reverse polarity particles and the same polarity particles to the toner, the reverse polarity particles are externally added after the same polarity particles are externally added. 16. The image bearing member, an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member, and an electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member for developing the electrostatic latent image. An image forming apparatus.

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