CN117620048A - Forging process capable of intelligently preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking - Google Patents
Forging process capable of intelligently preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking Download PDFInfo
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- CN117620048A CN117620048A CN202311663383.6A CN202311663383A CN117620048A CN 117620048 A CN117620048 A CN 117620048A CN 202311663383 A CN202311663383 A CN 202311663383A CN 117620048 A CN117620048 A CN 117620048A
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- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 223
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006247 magnetic powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J9/00—Forging presses
- B21J9/10—Drives for forging presses
- B21J9/20—Control devices specially adapted to forging presses not restricted to one of the preceding subgroups
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Abstract
The invention discloses an intelligent forging process for preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking, which comprises the following steps of: step one, heating a blank: the alloy steel blank is placed in high-temperature heating equipment for preventing oxidation, and is heated according to the process. Step two, placing the heated blank on a forging table; step three, intelligent forging deformation: the forging temperature and deformation parameters are controlled in real time in an intelligent linkage mode; according to the alloy steel forging process, the intelligent linkage monitoring of the forging process is adopted, the forging parameters and the process are optimized, the purpose of preventing cracks from occurring in the forging process is achieved, the homogenization treatment of the blank is carried out, the internal crystal structure state of the alloy steel blank can be improved, the plasticity at the forging temperature is improved, the deformation resistance is reduced, the mechanical property of the use state is improved, the number of stress concentration points and the occurrence probability of the homogenized alloy steel blank are reduced in the forging process, and the formation of forging cracks is reduced and avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of alloy steel forging, and particularly relates to a homogenizing and forging process for preventing alloy steel from cracking easily.
Background
Alloy steel refers to steel in which iron and carbon are removed and other alloy elements are added, namely alloy steel, and the alloy steel is widely applied to industrial production due to the high strength, high toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, low temperature resistance, high temperature resistance, no magnetism and other particularities;
however, in the alloy steel forging process in the prior art, crack defects are often easy to generate in the forging process, so that stress concentration is caused to generate cracks, thereby reducing the internal structural defects and mechanical properties of the alloy steel, and seriously affecting the product quality and the production efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an intelligent forging process for preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking, so that the alloy steel can be effectively prevented from cracking in the forging process.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a forging process for intelligently preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking comprises the following steps:
step one, heating a blank:
placing the alloy steel blank in high-temperature (highest temperature 1350 ℃) heating equipment for preventing oxidization, controlling the temperature of the heating equipment to ensure that the blank reaches a preset homogenizing temperature, homogenizing after heat preservation, cooling to below a phase transition point, and then heating to a forging temperature to recrystallize.
Step two, placing the blank on a forging table:
designing a proper intelligent forging table to adapt to the shape and the size of an alloy steel blank, placing the heated blank in the forging table, and ensuring that the blank is properly supported and restrained in the forging process;
step three, intelligent forging deformation:
selecting a proper forging device: the forging equipment specifically adopts a hydraulic forging press, a mechanical forging press or a pneumatic forging press, the forging temperature is controlled to be 1000 ℃ to 1270 ℃, the forging pressure is controlled to be 60MN-120MN, and the forging deformation rate is controlled to be epsilon=0.25 to 0.45;
forging temperature and deformation parameters are controlled in real time in an intelligent linkage mode: the method comprises the steps of monitoring deformation and temperature in a blank forging process in real time through a pressure sensor and a displacement sensor, timely feeding the monitored deformation data back to a computer of a forging press control console, recording the relation of maximum deformation points or parts of forgings at different temperatures, judging deformation peaks when forgings at different temperatures crack through inputting a temperature-deformation data table of the computer, building a deformation database in the computer of the forging press through data accumulation in the forging press for many times, generating a temperature-deformation graph, forming intelligent linkage monitoring, enabling a computer control system of the forging press to design deformation parameters according to data parameters in the deformation database under the temperature-deformation graph, guaranteeing that the forging of the alloy steel forgings is stopped before critical cracking parameters reach, intelligently and automatically controlling forging parameters of the forging press, and ensuring that the computer control system of the forging press can automatically stop forging and forging the alloy steel forgings so as to ensure that the alloy steel forgings cannot crack to optimize deformation and plastic changes of the alloy steel forgings when threshold values of the cracking variables are about to reach in the blank process;
treatment after forging: after forging is completed, the billet is subjected to appropriate treatment.
Step four, homogenizing:
the blank is homogenized between the fires of each forging step to reduce the formation of cracks, and heat treatment may be used for the homogenization treatment.
Step five, forging and homogenizing treatment for multiple times:
repeating the third step and the fourth step until the required forging shape and grain streamline distribution are achieved, and carrying out homogenization treatment on the blank between each forging step so as to ensure the uniformity and the stability of the alloy steel;
step six, quality detection:
after forging is finished, quality detection is carried out on the forging to ensure that the product meets the requirements, a nondestructive detection technology can be used, and defective forging is repaired or eliminated according to the detection result to ensure the product quality.
Preferably, in the first step, the heating device specifically adopts a resistance furnace, an induction heating furnace or a gas heating furnace, and the heating temperature is between 1000 ℃ and 1270 ℃.
Preferably, in the first step, a temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the blank during the heating process, and a thermocouple or an infrared thermometer may be used to adjust the temperature of the blank according to the monitored temperature data by controlling the power and heating time of the heating device, so as to ensure that the blank reaches the predetermined deformation temperature.
Preferably, in the third step, the forging equipment specifically adopts a hydraulic forging press, a mechanical forging press or a pneumatic forging press, the forging temperature is controlled to be 1000-1270 ℃, the forging pressure is controlled to be 100-120 MN, and the forging deformation rate is controlled to be 10-15 mm/s.
Preferably, in the third step, the blank needs to be subjected to proper preheating treatment before the raw material enters the forging process so as to improve the plasticity and deformability, the preheating temperature is between 700 ℃ and 900 ℃, and the preheating time is between 45 and 60 minutes/100 mm.
Preferably, in the fourth step, the blank is placed in a homogenizing furnace by adopting a heat treatment mode, kept at 1270-1300 ℃ for 60-90 min/100 mm, then slowly cooled to room temperature, and then heated to the initial forging temperature to recrystallize.
Preferably, in the sixth step, the nondestructive testing technology specifically adopts ultrasonic testing, magnetic powder testing or radiation testing to detect defects and cracks in the forging.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the alloy steel forging process, through intelligent linkage monitoring of the forging process and optimization of the forging parameter step, the purpose of preventing cracks from occurring in the forging process is achieved, homogenization treatment is carried out on the blank, the internal crystal structure state of the alloy steel blank can be improved, the rope performance at the forging temperature is improved, the deformation resistance is reduced, the mechanical property of the use state is improved, the number of stress concentration points and occurrence probability of the homogenized alloy steel blank in the forging process are reduced, the formation of forging cracks is reduced and avoided, and the product quality and the production efficiency are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of the present invention;
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, a first embodiment of the present invention provides a technical solution: a forging process for intelligently preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking comprises the following steps:
step one, heating a blank:
placing the alloy steel blank in high-temperature (highest temperature 1350 ℃) heating equipment for preventing oxidization, controlling the temperature of the heating equipment, wherein the alloy steel blank specifically refers to die steel forging blank materials, such as alloy steel plates and alloy steel pipes, the heating equipment specifically adopts a resistance furnace, controlling the temperature of the heating equipment to enable the blank to reach a preset deformation temperature, heating the blank to be at 1000 ℃, enabling the blank to reach a preset homogenization temperature, homogenizing after heat preservation, cooling to below a phase change point, and then heating to a forging starting temperature to enable the blank to recrystallize.
Step two, placing the blank on a forging table:
designing a proper intelligent forging table to adapt to the shape and the size of an alloy steel blank, placing the heated blank in the forging table, and ensuring that the blank is properly supported and restrained in the forging process;
step three, intelligent forging deformation:
the forging equipment specifically adopts a hydraulic forging press, the forging temperature is controlled to be 1100 ℃, the forging pressure is controlled to be 100MN, and the forging deformation rate is controlled to be epsilon=0.25; the method comprises the steps of controlling forging temperature and deformation parameters in real time through an intelligent linkage mode, specifically, monitoring deformation and temperature in the blank forging process through a pressure sensor and a displacement sensor, then timely feeding the monitored deformation data back into a computer of a forging press control console, recording the relation of maximum deformation points or parts of the forging at different temperatures, judging deformation peaks when the forging is cracked at different temperatures through a temperature-deformation data table of the input computer, establishing a deformation database in the computer of the forging press through data accumulation in the forging process for many times, generating a temperature-deformation graph, forming intelligent linkage monitoring, enabling a computer control system of the forging press to design deformation parameters under the temperature-deformation graph according to the data parameters in the deformation database, guaranteeing that the alloy steel forging stops forging before critical cracking parameters arrive, intelligently and automatically controlling forging parameters of the forging press, for example, when the forging steel forging is about to reach a threshold value of the cracking deformation, the computer control system of the forging press can automatically stop forging and press, guaranteeing that the alloy steel forging cannot crack, optimizing the alloy steel and cooling down to be performed, and cooling down the alloy 1000 is performed after the alloy is cooled down by a fan, and the fan 1000 is cooled down properly.
Step four, homogenizing:
homogenizing the blank between the fires of each forging process to reduce the formation of cracks, wherein the homogenizing is carried out by adopting a heat treatment mode, placing the blank into a homogenizing furnace, preserving the temperature for 60 minutes/100 mm at 1270 ℃, and then slowly cooling to room temperature. Then heating to the initial forging temperature to recrystallize.
Step five, forging and homogenizing treatment for multiple times:
repeating the third step and the fourth step until the required forging shape and grain streamline distribution are achieved, and carrying out homogenization treatment on the blank between each forging step so as to ensure the uniformity and the stability of the alloy steel;
step six, quality detection:
after forging is finished, quality detection is carried out on the forging to ensure that the product meets the requirements, a nondestructive detection technology can be used, and defective forging is repaired or eliminated according to the detection result to ensure the product quality.
In this embodiment, preferably, in the first step, during the heating of the blank, a temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the blank, and a thermocouple may be used to adjust the temperature of the blank by controlling the power and heating time of the heating device according to the monitored temperature data, so as to ensure that the blank reaches the predetermined deformation temperature.
In this embodiment, preferably, in the third step, the blank needs to be subjected to appropriate preheating treatment to improve its plasticity and deformability, the preheating temperature is 800 ℃, and the preheating time is 30 minutes, before the raw material enters the forging step.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 1, a second embodiment of the present invention provides a technical solution: a forging process for intelligently preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking comprises the following steps:
step one, heating a blank:
placing the alloy steel blank in high-temperature (highest temperature 1350 ℃) heating equipment for preventing oxidization, controlling the temperature of the heating equipment, wherein the alloy steel blank specifically refers to die steel forging blank materials, such as alloy steel plates and alloy steel pipes, the heating equipment specifically adopts a resistance furnace, controlling the temperature of the heating equipment to enable the blank to reach a preset deformation temperature, heating the blank to 1100 ℃, enabling the blank to reach a preset homogenization temperature, homogenizing after heat preservation, cooling to below a phase change point, and then heating to a forging starting temperature to enable the blank to recrystallize.
Step two, placing the blank on a forging table:
designing a proper intelligent forging table to adapt to the shape and the size of an alloy steel blank, placing the heated blank in the forging table, and ensuring that the blank is properly supported and restrained in the forging process;
step three, intelligent forging deformation:
the forging equipment specifically adopts a hydraulic forging press, the forging temperature is controlled to be 1100 ℃, the forging pressure is controlled to be 100MN, and the forging deformation rate is controlled to be epsilon=0.45; the method comprises the steps of controlling forging temperature and deformation parameters in real time through an intelligent linkage mode, specifically, monitoring deformation and temperature in the blank forging process through a pressure sensor and a displacement sensor, then timely feeding the monitored deformation data back into a computer of a forging press control console, recording the relation of maximum deformation points or parts of the forging at different temperatures, judging deformation peaks when the forging is cracked at different temperatures through a temperature-deformation data table of the input computer, establishing a deformation database in the computer of the forging press through data accumulation in the forging process for many times, generating a temperature-deformation graph, forming intelligent linkage monitoring, enabling a computer control system of the forging press to design deformation parameters under the temperature-deformation graph according to the data parameters in the deformation database, guaranteeing that the alloy steel forging stops forging before critical cracking parameters arrive, intelligently and automatically controlling forging parameters of the forging press, for example, when the forging steel forging is about to reach a threshold value of the cracking deformation, the computer control system of the forging press can automatically stop forging and press, guaranteeing that the alloy steel forging cannot crack, optimizing the alloy steel and cooling down to be performed, and cooling down the alloy 1000 is performed after the alloy is cooled down by a fan, and the fan 1000 is cooled down properly.
Step four, homogenizing:
homogenizing the blank between the fires of each forging process to reduce the formation of cracks, wherein the homogenizing is carried out by adopting a heat treatment mode, placing the blank into a homogenizing furnace, preserving the temperature at 1300 ℃ for 80 minutes/100 mm, and then slowly cooling to room temperature. Then heating to the initial forging temperature to recrystallize.
Step five, forging and homogenizing treatment for multiple times:
repeating the third step and the fourth step until the required forging shape and grain streamline distribution are achieved, and carrying out homogenization treatment on the blank between each forging step so as to ensure the uniformity and the stability of the alloy steel;
step six, quality detection:
after forging is finished, quality detection is carried out on the forging to ensure that the product meets the requirements, a nondestructive detection technology can be used, and defective forging is repaired or eliminated according to the detection result to ensure the product quality.
In this embodiment, preferably, in the first step, during the process of heating the blank, a temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the blank, and an infrared thermometer may be used to adjust the temperature of the blank according to the monitored temperature data by controlling the power and heating time of the heating device, so as to ensure that the blank reaches the predetermined deformation temperature.
In this embodiment, preferably, in the third step, the blank needs to be properly preheated to improve its plasticity and deformability before the raw material enters the forging process, and the preheating temperature is 900 ℃ and the preheating time is 50 minutes.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described in detail with reference to the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations may be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (6)
1. An intelligent forging process for preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, heating a blank:
the alloy steel blank is placed in a high-temperature heating device (highest temperature 1350 ℃) for preventing oxidization, the temperature of the heating device is controlled, and the blank is homogenized after reaching a preset homogenization temperature and being kept warm. Then cooling to below the phase transition point, and then heating to the initial forging temperature to recrystallize.
Step two, placing the blank on a forging table:
designing a proper intelligent forging table to adapt to the shape and the size of an alloy steel blank, placing the heated blank in the forging table, and ensuring that the blank is properly supported and restrained in the forging process;
step three, intelligent forging deformation:
selecting a proper forging device: the forging equipment specifically adopts a hydraulic forging press, a mechanical forging press or a pneumatic forging press, the forging temperature is controlled to be 1000 ℃ to 1270 ℃, the forging pressure is controlled to be 60MN-120MN, and the forging deformation rate is controlled to be epsilon=0.25 to 0.45;
forging temperature and deformation parameters are controlled in real time in an intelligent linkage mode: the method comprises the steps of monitoring deformation and temperature in a blank forging process in real time through a pressure sensor and a displacement sensor, timely feeding the monitored deformation data back to a computer of a forging press control console, recording the relation of maximum deformation points or parts of forgings at different temperatures, judging deformation peaks when forgings at different temperatures crack through inputting a temperature-deformation data table of the computer, building a deformation database in the computer of the forging press through data accumulation in the forging press for many times, generating a temperature-deformation graph, forming intelligent linkage monitoring, enabling a computer control system of the forging press to design deformation parameters according to data parameters in the deformation database under the temperature-deformation graph, guaranteeing that the forging of the alloy steel forgings is stopped before critical cracking parameters reach, intelligently and automatically controlling forging parameters of the forging press, and ensuring that the computer control system of the forging press can automatically stop forging and forging the alloy steel forgings so as to ensure that the alloy steel forgings cannot crack to optimize deformation and plastic changes of the alloy steel forgings when threshold values of the cracking variables are about to reach in the blank process;
treatment after forging: after forging is completed, the billet is subjected to appropriate treatment.
Step four, homogenizing:
the blank is homogenized between the fires of each forging step to reduce the formation of cracks, and heat treatment may be used for the homogenization treatment.
Step five, forging and homogenizing treatment for multiple times:
repeating the third step and the fourth step until the required forging shape and grain streamline distribution are achieved, and carrying out homogenization treatment on the blank between each forging step so as to ensure the uniformity and the stability of the alloy steel;
step six, quality detection:
after forging is finished, quality detection is carried out on the forging to ensure that the product meets the requirements, a nondestructive detection technology can be used, and defective forging is repaired or eliminated according to the detection result to ensure the product quality.
2. The forging process for intelligently preventing cracks of the easy-to-crack alloy steel forging according to claim 1, wherein the forging process comprises the following steps of: in the first step, the heating equipment specifically adopts a resistance furnace, an induction heating furnace or a gas heating furnace, and the heating temperature is 1000-1270 ℃.
3. The forging process for intelligently preventing cracks of the easy-to-crack alloy steel forging according to claim 1, wherein the forging process comprises the following steps of: in the first step, a temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the blank during the heating process of the blank, a thermocouple or an infrared thermometer can be used to adjust the temperature of the blank according to the monitored temperature data by controlling the power and heating time of the heating equipment so as to ensure that the blank reaches a preset deformation temperature.
4. The forging process for intelligently preventing cracks of the easy-to-crack alloy steel forging according to claim 1, wherein the forging process comprises the following steps of: in the third step, the blank needs to be subjected to proper preheating treatment before the raw materials enter the forging process so as to improve the plasticity and the deformability of the blank, the preheating temperature is between 700 ℃ and 900 ℃, and the preheating and heat preserving time is between 45 and 60 minutes/100 mm.
5. The forging process for intelligently preventing cracks of the easy-to-crack alloy steel forging according to claim 1, wherein the forging process comprises the following steps of: in the fourth step, the homogenization treatment is specifically carried out by adopting a heat treatment mode, the blank is placed in a homogenization furnace, the temperature is kept for 60-90 minutes/100 mm at 1270-1300 ℃, and then the blank is slowly cooled to room temperature. Then heating to the initial forging temperature to recrystallize.
6. The forging process for intelligently preventing cracks of the easy-to-crack alloy steel forging according to claim 1, wherein the forging process comprises the following steps of: in the sixth step, the nondestructive testing technology specifically adopts ultrasonic testing, magnetic powder testing or ray testing to detect defects and cracks in the forge piece.
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| CN202311663383.6A CN117620048A (en) | 2023-12-06 | 2023-12-06 | Forging process capable of intelligently preventing easy-to-crack alloy steel forgings from cracking |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN118863774A (en) * | 2024-06-11 | 2024-10-29 | 湖北金盛兰冶金科技有限公司 | An intelligent management system for steel processing |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN118863774A (en) * | 2024-06-11 | 2024-10-29 | 湖北金盛兰冶金科技有限公司 | An intelligent management system for steel processing |
| CN118863774B (en) * | 2024-06-11 | 2025-06-10 | 湖北金盛兰冶金科技有限公司 | An intelligent management system for steel processing |
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