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CN100350153C - 风力发电设备 - Google Patents

风力发电设备 Download PDF

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CN100350153C
CN100350153C CNB008139466A CN00813946A CN100350153C CN 100350153 C CN100350153 C CN 100350153C CN B008139466 A CNB008139466 A CN B008139466A CN 00813946 A CN00813946 A CN 00813946A CN 100350153 C CN100350153 C CN 100350153C
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synchronous generator
power plant
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rectifier
rotor winding
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CN1615401A (zh
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L·菲德尔森
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Vestas Wind Systems AS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks via a high-tension DC link
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0272—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor by measures acting on the electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/14—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field
    • H02P9/26—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H02P9/30—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7064—Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type
    • F05B2220/70642—Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type of the synchronous type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/103—Purpose of the control system to affect the output of the engine
    • F05B2270/1033—Power (if explicitly mentioned)
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
    • H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

一种风力发电设备，其中，传动轴任选地通过齿轮(2)与同步发生器(3)相通，如果有变压器，即通过AC/DC变换器(7)与HVDC传输电缆(9)相通。同步发生器(3)与磁场控制器(4)相接。响应输出参数，比如同步发生器(3)所产生功率的变化，所述磁场控制器(4)适于改变同步发生器中的磁场，从而使所述输出功率稳定。结果，可能补偿旋转速度的变化。

Description

风力发电设备
技术领域
本发明涉及风力发电设备，其中，传动轴可任选地通过一齿轮与一同步发电机相通，有n输出绕组的变压器通过AC/DC整流器与HVDC传输电缆相通，并采取了措施以防旋转速度可能变化。
使用DC传输电缆意味着无需考虑电缆产生的电容性负载。此外，还可能将HVDC传输电缆做得比AC传输电缆长。AC传输电缆不得超过所谓的“临界长度”。
背景技术
WO97/45908公开了一风力发电园，其中每一个风力涡轮机都装一同步发电机。同步发电机的输出功率由AC/DC整流器整流，通过DC传输电缆传送到DC/AC变换器与变压器以便传送到区域供电网。AC/DC整流器包括受控整流器，能由专门控制电路通过适当控制对可能的旋转速度变化进行补偿。然而，这种控制电路相当复杂。
WO92/45908公开了一种可变速风力涡轮机，包括提供AC功率的有源功率变换器。这些功率变换器包括有源受控整流器并要求有昂贵的控制电路。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供风力涡轮设备，其中每台风力涡轮机能经受突如其来的狂风，而且结构远比迄今已有的设备简单。
根据本发明，提供一种风力发电设备，其传动轴任选地通过齿轮与同步发电机相通，所述同步发电机并跟带有n输出绕组的变压器相通，所述变压器通过AC/DC整流器与HVDC传输电缆相通，所述风力发电设备包括用于补偿旋转速度可能变化的装置，其特征在于：所述用于补偿旋转速度可能变化的装置包括一接于所述同步发电机的磁场控制器，所述磁场控制器适于响应所述同步发电机的取决于旋转速度的输出参数改变同步发电机中的磁场，以便补偿旋转速度可能的变化，所述AC/DC整流器是无源AC/DC整流器。
此外，可控整流器及相关控制电路就可省去了，否则就要用来补偿可能的旋转速度变化。
另外，根据本发明，磁场控制器可适于检测同步发电机产生的电流，由通过转子绕组调节电流的磁场控制器建立负反馈。
此外，根据本发明，磁场控制器可适于检测同步发电机产生的电压，由所述磁场控制器建立负反馈。
此外，根据本发明，磁场控制器可适于检测同步发电机产生的功率，由所述磁场控制器建立负反馈。
还有，根据本发明，负反馈可包括P、I或D调节，也可任选地包括所述调节的组合。
而且，根据本发明，同步发电机的转子的电感可做得相对低一点。其结果是，可降低磁场控制器的时间常数。
还有，根据本发明，转子可适于相对高速旋转。结果可进一步降低转子的电感。
再者，当发电机是多极的，就可能进一步降低转子的电感。
附图说明
以下参照附图较详细地解释本发明，其中：
图1示出根据本发明的风力发电设备，其中包括同步发电机和AC/DC整流器；
图2示出图1的同步发电机的磁场控制器；
图3示出与同步发电机相接的变压器；
图4示出整个设备，其中AC/DC整流器比较详细；以及
图5示出对同步发电机施加各种磁化电流时电压与旋转速度的关系曲线。
具体实施方式
图1所示的风力发电设备包括若干跟任选地通过齿轮2与同步发电机3相通的轮轴固定的臂1。该同步发电机3最好是常规三相同步发电机，其能量供给不包括集流环的转子绕组。同步发电机3的三相输出通过可能的三相变压器5与AC/DC整流器7相通。AC/DC整流器7为DC传输电缆9提供DC电压。高压整流器7的最简单的实施例是由串连连接的普通二极管形成，故为无源整流器。二极管的串连连接靠变压器5的输出上的几个输出绕组确立。用这种方式，电压降至所有二极管上，发电机/变压器中的谐波流随之降低。把三相变压器5设计或如图3所示，其中初级侧跟发电机输出相连，并包括星型连接，二级侧跟AC/DC整流器7相连，并包括由Δ-连接和组合的Δ-星型连接。变压器5的二级侧产生的电压以所谓B 6二极管桥的形式传送给AC/DC整流器，参照图4。该B 6二极管桥总共包括18个整流器元件，即每一二级绕组上六个，其中每一二级绕组的三相导体之一跟以同一方向连接的两整流元件的连接点相接，所述三对整流元件并联连接。与三个二级绕组中每一个相关的整流器元件的并联连接此后为串连连接，其结果将HVDC电压由组合的整流器元件的连接传送给HVDC传输电缆9。该传送电缆可以为几公里长，比如10公里。用这种DC传输电缆9而不用AC电缆的优越性在于其长度可随机甚至几乎无限制。这样临界长度就不存在AC电缆那样的问题。DC传输电缆9的末端可与转换成主频率的常规DC/AC变换器相接，并且可任选地通过三相变压器与区域供电网连接。当然已采取措施保证DC/AC变换器7产生的交流电压与区域供电网同相位。
当然还有一需求，即以根据风速的旋转速度操作风力发电设备的可能性。然而，旋转速度的提高意味着产生高电压，因为电压与旋转速度成正比，参见图5的曲线。但输出电压也跟发电机3的磁场成正比，这可用于转速变化时稳定电压。根据本发明，后者已通过检测发电机3的输出参数的磁场控制器4获得，比如电流、电压或其乘积。磁场控制器4响应输出参数调节对发电机转子绕组的电流供给。结果，形成负反馈，即当输出功率增加，供给转子绕组3a的电流减少，从而系统自动找平衡。当转速比如增至相对于普通转速的130％时，对转子绕组3a的磁化电流减至80％，参见图5。相反，当转速比如减至相对于普通转速的80％时，对转子绕组3a的磁化电流增至130％。
图2较详细示出磁场控制器4的实施例，在三相发电机的两相分别检测了电流IG1、IG2和电压UG1、UHG2。这些参数值成对倍增以获得输出功率Pgen的表达式。这一输出功率Pgen与参考值Pref比较，两者之差，即误差信号，转送到调节单元11。响应这一误差信号，调节单元产生一磁化电流Im的值，该磁化电流可任选地通过PWM12(脉宽调制器)与控制供给转子绕组电流的放大功率晶体管13传送给转子绕组。负反馈由参考功率ref减去检测功率gen而得。结果，测得的增加功率Pgen意味着误差信号减小，供给转子绕组的功率也减小。
发电机3磁化的功率一般为发电机标定功率的1％。
磁化部分可任选地由永磁铁提供，其中电磁化用来控制旋转速度。旋转速度向下由于转子绕组有限的热性能和发电机的磁结构，即磁饱和的影响而受到最大磁化电流的限制。为了扩大旋转速度的下限，发电机由代表增加标定输出电压的附加输出提供，或变压器由代表降低标定电压的输入提供是有利的。这些附加的输入仅为低功率而设，因为转速低时风能低。
根据特别有利的实施例，风力涡轮机包括一带有n输出绕组跟整流器串连连接的变压器，故而获得HVDC。输出绕组可以星型或△型或两者组合以便得到正弦输入电流。

Claims (12)

1.一种风力发电设备，其传动轴通过齿轮(2)与同步发电机(3)相通，所述同步发电机(3)并跟带有n输出绕组的变压器相通，所述变压器通过AC/DC整流器与HVDC传输电缆(9)相通，所述风力发电设备包括用于补偿旋转速度可能变化的装置，其特征在于：所述用于补偿旋转速度可能变化的装置包括一接于所述同步发电机(3)的磁场控制器(4)，所述磁场控制器(4)适于响应所述同步发电机(3)的取决于旋转速度的输出参数改变同步发电机(3)中的磁场，以便补偿旋转速度可能的变化，所述AC/DC整流器是无源AC/DC整流器。
2.如权利要求1所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述AC/DC整流器的整流元件只包括二极管。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述磁场控制器(4)适于检测同步发电机(3)产生的电流(IG1、IG2)，其中建立负反馈以便通过所述同步发电机(3)的转子绕组调节磁化电流。
4.如权利要求3所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：通过所述转子绕组调节磁化电流的负反馈包括P、I或D调节器，或其组合。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述磁场控制器(4)适于检测同步发电机(3)产生的电压(UG1、UG2)，并且其中建立负反馈以便通过所述同步发电机(3)的转子绕组调节磁化电流。
6.如权利要求5所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：通过所述转子绕组调节磁化电流的负反馈包括P、I或D调节器，或其组合。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述磁场控制器(4)适于检测同步发电机(3)产生的功率，并且其中建立负反馈以便响应检测到的功率通过所述同步发电机(3)的转子绕组调节磁化电流。
8.如权利要求7所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：通过所述转子绕组调节磁化电流的负反馈包括P、I或D调节器，或其组合。
9.如权利要求3所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述同步发电机(3)的转子绕组具有低的电感。
10.如权利要求3所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述同步发电机(3)的转子可适于高速旋转，从而可进一步降低所述转子绕组的电感。
11.如权利要求1所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述同步发电机(3)是多极的。
12.如权利要求1所述的风力发电设备，其特征在于：所述风力发电设备还包括一个n输出绕组跟n整流器串连的变压器以获得HVDC。
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