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    Slow epidemic extinction in populations with heterogeneous infection rates

    C. Buono1, F. Vazquez2,3, P. A. Macri1, and L. A. Braunstein1,4

    • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata UNMdP-CONICET and Departamento de Física FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
    • 2Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Komplexer Systeme Nöthnitzer Str. 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
    • 3Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos UNLP-CONICET, Calle 59 Nro 789 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
    • 4Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA

    Phys. Rev. E 88, 022813 – Published 26 August, 2013

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.88.022813

    Abstract

    We explore how heterogeneity in the intensity of interactions between people affects epidemic spreading. For that, we study the susceptible-infected-susceptible model on a complex network, where a link connecting individuals i and j is endowed with an infection rate βij=λwij proportional to the intensity of their contact wij, with a distribution P(wij) taken from face-to-face experiments analyzed in Cattuto et al. [PLoS ONE 5, e11596 (2010)]. We find an extremely slow decay of the fraction of infected individuals, for a wide range of the control parameter λ. Using a distribution of width a we identify two large regions in the aλ space with anomalous behaviors, which are reminiscent of rare region effects (Griffiths phases) found in models with quenched disorder. We show that the slow approach to extinction is caused by isolated small groups of highly interacting individuals, which keep epidemics alive for very long times. A mean-field approximation and a percolation approach capture with very good accuracy the absorbing-active transition line for weak (small a) and strong (large a) disorder, respectively.

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