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Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome-wide association studies

Nature Genetics volume 38, pages 209–213 (2006)Cite this article

A Corrigendum to this article was published on 01 March 2006

Abstract

Genome-wide association is a promising approach to identify common genetic variants that predispose to human disease1,2,3,4. Because of the high cost of genotyping hundreds of thousands of markers on thousands of subjects, genome-wide association studies often follow a staged design in which a proportion (πsamples) of the available samples are genotyped on a large number of markers in stage 1, and a proportion (πsamples) of these markers are later followed up by genotyping them on the remaining samples in stage 2. The standard strategy for analyzing such two-stage data is to view stage 2 as a replication study and focus on findings that reach statistical significance when stage 2 data are considered alone2. We demonstrate that the alternative strategy of jointly analyzing the data from both stages almost always results in increased power to detect genetic association, despite the need to use more stringent significance levels, even when effect sizes differ between the two stages. We recommend joint analysis for all two-stage genome-wide association studies, especially when a relatively large proportion of the samples are genotyped in stage 1 (πsamples ≥ 0.30), and a relatively large proportion of markers are selected for follow-up in stage 2 (πmarkers ≥ 0.01).

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Figure 1: Power of a two-stage design for joint and replication-based analysis with 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls genotyped on 300,000 independent markers with αgenome = 0.05.
Figure 2: Power of a two-stage design for joint and replication-based analysis with 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls genotyped on 300,000 independent markers with αgenome = 0.05, using a GRR of 1.40 and prevalence of 0.10.
Figure 3: Power of a two-stage design for joint and replication-based analysis with 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls genotyped on 300,000 independent markers with αgenome = 0.05, using a GRR of 1.40 and prevalence of 0.10.
Figure 4: Power of a two-stage design for joint and replication-based analyses in the presence of between-stage heterogeneity with 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls genotyped on 300,000 independent markers with αgenome = 0.05.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the US National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, 48109-2029, Michigan, USA

    Andrew D Skol, Laura J Scott, Gonçalo R Abecasis & Michael Boehnke

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  1. Andrew D Skol
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  3. Gonçalo R Abecasis
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  4. Michael Boehnke
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Correspondence to Michael Boehnke.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Table 1

Significance thresholds and power of joint and replication-based analysis for a number of two-stage genome-wide association designs. (PDF 219 kb)

Supplementary Table 2

Power of joint and replication-based analysis for a number of two-stage genome-wide association designs. (PDF 190 kb)

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Skol, A., Scott, L., Abecasis, G. et al. Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 38, 209–213 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1706

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