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Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

Nature Genetics volume 44, pages 981–990 (2012)Cite this article

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Abstract

To extend understanding of the genetic architecture and molecular basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), we conducted a meta-analysis of genetic variants on the Metabochip, including 34,840 cases and 114,981 controls, overwhelmingly of European descent. We identified ten previously unreported T2D susceptibility loci, including two showing sex-differentiated association. Genome-wide analyses of these data are consistent with a long tail of additional common variant loci explaining much of the variation in susceptibility to T2D. Exploration of the enlarged set of susceptibility loci implicates several processes, including CREBBP-related transcription, adipocytokine signaling and cell cycle regulation, in diabetes pathogenesis.

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Figure 1: Distribution of Z scores from the stage 2 meta-analysis, aligned to the risk allele from stage 1.
Figure 2: Regional plots of T2D susceptibility loci with evidence of multiple association signals.
Figure 3: Functional analyses.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this study was provided by the Academy of Finland (77299, 102318, 110413, 118065, 123885, 124243, 129680, 129293, 129494, 136895, 139635, 141005, 213506 and 251217); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France); the American Diabetes Association (7-08-MN-OK); Association Française des Diabétiques; Association de Langue Française pour l'Etude du Diabète et des Maladies Métaboliques (France); Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire (France); British Diabetic Association (BDA) Research (UK); the British Heart Foundation (RG/98002 and RG2008/08); Cancer Research UK; the Central Norway Health Authority; the Central Finland Hospital District; the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) (USA); the Chief Scientist Office, Scotland (CZB/4/672); the City of Kuopio (Finland); the City of Leutkirch (Germany); the Department of Health (UK); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ER1 55/6-2); Diabetes UK; the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (USA); the Estonian government (SF0180142s0); the European Commission: ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007- 201413), EXGENESIS (LSHM-CT-2004-005272), 245536, QLG1-CT-2002-00896 and 2004310; the European Commission (Marie Curie: FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IEF); the European Regional Development Fund; the Faculty of Medicine at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology; the Finnish Diabetes Association; the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; the Finnish Heart Association; the Finnish Medical Society; the Folkhälsan Research Foundation (Finland); the Food Standards Agency (UK); the Foundation for Life and Health in Finland; the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Federal Ministry of Health (Germany); the General Secretary of Research and Technology (Greece); the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD); the German Research Council (GRK 1041); the Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River region of Western Australia; Groupe d'Etude des Maladies Métaboliques et Systémiques (France); Harvard Medical School (USA); the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany); Helmholtz Zentrum München–Research Center for Environment and Health (Germany); the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Foundation (Finland); IngaBritt and Arne Lundberg's Research Foundation (Sweden) (grant 359); the Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente) (Italy); Karolinska Institutet (Sweden); the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden) (KAW 2009.0243); Kuopio University Hospital (Finland); the Municipal Heath Care Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland; the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Finland); the Ministry of Education and Culture (Finland) (627; 2004–2011); the Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany); the Medical Research Council (UK) (G0000649 and G0601261); an MRC-GSK pilot programme grant (UK); the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) (Germany); the National Genome Research Network (NGFN) (Germany); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, HHSN268201100012C, R01HL087641, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, N01HC25195 and N02HL64278); the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (U01HG004402 and N01HG65403); the US National Institutes of Health (USA) (HHSN268200625226C, UL1RR025005, U01HG004399, 1R21NS064908, 1Z01HG000024, AG028555, AG08724, AG04563, AG10175, AG08861 and CA055075); the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (DK062370, DK058845, DK072193, DK078616, DK080140 and DK073490); the Närpes Health Care Foundation (Finland); the National Health Screening Service of Norway; the National Institute of Health Research (UK); the National Institute for Health and Welfare (Finland); the Nord-Trøndelag County Council (Norway); the Nordic Center of Excellence in Disease Genetics; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; the Norwegian Research Council; Novo Nordisk Fonden (Denmark); the Ollqvist Foundation (Sweden); the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (UK); the Paavo Nurmi Foundation (Finland); the Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation (Finland); the Perklén Foundation (Sweden); Pfizer; the Pirkanmaa Hospital District (Finland); Programme National de Recherche sur le Diabète (France); Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (French Ministry of Health); the Region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Contrat de Projets Etat-Région) (France); Research into Ageing (UK); the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; Sarstedt AG & Co. (Germany); the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation (Sweden); the Slottery Machine Association (Finland); the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); the South OstroBothnia Hospital District (Finland); the State of Baden-Württemberg, Germany; the Stockholm County Council (560183 and 562183); Stroke Association (UK); the Swedish Research Council (8691, 09533, 2009-1039, Dnr 521-2010-3490, Dnr 521-2007-4037, Dnr 521-2008-2974, Dnr 825-2010-5983 and Dnr 349-2008-6589); the Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland; the Swedish Diabetes Foundation; the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation; the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; the Swedish Society of Medicine; the Swedish Research Council; the Swedish Research Council for Infrastructures; The Sigrid Juselius Foundation (Finland); the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (Sweden) (MT33/09); University Hospital Essen (Germany); University of Tromsø (Norway); Uppsala University (Sweden); Uppsala University Hospital (Sweden); and the Wellcome Trust (GR072960, 076113, 077016, 081682, 083948, 083270, 084711, 086596, 090367, 090532 and 098051). A more detailed set of acknowledgments is provided in the Supplementary Note.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Leena Peltonen and David Altshuler: Deceased.

  2. Andrew P Morris, Benjamin F Voight, Tanya M Teslovich, Teresa Ferreira and Ayellet V Segrè: These authors contributed equally to this work.

  3. David Altshuler, Michael Boehnke and Mark I McCarthy: These authors jointly directed this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Andrew P Morris, Teresa Ferreira, Anubha Mahajan, Inga Prokopenko, Ashish Kumar, Vasiliki Lagou, Cecilia M Lindgren, N William Rayner, Steven Wiltshire, Antigone S Dimas, John R B Perry, Neil Robertson, Ghazala Mirza, Joseph Trakalo, Peter J Donnelly & Mark I McCarthy

  2. Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Benjamin F Voight, Ayellet V Segrè, Elizabeth J Rossin, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Pierre Fontanillas, Noël Burtt, Jason Carey, Andrew T Crenshaw, George B Grant, Candace Guiducci, Melissa Parkin, Wendy Winckler, Sekar Kathiresan & David Altshuler

  3. Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania–Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Benjamin F Voight

  4. Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Tanya M Teslovich, Hyun Min Kang, Laura J Scott, Heather M Stringham, Anne U Jackson, Goncalo R Abecasis & Michael Boehnke

  5. Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Ayellet V Segrè, Elizabeth J Rossin, Jose C Florez, Sekar Kathiresan & David Altshuler

  6. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Ayellet V Segrè, Jose C Florez, James B Meigs & David Altshuler

  7. deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Augustine Kong, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson

  8. Department of Medicine Solna, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Rona J Strawbridge, Karl Gertow, Bengt Sennblad, Angela Silveira & Anders Hamsten

  9. Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden

    Rona J Strawbridge, Karl Gertow, Bengt Sennblad, Angela Silveira & Anders Hamsten

  10. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Hassan Khan, Kay-Tee Khaw, Danish Saleheen & John Danesh

  11. Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany

    Harald Grallert, Norman Klopp & Thomas Illig

  12. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Inga Prokopenko, N William Rayner, Neil Robertson, Christopher J Groves, Katharine R Owen & Mark I McCarthy

  13. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, Nantes, France

    Christian Dina

  14. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, Nantes, France

    Christian Dina

  15. Department of Biology, Medicine and Health, Nantes University, Nantes, France

    Christian Dina

  16. Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Tonu Esko, Krista Fischer, Kaarel Krjutškov & Andres Metspalu

  17. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Tonu Esko & Andres Metspalu

  18. Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Ross M Fraser, Harry Campbell, Jackie F Price & James F Wilson

  19. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

    Stavroula Kanoni, Sarah E Hunt, Simon Potter, Kathleen Stirrups, Sarah Edkins, Cordelia Langford, Eleftheria Zeggini, Ines Barroso, Samuli Ripatti & Panos Deloukas

  20. Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

    Claudia Langenberg, Jian'an Luan, Ruth J F Loos, Nita G Forouhi & Nicholas J Wareham

  21. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

    Martina Müller-Nurasyid

  22. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany

    Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Julia Meyer & Christian Gieger

  23. Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

    Martina Müller-Nurasyid

  24. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Sonali Pechlivanis, Karl-Heinz Jöckel & Susanne Moebus

  25. CNRS UMR 8199, Institute of Biology and Lille 2 University, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France

    Loic Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stephane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel

  26. Laboratory of Mathematics, CNRS UMR 8524, University Lille 1, Model for Data Analysis and Learning (MODAL) Team, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA) Lille Nord-Europe, Lille, France

    Loic Yengo

  27. Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Leena Kinnunen & Jaakko Tuomilehto

  28. Health Science and Technology MD Program, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Elizabeth J Rossin

  29. Harvard Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Elizabeth J Rossin

  30. Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Soumya Raychaudhuri

  31. Partners Center for Personalized Genomic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Soumya Raychaudhuri

  32. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA

    Andrew D Johnson, Caroline Fox & Josée Dupuis

  33. Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland

    Antigone S Dimas

  34. Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al Fleming, Vari, Greece

    Antigone S Dimas

  35. Charles R Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

    Ruth J F Loos

  36. Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

    Ruth J F Loos

  37. Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

    Ruth J F Loos

  38. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Sailaja Vedantam & Jose C Florez

  39. Division of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sailaja Vedantam

  40. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Han Chen, Ching-Ti Liu & Josée Dupuis

  41. Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Jose C Florez

  42. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Caroline Fox

  43. Boston University Data Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Denis Rybin

  44. Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    David J Couper

  45. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Wen Hong L Kao & Man Li

  46. Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Marilyn C Cornelis, Peter Kraft, Qi Sun, Rob M van Dam, David J Hunter, Lu Qi & Frank Hu

  47. Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Peter Kraft & David J Hunter

  48. Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Qi Sun, David J Hunter, Lu Qi & Frank Hu

  49. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore

    Rob M van Dam

  50. National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Peter S Chines, Lori L Bonnycastle & Francis S Collins

  51. Department of Public Health and General Practice, Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway

    Oddgeir L Holmen, Carl G P Platou & Kristian Hveem

  52. Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Robert Lawrence

  53. Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    John R B Perry, Andrew R Wood & Timothy M Frayling

  54. Department of Internal Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust, Levanger, Norway

    Carl G P Platou

  55. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Emil Rehnberg, Nancy L Pedersen & Erik Ingelsson

  56. Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Suthesh Sivapalaratnam, Mieke D Trip & Kees Hovingh

  57. Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Alena Stančáková, Markku Laakso & Johanna Kuusisto

  58. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland

    Emmi Tikkanen & Samuli Ripatti

  59. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Emmi Tikkanen, Satu Männistö, Johan G Eriksson, Samuli Ripatti & Veikko Salomaa

  60. Department of Clinical Science Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Peter Almgren, Mozhgan Dorkhan, Anna Jonsson, Jasmina Kravic, Eero Lindholm, Valeriya Lyssenko, Olle Melander, Peter M Nilsson & Leif C Groop

  61. Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Mustafa Atalay & Timo A Lakka

  62. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Rafn Benediktsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson

  63. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Rafn Benediktsson, Astradur B Hreidarsson & Gunnar Sigurðsson

  64. Endocrinology-Diabetology Unit, Corbeil-Essonnes Hospital, Corbeil-Essonnes, France

    Guillaume Charpentier

  65. Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

    Alex S F Doney, Colin N A Palmer & Andrew D Morris

  66. Pharmacogenomics Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

    Alex S F Doney, Colin N A Palmer & Andrew D Morris

  67. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland

    Valur Emilsson & Gunnar Sigurðsson

  68. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Tom Forsen & Johan G Eriksson

  69. Vaasa Health Care Centre, Vaasa, Finland

    Tom Forsen

  70. Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Bruna Gigante, Karin Leander & Ulf de Faire

  71. Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Christian Herder & Michael Roden

  72. Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Jennie Hui, Alan James, Bill Musk & John Beilby

  73. PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Jennie Hui & John Beilby

  74. School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Jennie Hui & John Beilby

  75. School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Jennie Hui & Bill Musk

  76. Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Alan James

  77. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Alan James & Bill Musk

  78. Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Wolfgang Rathmann

  79. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas W Mühleisen & Markus M Nöthen

  80. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas W Mühleisen & Markus M Nöthen

  81. Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    Bill Musk

  82. Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece

    Loukianos Rallidis

  83. South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland

    Jouko Saramies

  84. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London (UCL) Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK

    Sonia Shah & Delilah Zabaneh

  85. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratory, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Gerald Steinbach & Roman Wennauer

  86. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany

    Barbara Thorand & Annette Peters

  87. Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

    Fabrizio Veglia, Damiano Baldassarre & Elena Tremoli

  88. MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Harry Campbell & James F Wilson

  89. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Cornelia van Duijn, Andre G Uitterlinden & Albert Hofman

  90. Netherland Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing and Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Cornelia van Duijn & Andre G Uitterlinden

  91. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Andre G Uitterlinden & Eric Sijbrands

  92. Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

    Katharine R Owen & Mark I McCarthy

  93. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ann-Christine Syvänen

  94. Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University General Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Johan G Eriksson

  95. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

    Johan G Eriksson, Tiinamaija Tuomi & Bo Isomaa

  96. INSERM CESP U1018, Villejuif, France

    Beverley Balkau

  97. University Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France

    Beverley Balkau

  98. Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Tiinamaija Tuomi

  99. Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland

    Bo Isomaa

  100. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Alan R Shuldiner

  101. Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Alan R Shuldiner

  102. Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Alan R Shuldiner

  103. Department of Medicine/Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Michael Roden

  104. University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

    Ines Barroso

  105. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

    Ines Barroso

  106. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

    Tom Wilsgaard & Inger Njølstad

  107. Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

    Rainer Rauramaa & Timo A Lakka

  108. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Rainer Rauramaa

  109. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden

    Lars Lind

  110. Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

    George Dedoussis

  111. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  112. Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  113. Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland

    Timo E Saaristo

  114. Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland

    Timo E Saaristo

  115. Department of Internal Medicine, South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland

    Eeva Korpi-Hyövälti & Jaakko Tuomilehto

  116. Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Juha Saltevo

  117. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Karen L Mohlke

  118. Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Richard N Bergman

  119. Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  120. Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  121. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Bernhard O Boehm

  122. Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

    Philippe Froguel

  123. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Damiano Baldassarre & Elena Tremoli

  124. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK

    Steve E Humphries

  125. Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan

    Danish Saleheen

  126. Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Raimund Erbel

  127. Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Thomas Illig

  128. Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Peter J Donnelly

  129. Diabetes Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Andrew T Hattersley

  130. Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  131. Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  132. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sekar Kathiresan

  133. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    James S Pankow

  134. General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    James B Meigs

  135. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

  136. Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

  137. Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

Consortia

the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) Consortium

  • Andrew P Morris
  • , Benjamin F Voight
  • , Tanya M Teslovich
  • , Teresa Ferreira
  • , Ayellet V Segrè
  • , Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir
  • , Rona J Strawbridge
  • , Hassan Khan
  • , Harald Grallert
  • , Anubha Mahajan
  • , Inga Prokopenko
  • , Hyun Min Kang
  • , Christian Dina
  • , Tonu Esko
  • , Ross M Fraser
  • , Stavroula Kanoni
  • , Ashish Kumar
  • , Vasiliki Lagou
  • , Claudia Langenberg
  • , Jian'an Luan
  • , Cecilia M Lindgren
  • , Martina Müller-Nurasyid
  • , Sonali Pechlivanis
  • , N William Rayner
  • , Laura J Scott
  • , Steven Wiltshire
  • , Loic Yengo
  • , Leena Kinnunen
  • , Elizabeth J Rossin
  • , Soumya Raychaudhuri
  • , Andrew D Johnson
  • , Antigone S Dimas
  • , Ruth J F Loos
  • , Sailaja Vedantam
  • , Han Chen
  • , Jose C Florez
  • , Caroline Fox
  • , Ching-Ti Liu
  • , Denis Rybin
  • , David J Couper
  • , Wen Hong L Kao
  • , Man Li
  • , Marilyn C Cornelis
  • , Peter Kraft
  • , Qi Sun
  • , Rob M van Dam
  • , Heather M Stringham
  • , Peter S Chines
  • , Krista Fischer
  • , Pierre Fontanillas
  • , Oddgeir L Holmen
  • , Sarah E Hunt
  • , Anne U Jackson
  • , Augustine Kong
  • , Robert Lawrence
  • , Julia Meyer
  • , John R B Perry
  • , Carl G P Platou
  • , Simon Potter
  • , Emil Rehnberg
  • , Neil Robertson
  • , Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
  • , Alena Stančáková
  • , Kathleen Stirrups
  • , Gudmar Thorleifsson
  • , Emmi Tikkanen
  • , Andrew R Wood
  • , Peter Almgren
  • , Mustafa Atalay
  • , Rafn Benediktsson
  • , Lori L Bonnycastle
  • , Noël Burtt
  • , Jason Carey
  • , Guillaume Charpentier
  • , Andrew T Crenshaw
  • , Alex S F Doney
  • , Mozhgan Dorkhan
  • , Sarah Edkins
  • , Valur Emilsson
  • , Elodie Eury
  • , Tom Forsen
  • , Karl Gertow
  • , Bruna Gigante
  • , George B Grant
  • , Christopher J Groves
  • , Candace Guiducci
  • , Christian Herder
  • , Astradur B Hreidarsson
  • , Jennie Hui
  • , Alan James
  • , Anna Jonsson
  • , Wolfgang Rathmann
  • , Norman Klopp
  • , Jasmina Kravic
  • , Kaarel Krjutškov
  • , Cordelia Langford
  • , Karin Leander
  • , Eero Lindholm
  • , Stéphane Lobbens
  • , Satu Männistö
  • , Ghazala Mirza
  • , Thomas W Mühleisen
  • , Bill Musk
  • , Melissa Parkin
  • , Loukianos Rallidis
  • , Jouko Saramies
  • , Bengt Sennblad
  • , Sonia Shah
  • , Gunnar Sigurðsson
  • , Angela Silveira
  • , Gerald Steinbach
  • , Barbara Thorand
  • , Joseph Trakalo
  • , Fabrizio Veglia
  • , Roman Wennauer
  • , Wendy Winckler
  • , Delilah Zabaneh
  • , Harry Campbell
  • , Cornelia van Duijn
  • , Andre G Uitterlinden
  • , Albert Hofman
  • , Eric Sijbrands
  • , Goncalo R Abecasis
  • , Katharine R Owen
  • , Eleftheria Zeggini
  • , Mieke D Trip
  • , Nita G Forouhi
  • , Ann-Christine Syvänen
  • , Johan G Eriksson
  • , Leena Peltonen
  • , Markus M Nöthen
  • , Beverley Balkau
  • , Colin N A Palmer
  • , Valeriya Lyssenko
  • , Tiinamaija Tuomi
  • , Bo Isomaa
  • , David J Hunter
  • , Lu Qi
  • , Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium
  • , Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium (MAGIC) Investigators
  • , Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium
  • , Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network–Type 2 Diabetes (AGEN-T2D) Consortium
  • , South Asian Type 2 Diabetes (SAT2D) Consortium
  • , Alan R Shuldiner
  • , Michael Roden
  • , Ines Barroso
  • , Tom Wilsgaard
  • , John Beilby
  • , Kees Hovingh
  • , Jackie F Price
  • , James F Wilson
  • , Rainer Rauramaa
  • , Timo A Lakka
  • , Lars Lind
  • , George Dedoussis
  • , Inger Njølstad
  • , Nancy L Pedersen
  • , Kay-Tee Khaw
  • , Nicholas J Wareham
  • , Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
  • , Timo E Saaristo
  • , Eeva Korpi-Hyövälti
  • , Juha Saltevo
  • , Markku Laakso
  • , Johanna Kuusisto
  • , Andres Metspalu
  • , Francis S Collins
  • , Karen L Mohlke
  • , Richard N Bergman
  • , Jaakko Tuomilehto
  • , Bernhard O Boehm
  • , Christian Gieger
  • , Kristian Hveem
  • , Stephane Cauchi
  • , Philippe Froguel
  • , Damiano Baldassarre
  • , Elena Tremoli
  • , Steve E Humphries
  • , Danish Saleheen
  • , John Danesh
  • , Erik Ingelsson
  • , Samuli Ripatti
  • , Veikko Salomaa
  • , Raimund Erbel
  • , Karl-Heinz Jöckel
  • , Susanne Moebus
  • , Annette Peters
  • , Thomas Illig
  • , Ulf de Faire
  • , Anders Hamsten
  • , Andrew D Morris
  • , Peter J Donnelly
  • , Timothy M Frayling
  • , Andrew T Hattersley
  • , Eric Boerwinkle
  • , Olle Melander
  • , Sekar Kathiresan
  • , Peter M Nilsson
  • , Panos Deloukas
  • , Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
  • , Leif C Groop
  • , Kari Stefansson
  • , Frank Hu
  • , James S Pankow
  • , Josée Dupuis
  • , James B Meigs
  • , David Altshuler
  • , Michael Boehnke
  •  & Mark I McCarthy

Contributions

Writing group: A.P.M., B.F.V., T.M.T., T. Ferreira, A.V.S., V. Steinthorsdottir, R.J.S., H.K., H.G., A. Mahajan, I.P., M.B. and M.I.M.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Andrew P Morris, Michael Boehnke or Mark I McCarthy.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

V.S., G.T., U.T. and K.S. are employees at deCODE genetics, a biotechnology company that provides genetic testing services, and own stock and/or stock options in the company. J.F. received consulting honoraria from Novartis, Eli Lilly and Pfizer. I.B. and spouse own stock in GlaxoSmithKline and Incyte.

Additional information

A full list of members is provided in the Supplementary Note.

A full list of members is provided in the Supplementary Note.

A full list of members is provided in the Supplementary Note.

A full list of members is provided in the Supplementary Note.

A full list of members is provided in the Supplementary Note.

Supplementary information

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Cite this article

the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) Consortium. Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 44, 981–990 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2383

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2383

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