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DNA methylation serves as a cellular memory system that is dynamically regulated through the action of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and TET proteins.
Phosphotyrosine regulates proteins in many ways. But its most important function is to serve as a docking site for other proteins that contain phosphotyrosine-binding domains (e.g., SH2) during signal transduction.
The major route for endocytosis in most cells is mediated by clathrin. Numerous proteins participate in forming a clathrin-coated pit, loading cargo, pinching off the membrane as a vesicle, and recycling the components.
The endosomal pathway may play a greater role in autophagy than just providing degradative enzymes in the lysosome. Contributions from several stages of the endocytic pathway may be essential for efficient autophagy.
Bacteria respire across their cell membranes and show little tendency to evolve complex traits. In eukaryotes, mitochondria energetically support the nuclear genome; this may have enabled the evolution of complex traits.
Thanks to next-generation sequencing, genome-scale data for taxonomically diverse species are rapidly being produced. Comparisons of these data have permitted the resolution of evolutionary relationships among eukaryotic supergroups.
Defects in endocytic machinery can affect the cellular distribution of lipids and proteins, leading to diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and lysosomal storage diseases.
Defining a population—whether it be by national borders, religious affiliation, ethnicity, race, language, or other criteria—has significant ramifications for human genetic research.
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