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Data on beetle, bird, plant and mammal occupancy of woodland sites in UK agricultural landscapes demonstrate how contemporary spatial spillovers and legacies of past land use interact to affect species richness and community composition.

Natural regeneration is one way that forests can recover after disturbance or deforestation, in addition to active restoration or reforestation. This Review, focused on tropical forests, discusses what is known about the extent and drivers of natural forest regeneration and its potential to contribute essential functions and services to people.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

A genome-wide association study meta-analysis combined with multiomics data of osteoarthritis identifies 700 effector genes as well as biological processes with a convergent involvement of multiple effector genes; 10% of these genes express the target of approved drugs.

How repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks contributes to mutagenesis is not understood. Here, the authors identify two mutagenic repair pathways in C. elegans: FAN1-mediated translesion synthesis causing SNVs, and POLQ-mediated end joining leading to deletions. They also uncover a role for TRAIP.

Factors limiting CNS remyelination with age are poorly understood. Here the authors show that aged Treg lose capacity to support CNS remyelination in mice, which can be restored in a young environment.

CRISPR–Cas9 screens in cultures of young and old neural stem cells (NSCs) and in vivo in old mice identify gene knockouts that can boost old NSC activation and neurogenesis, with Slc2a4, which encodes the glucose transporter GLUT4, showing particular efficacy.

A single-cell transcriptomic profile of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the brain across the mouse lifespan reveals aging-associated changes that contribute to the decline of oligodendrogenesis in the aged central nervous system.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection results from increased serum levels of TGFβ, which impairs the reactivation of virus-specific T cells.

Yeo and Zhou et al. profile whole-genome chromatin accessibility in different cell types of the adult neurogenic niche, which reveals a reversible decrease in the migration of proliferative neural stem cells in aged mice.

In a prespecified 3-year analysis of the KEN SHE trial, single-dose HPV vaccination was shown to be well tolerated and provided durable protection against cervical HPV infection in Kenyan women aged 15–20 years.

The effects of previous and contemporaneous consumption of animal-sourced foods on stunting in children under two years in Nepal, Uganda and Bangladesh are studied here, with implications for contextualizing the interpretation of sustainable, healthy diets.

In male mouse germline development, the precise DNA methylation of young, active transposons requires a two-step process in which SPIN1 and SPOCD1 mark young LINE1 elements before the piRNA pathway triggers DNA methylation.

Genomic analyses of large population-based cohorts uncover the genetic determinants of perivascular space burden, an MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease, across the lifespan, and reveal potential pathways implicated in the etiology of stroke and dementia.

An estimated area of 215 million hectares has the potential for natural forest regeneration across tropical forested countries and biomes, representing an above-ground carbon sequestration potential of 23.4 Gt C.

Moreno-Justicia and colleagues report transcriptomic and proteomic pipelines to explore heterogeneity within human skeletal muscle fibers, identifying sources of fiber heterogeneity in healthy individuals and children with nemaline myopathy.

This flagship study from the European Solve-Rare Diseases Consortium presents a diagnostic framework including bioinformatic analysis of clinical, pedigree and genomic data coupled with expert panel review, leading to 500 new diagnoses in a cohort of 6,000 families with suspected rare diseases.

This mega-analysis of brain resting-state functional connectivity in young individuals with major depressive disorder scanned at six sites across four countries identified hub regions of the attentional and default mode networks as predictors of depression severity.

Ancient genome-wide data of 722 individuals and interdisciplinary analysis of large seventh- to eighth-century ce neighbouring cemeteries near Vienna are used to address the impact of the encounter between Eastern Asian Avars and Europeans.

Increasing age and disease progression negatively impact remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis. Here authors show that genetically edited human oligodendrocyte precursor cells may help overcome remyelination inhibitors and improve remyelination after transplantation into mouse brain.

Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are the most common cancers in young men. Here, the authors analyse the genomic landscape of TGCT using data from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project, revealing divergent evolutionary trajectories and the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen loss.

Brigger et al. show that adipose tissue eosinophil dysfunction with age underpins physiological features of ageing, including global inflammation, loss of physical fitness and myeloid skewing. Eosinophils transferred from young to aged mice reversed these features and improved immunological fitness in old age, in part via IL-4.

By examining several cell-free biomimetic-collagen-based materials in murine and ovine bone-defect models, the twisted plywood pattern of collagen-based materials is shown to favourably influence bone regeneration and contributes to bone autograft performance.

Aged mesenchymal stem cells exhibit decreased osteogenesis. Pouikli et al. link impaired MSC differentiation to histone hypoacetylation caused by lower mitochondrial acetyl-CoA export due to enhanced lysosomal degradation of the citrate carrier Slc25a1. Restoring histone acetylation to youthful levels rescues osteogenesis.

Photochemical modelling suggests that H₂ outgassing from crustal hydration could have supported transient warming episodes on early Mars in a CO₂-rich atmosphere with abrupt transitions to cold climate states in a CO-rich atmosphere.

NADH and NAD+ act as electron donors and acceptors and NAD+ was shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic health. Here, the researchers developed and validated a non-invasive Phosphorous Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy method to non-invasively quantify NAD+ and NADH in muscle on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner.

This study reports the depletion of young Neandertal and Denisovan introgressed SNPs from gene regulatory enhancers in modern human genomes, as well as an association of enhancer pleiotropy with both the magnitude of archaic SNP depletion and the degree of intolerance to new mutations.

V1298 Tau b is a 20–30-Myr-old Jovian-sized planet with a haze-free, metal-poor atmosphere and a potentially hot interior. These properties suggest that V1298 Tau b formed in situ via pebble accretion and that it is still evolving and likely to become a Neptune- or sub-Neptune-sized planet.

Using live imaging, the study shows, in mice, that epithelial cells escape from the hair follicle stem cell compartment during aging. Stem cell escape is associated with reduced cell adhesion and extracellular matrix gene expression and leads to hair follicle miniaturization.

An analysis of the motions of six million stars in the Milky Way disk reveals substructures such as snail shells and ridges, indicating that our Galaxy has been recently perturbed.

In a network analysis investigating associations among loneliness, rumination and depressive symptoms, the authors find that ruminating specifically on loneliness modulated the relationship between loneliness and depression.

Humans have altered plant biogeography by introducing species from one region to another, but an analysis of how naturalized plant species affect the uniqueness of regional floras around the world was missing. This study presents an analysis using data from native and naturalized alien floras in 658 regions, finding strong taxonomic and phylogenetic floristic homogenization overall.

In this study, the authors show that oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination after a CNS lesion coincides with a switch in microglial/macrophage polarization from a pro-inflammatory, M1, phenotype to an anti-inflammatory, M2, phenotype. This M2-dependant effect was in part mediated by secretion of the TGFβ family member, Activin-A.

Hundreds of genetic loci associated with age at menopause, combined with experimental evidence in mice, highlight mechanisms of reproductive ageing across the lifespan.

In this study, Aggarwal and colleagues perform prospective sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 isolates derived from asymptomatic student screening and symptomatic testing of students and staff at the University of Cambridge. They identify important factors that contributed to within university transmission and onward spread into the wider community.

Assessing brain aging heterogeneity in a cohort of 49,482 individuals from 11 studies, a generative model identifies five dominant patterns of brain atrophy, with specific associations with biomedical, lifestyle and genetic factors.

Woven topologies endow macroscopic objects with mechanical stability, but their molecular counterparts have remained difficult to prepare. Now, an extended triaxial supramolecular weave has been formed by the self-assembly of a judiciously shaped organic building block — a rigid oligoproline segment featuring two perylene-monoimide moieties — through π–π stacking and CH–π interactions.