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GIANT, a genetically informed brain atlas, integrates genetic heritability with neuroanatomy. It shows strong neuroanatomical validity and surpasses traditional atlases in discovery power for brain imaging genomics.

The mechanisms that regulate the electrochemical equilibrium of condensates are not well understood. Now it has been shown that the aging process of biomolecular condensates can dynamically modulate the electrochemical equilibrium between phases, thereby affecting the physicochemical functions of condensates. This process potentially provides an active mechanism modulating intracellular ion flux.

Understanding the physical origin on hysteresis in organic electrochemical transistors is important for achieving non-volatility. Here, the authors report a thermodynamic framework that explains the emergence of bistable device operation via the interplay of enthalpy and entropy.

Smoking remains a leading cause of preventable death and disease. Here, the authors explore the link between smoking and DNA methylation using arrays and next generation sequencing, and develop mCigarette, an epigenetic biomarker of smoking.

Accurately genotyping structural variant (SV) alleles is crucial to genomics research. Here the authors present a rapid and accurate method that avoids common errors seen with other genotypers, particularly for neighboring SVs within and across samples.

Fatty liver disease exacerbates atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors show that D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) acts as an atypical chemokine, promoting both atherosclerosis and hepatic lipid accumulation.

Here the authors report results from a randomized controlled trial comparing the ‘HPV screen, triage and treat’ with ‘HPV screen and treat’ strategies in women living with HIV. At one year of follow-up ‘HPV screen, VIA triage and treat’ strategy was non-inferior to the ‘screen and treat’ strategy in regards to HPV clearance.

Though models describing the operating mechanism of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been developed, these models are unable to accurately reproduce OECT electrical characteristics. Here, the authors report a thermodynamic-based framework that accurately models OECT operation.

This report from the 1000 Genomes Project describes the genomes of 1,092 individuals from 14 human populations, providing a resource for common and low-frequency variant analysis in individuals from diverse populations; hundreds of rare non-coding variants at conserved sites, such as motif-disrupting changes in transcription-factor-binding sites, can be found in each individual.

Analyses of genome and exome sequencing data identify rare coding and structural variants associated with atrial fibrillation and highlight genetic links between atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathies.

Generating new sensible molecular structures is a key problem in computer aided drug discovery. Here the authors propose a graph-based molecular generative model that outperforms previously proposed graph-based generative models of molecules and performs comparably to several SMILES-based models.

The melting temperature of hydrogen drops at high pressures, which suggests the possible emergence of a low-temperature liquid state of metallic hydrogen. Chen et al.confirm the existence of this phase in simulations and show how the quantum motion of the protons has a critical role in its stabilization.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Molten Sn as a metallic solvent presents economic feasibility and offers unique surface atomic structures, expanding the concept of liquid metal catalysis. As a demonstration, SnIn_0.1034Cu_0.0094 enables selective H₂ production from hydrocarbons.

A challenge with the use of metal anodes in batteries is their inability to sustain structural stability, especially at high currents. Here the authors examine electrochemomechanical properties of metal anodes and demonstrate an effective semi-solid electrode approach at practically relevant conditions.

The goal of the 1000 Genomes Project is to provide in-depth information on variation in human genome sequences. In the pilot phase reported here, different strategies for genome-wide sequencing, using high-throughput sequencing platforms, were developed and compared. The resulting data set includes more than 95% of the currently accessible variants found in any individual, and can be used to inform association and functional studies.

The synthesis of molecular knots remains challenging. Here, the authors report the synthesis of a chiral molecular trefoil metallaknot by self-assembly which contains only 54 atoms in the backbone.

Results for the final phase of the 1000 Genomes Project are presented including whole-genome sequencing, targeted exome sequencing, and genotyping on high-density SNP arrays for 2,504 individuals across 26 populations, providing a global reference data set to support biomedical genetics.

The extent to which chemical products of water radiolysis could sustain subseafloor microbial life is unknown. Here the authors show that sediment catalyzes radiolytic production of H₂ and oxidants, providing the primary energy source for life in ancient marine sediment.

Asymmetric glucose tracers reveal the simultaneous use and unique benefits of parallel glycolytic pathways. Cells possessing both textbook glycolysis and Entner–Doudoroff glycolysis have a selective advantage in dynamic environments.

At the nanoscale, elastic strain and crystal defects largely influence the properties and functionalities of materials. Here, the authors report an unusual twin boundary migration process in a single platinum nanoparticle during carbon monoxide oxidation using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging.

Thirty years on from the launch of the Human Genome Project, Richard Gibbs reflects on the promisesthat this voyage of discovery bore. Its success should be measured by how this project transformed the rules of research, the way of practising biological discovery and the ubiquitous digitization of biological science.

A flavin-dependent halogenase with a remarkable preference for iodination has now been discovered. The halogenase (VirX1) was discovered using a bioinformatics-based approach and comes from a cyanophage. Structural characterization and kinetic studies show that VirX1 possesses broad substrate tolerance, making it an attractive tool for synthesis.

An asymmetric pentalene-containing C₁(51383)-C₈₄ fullerene cage is found in two different metal carbide metallofullerenes. This particular cage can, in simple steps, rearrange into many well-known fullerene cages that are more stable and more symmetric, suggesting it is likely that metallofullerenes are generated by a ‘top-down’ formation mechanism.

Superionic states of matter simultaneously exhibit some of the properties of a liquid and of a solid. Detailed numerical simulations predict two superionic phases in mixtures of helium and water.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network reports an integrative analysis of more than 400 samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on genomic, DNA methylation, RNA and proteomic characterisation; frequent mutations were identified in the PI(3)K/AKT pathway, suggesting this pathway might be a potential therapeutic target, among the findings is also a demonstration of metabolic remodelling which correlates with tumour stage and severity.

Eusociality evolved independently in Hymenoptera and in termites. Here, the authors sequence genomes of the German cockroach and a drywood termite and provide insights into the evolutionary signatures of termite eusociality.

Understanding degradation mechanisms in perovskite solar cells is key to their development. Now, Guo et al. show a greater degradation of the perovskite structure and morphology for devices operated under vacuum than under nitrogen.

Ancient valleys suggest a warm early Mars where liquid water flowed, but a greenhouse effect strong enough to offset a dim early Sun has been difficult to explain. Climate simulations suggest that sufficient concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO₂ and H₂ — outgassed during volcanic eruptions — could have warmed Mars above water’s freezing point.

The partial oxidation of methane to methanol is a very attractive yet challenging process. Now, a H₂-reduced Pd-containing phosphomolybdate catalyst is reported to convert methane and O₂ to methanol with nearly 100% selectivity at room temperature.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

p14ARF drives NPM1 phase separation and forms meso-scale assemblies that limit NPM1 dynamics. Here the authors show that p14ARF hydrophobic residues enhance NPM1 phase separation, promote p14ARF nucleolar partitioning, nucleolar NPM1 immobilization, and reduce cell viability.

High-resolution imaging techniques show that aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan formed abiotically and were subsequently preserved at depth beneath the Atlantis Massif of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, supporting the hydrothermal theory for the origin of life.

Here, the analysis of 'HapMap 3' is reported — a public data set of genomic variants in human populations. The resource integrates common and rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) from 11 global populations, providing insights into population-specific differences among variants. It also demonstrates the feasibility of imputing newly discovered rare SNPs and CNPs.