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The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

A genome-wide association study in rice identifies variation in SBRR1 associated with sheath blight resistance. Introducing the SBRR1-R allele into a commercial rice variety reduces yield loss under severe exposure to sheath blight disease.

Liang et al. estimate the prevalence of text modified by large language models in recent scientific papers and preprints, finding widespread use (up to 17.5% of papers in computer science).

Exemplified by Bi_0.4Sb_1.6Te₃, the authors reveal the reason for low thermal conductivity induced by compositional inhomogeneity lies in randomly aligned edge dislocations induced by random composition distribution.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has become the standard of care in patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (LA-ESCC). Here, authors present a randomised phase II trial reporting the non-inferiority of neoadjuvant camrelizumab (anti-PD-1) and chemotherapy (nab-paclitaxel and cisplatin) compared to chemoradiation (nab-paclitaxel, cisplatin, and radiotherapy in patients with resectable LA-ESCC.

Zhang, Huang, Wang, Long et al. report that NAT10 enhances serine uptake and biosynthesis in an ac4C-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting stemness and progression in acute myeloid leukaemia.

It is uncertain how much life expectancy of the Chinese population would improve under current and greater policy targets on lifestyle-based risk factors for chronic diseases and mortality behaviours. Here we report a simulation of how improvements in four risk factors, namely smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and diet, could affect mortality. We show that in the ideal scenario, that is, all people who currently smokers quit smoking, excessive alcohol userswas reduced to moderate intake, people under 65 increased moderate physical activity by one hour and those aged 65 and older increased by half an hour per day, and all participants ate 200 g more fresh fruits and 50 g more fish/seafood per day, life expectancy at age 30 would increase by 4.83 and 5.39 years for men and women, respectively. In a more moderate risk reduction scenario referred to as the practical scenario, where improvements in each lifestyle factor were approximately halved, the gains in life expectancy at age 30 could be half those of the ideal scenario. However, the validity of these estimates in practise may be influenced by population-wide adherence to lifestyle recommendations. Our findings suggest that the current policy targets set by the Healthy China Initiative could be adjusted dynamically, and a greater increase in life expectancy would be achieved.

Commercial live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), usually contain a high proportion of defective interfering particles (DIPs), are not sufficiently protective. With mice models, the authors here reveal that LAIV with low DIPs replicates better, enhances immune response and facilitates cross-neutralization protection against lethal challenge of influenza strains.

Shoot branching is critical in determining soybean yield. Here, the authors report natural variation of Dt2 in controlling soybean branching number and the interaction of Dt2 with GmAgl22 and GmSoc1a to activate transcription of GmAp1a and GmAp1d.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Developing porous crystalline materials with tailored properties is challenging because of the vast design space and the high cost of screening. Now, highly fluorescent covalent organic frameworks have been identified through an AI-assisted iterative experiment–learning cycle workflow that integrates electronic configuration and quantum-level insights into the learning process.

Exogenous iPSC-derived cells can activate endogenous cells to promote trabecular meshwork regeneration and restore aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma, providing insights into in situ regeneration, which may serve as an alternative to traditional cell therapy.

Magnetoactive soft actuators typically require high, continuous magnetic fields for large shape changes. Here, the authors introduce an actuator that employs magnetic bistability to enable fast switching in low-density magnetic fields.

Direct coupling between electrons, photons and phonons is challenging due to energy and momentum mismatches. Now, it is possible to achieve steady-state electron–phonon–photon excitation through nonlinear lasing by suppressing spontaneous emission.

A N-heterocyclic carbene–nickel-catalysed dynamic kinetic asymmetric aldehyde–alkyne reductive coupling reaction is reported, achieving control over chemo-, regio-, E/Z-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. This approach offers a streamlined route to construct multifunctional allylic alcohols with adjacent stereocentres from readily accessible substrates.

This work presents a meta-image-processor enabling optical image processing system to achieve improved penetration depth through strongly scattering media, advancing imaging technology for visualization through deeper and more complex media.

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction to formate offers a sustainable route but has been difficult to achieve selectively on transition metals. Here, the authors show that chalcogenide-stabilized Cu⁺, via charge redistribution, enables near-complete formate production with industrially relevant efficiency.

Native crystallographic defects are often introduced during synthesis of battery materials, but has been overlooked. Here, using in situ synchrotron X-ray probes and electron microscopy, the authors have revealed their adverse effect during battery operation.

Tumour thrombus (TT) complicates renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treatment. Here, authors conduct an integrative single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analyses on RCC patients with and without TT and identify FAP+ fibroblasts as drivers for TT formation.

A spatiotemporally adaptive targeting strategy ensures sequentially reprogramming metabolism of inflammatory macrophages and senescent stem cells via intracellular NAD⁺ replenishment, accelerating bone and skin tissue regeneration.

The development of neural interfaces at subcortical nuclei surfaces is challenging. The authors present a flexible, minimally invasive neural interface that self-unfolds in cerebrospinal fluid to conform to periventricular surfaces, enabling long-term monitoring of deep brain disorders.

Wang and colleagues report the clinical results and immunological correlates of a phase 2 clinical trial of cryoablation plus lenvatinib and sintilimab in persons with advanced or metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

MXene fibers inspired by the structure of deer antlers achieve >1 GPa strength, >130 MJ m^-3 toughness, and >10,500 S cm^-1 conductivity through interface engineering and microporosity modulation for advanced wearables.

A Cu-Au-Ag medium-entropy alloy with Damascus-style hierarchical layers provides balanced strength–ductility combination, enabling greener and more mechanically reliable metallic materials for advanced electronic packaging.

mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 also sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

In this study the authors present SWITCH, a deep learning model that integrates unpaired spatial multi-omics data and enables unsupervised cross-modal prediction, aiding spatial domain identification and downstream biological analysis.

Aqueous zinc-iodine flow batteries show potential in large-scale storage but face water imbalance-induced instability. Here, authors develop a tailored ionic-molecular sieve membrane that selectively intercepts hydrated ions, enabling stable high-capacity long cycling with low projected costs.

Binding of particles to molecular or macroscopic objects generates a universal entropic pulling force. Simulations and experiments on vibrating bead-chains and DNA with multivalent ions confirm this entropic pulling effect, with implications for cellular disassembly processes and molecular machine design.

Chiral spirocyclic scaffolds have garnered significant attention in drug discovery and chiral ligand development due to their rigid structures and potential bioactive properties. Herein, the authors report a dynamic radical recombination strategy that enables cobalt-hydride-catalyzed ligand-controlled stereodivergent olefin hydroalkylation, delivering a series of spirocyclic compounds bearing 1,3-non-adjacent stereocenters.

Leaf rust threatens wheat production worldwide. Here, the authors report a high-quality genome assembly of the leaf rust resistant durum wheat landrace PI 192051 and the cloning of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr.ace-4A/Lr30.

Most optical tools for cortex-wide imaging are focused on either neuronal physiology or hemodynamics. Here, the authors present a cortex-wide multimodal imaging approach that facilitates simultaneous observation of neural activity and hemodynamics in awake mice.

The carrier envelope offset phase (CEP) of a short laser pulse is tuned to control electrons on attosecond timescales, while rotational states are associated with much longer nanosecond timescales. Here, the authors introduce CEP control in rotational air lasing, unveiling nontrivial contribution from rotational states.

Here, the authors demonstrate that pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulate sensory nerves to release Sema3A, driving new bone formation and curbing marrow fat in aging male mice, offering a non-drug route against osteoporosis.

This study identifies four distinct polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) subtypes using unsupervised clustering analysis on data from 11,908 women and validated across five diverse cohorts. The subtypes show unique clinical features and suggest that subtype-specific management could enhance treatment precision for PCOS.

YAP is a key oncogenic driver that has long been considered undruggable. Here, the authors present the development of a nanobody-based bioPROTAC that efficiently degrades endogenous YAP, demonstrating potent anticancer activity and providing a promising therapeutic strategy for YAP-dependent tumors.

Combined behavioural, circuit-level and cellular approaches are used to demonstrate how hypothalamic neurons integrate hunger and oestrous state to drive a switch in how female mice interact with pups.

The synthesis of benzocyclobutenes is reported through Pd(II)-catalysed γ,δ-methylene C(sp³)–H bond activation and [2 + 2] annulation between aliphatic carboxylic acids and dihaloarenes, using bidentate carboxyl-pyridone ligands. Regiocontrol is achieved in benzocyclobutene formation through the differentiation of reactivity between the aryl iodide and bromide sites.

This study identifies BAG3 as a conserved immune regulator in plants and demonstrates that its cleavage by metacaspase 4 triggers cell death and antiviral defense, offering a potential strategy for engineering virus-resistant crops.

mRNA vaccines incorporate pseudouridine (Ψ), the sustainable production of which remains a challenge. Here, the authors formulate a streamlined Ψ designer pathway in E. coli and further develop a combined Ψ biomanufacturing platform.

Achieving generality in asymmetric catalysis with highly reactive radicals is a challenge. Now it is shown that a sequential copper-catalysed approach enables the efficient, enantioselective cross-coupling of over 50 diverse radicals, providing unified access to C-, P- and S-chiral products and advancing the asymmetric synthesis of challenging molecular architectures.

Gao, Bai and colleagues identify peroxisomal MFE-2 as an essential regulator for microglial homeostasis in Alzheimer’s disease, showing that maintaining MFE-2 reduces neuroinflammation and slows Alzheimer’s disease progression, making it a potential therapeutic target.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

The authors develop a molecular dopant to avoid the dimerization of the electron-selective material phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester, resulting in enhanced stability and efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells.

Low temperature is a major factor limiting productivity in rice. Here the authors show that theCTB4a gene confers cold tolerance to japonicavarieties adapted to cold habitats at the booting stage of development, and propose that CTB4a acts via an interaction with the beta subunit of ATP synthase.

Baizosediminiarchaeum, a key player in the deep biosphere, builds butanetriol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (BDGT) membrane lipids and feeds on both CO₂ and lignin, revealing a survival strategy in low-energy environments and a unique lipid biomarker for this group.