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The authors find that TDP-43 loss of function—the pathology defining the neurodegenerative conditions ALS and FTD—induces novel mRNA polyadenylation events, which have different effects, including an increase in RNA stability, leading to higher protein levels.

PU.1^low CD28-expressing microglia may act as suppressive cells in Alzheimer’s disease, mitigating its progression by reducing neuroinflammation and amyloid plaque load, indicating potential immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment.

The authors give a method for learning causal gene networks using Perturb-seq data. In K562 cells, they find a network with small-world and scale-free properties. Analysis shows a relationship between gene centrality, essentiality and heritability.

Using data from the CoVPN 3008 study, the authors show that the neutralizing antibody correlate of risk holds in people living with HIV. However, the nAb correlate was weaker and shorter-lived in a vaccine-immunity versus hybrid-immunity population.

Although uranium-nitrogen multiple bonding is well developed, there are far fewer uranium-phosphorus and -arsenic multiple bonds, and none for antimony, even in spectroscopic scenarios. Here, the authors report syntheses of uranium-stibido, -stibinidiide, -distibene, and -stibinidene derivatives containing single, double, and pseudo-triple bond interactions.

The DAQ score assesses the consistency of amino acid assignment in protein structure models with local density from cryo-EM maps. The method complements existing quality metrics and is a versatile tool for highlighting problematic regions of model structures.

mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 also sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Gravitational wave background offers insights into supermassive black hole binaries. Here, authors refine noise models in pulsar timing data to better understand the nanohertz gravitational wave background and find support to a population of slowly inspiraling binaries in circular orbits as its source.

The interactions of CAR-T cells and solid tumors are modeled on a chip.

Multifilament surgical sutures functionalized with a conductive polymer and incorporating pledgets with capacitive sensors operated via radiofrequency identification can be used to monitor physicochemical states of deep surgical sites.

In people with severe brain injuries, stimulation restored consciousness by engaging a deep brain circuit for wakefulness—revealing a target that may also guide treatment in stroke and epilepsy.

Border and colleagues present FUSION, an open-source, web-based platform designed to integrate spatial omics with histological context. FUSION enables intuitive, interactive exploration of cellular and tissue-level features across diverse organs and assay types.

Aarrestad et al. show that, in contrast to psychedelics, the nonhallucinogenic psychoplastogen tabernanthalog promotes neuroplasticity through 5-HT_2AR activation without immediately increasing extracellular glutamate levels or immediate early gene expression.

A large brain imaging study of over 2000 people worldwide shows that fear conditioning engages brain regions linked to emotion and attention, with differences in individuals with anxiety or depression and strong influences from task design.

Using computational modelling and neurochemical analysis, this study shows how motor cortex excitatory signals guide belief updating and adaptive learning in uncertain environments.

STAARpipeline is a comprehensive framework for flexible and scalable rare-variant association analysis using whole-genome sequencing data and annotation information.

Efficient electro-optic conversion is central to photonic computing, and thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) offers this capability. Here, the authors demonstrate computing circuits on the TFLN platform, enabling the next generation of photonic computing systems featuring both high-speed and low-power.

Green roofs enhance urban ecosystem services, but the long-term vegetation health and design’s impact is underexplored. This study shows a temporal increase in vegetation health and identifies key factors and thresholds that support sustained vegetation health, offering guidance for effective green roof planning and design.

Here, a combination of forward genetics and genome-wide association analyses has been used to show that variation at a single genetic locus in Arabidopsis thaliana underlies phenotypic variation in vegetative growth as well as resistance to infection. The strong enhancement of resistance mediated by one of the alleles at this locus explains the allele's persistence in natural populations throughout the world, even though it drastically reduces the production of new leaves.

A resource of human RNA-protein associations is produced using a sequencing-based method.

How does the brain balance specialization and integration? Using high-resolution MRI and a post-mortem atlas, this study reveals how local and global cortical organization are linked, shaping functional diversity across brain areas.

Cocaine-context associations rely on nucleus accumbens neuronal ensembles with engram-like properties unique to distinct stages of memory encoding. Here the authors show that ensemble reactivation parallels recall and selectively engages transcriptional plasticity programs.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

Observations from the JWST MIRI showed the detection of ¹⁴NH₃ and ¹⁵NH₃ isotopologues in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf, along with a ¹⁴N/¹⁵N value consistent with star-like formation by gravitational collapse.

Acute ischemic stroke impacts men and women differently. Here, the authors show how different lesion patterns in men and women are linked to the extent of stroke severity.

Leveraging in-memory computing with emerging gain-cell devices, the authors accelerate attention—a core mechanism in large language models. They train a 1.5-billion-parameter model, achieving up to a 70,000-fold reduction in energy consumption and a 100-fold speed-up compared with GPUs.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Using the well-established foundry-based lithium niobate nanophotonics platform, a general electro-optic digital-to-analogue link with ultrahigh bandwidth (>150 Gb s⁻¹) and ultralow power consumption (0.058 pJ b⁻¹) is demonstrated, providing a direct, energy-efficient, high-speed and scalable solution for interfacing digital electronics and photonics.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Serino et al. show that seeing an infectious avatar approach the body in virtual reality triggers an immune response, indicating that the brain prepares the body to fight infections even for perceived, but not real, threats.

Using a deep generative model, CellBender models and denoises droplet-based single-cell data and improves multiple downstream analyses.

Zhang, Chen, and colleagues present Thor, a platform that turns spot-level spatial transcriptomics into single-cell gene maps using the paired histology image, without using single-cell RNA-seq data. Thor unveils fine tissue architectures, and it expands our knowledge on fibrosis and vascular-regenerative gene expression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

Assessing brain aging heterogeneity in a cohort of 49,482 individuals from 11 studies, a generative model identifies five dominant patterns of brain atrophy, with specific associations with biomedical, lifestyle and genetic factors.

Here, the authors show the emergence of limbic-sensorimotor-association cortical hierarchy along with behavioral development during human infancy is underlaid by the spatiotemporal dynamics of cerebral blood flow meeting brain energy change demand.

This study introduces two new measures of brain function at the gray–white matter boundary, revealing distinct patterns of signal transmission and metabolic activity that deepen our understanding of brain organization and development.

The human cortex displays an anterior-to-posterior asymmetry, identified via both post-mortem and in vivo microstructural measurements. Microstructural asymmetry is heritable, varies across cortical layers and between sexes, and relates to functional asymmetry and behavior.

Machine learning is revolutionising materials modelling but requires high-quality training data. Here, the authors introduce autoplex, an open framework automating exploration and fitting of potential-energy surfaces across diverse materials.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of neuroimaging data pose a significant computational burden because of the need to correct for multiple testing in both the genetic and the imaging data. Here, Ganjgahi et al. develop WLS-REML which significantly reduces computation running times in brain imaging GWAS.

Ptychography computationally reconstructs high-resolution images from overlapping diffraction patterns, recovering both amplitude and phase information. This Primer covers the technique’s principles, diverse wavelength implementations from optical to electron regimes, advanced reconstruction strategies and applications ranging from live cell imaging to atomic-resolution materials characterization.

The Connectome 2.0 MRI scanner reconstructs the fine fibres in the human brain and determines cellular and axonal size at an ultra-high resolution.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition occurs in Alzheimer's disease but its relation to disease features such as local brain hypometabolism or cognitive decline is unclear. Here, the authors show that Aβ aggregation in the brain’s default mode network leads to hypometabolism in distant but functionally connected areas.

The role of the human claustrum during slow wave sleep is unknown. Here the authors characterize the spiking activity of claustrum neurons in humans and demonstrate that claustrum neurons track slow waves during NREM sleep.

Osteocytes are the master regulatory cells within the skeleton. Here, the authors map the transcriptome of osteocytes from diverse skeletal sites, ages and between sexes and identify an osteocyte transcriptome signature associated with rare skeletal disorders and common complex skeletal diseases.

Using multi-ancestry genome-wide association study and fine-mapping, 298 loci and 36 credible genes are identified in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.