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Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

A nanoporous photocatalyst producing low levels of hydrogen peroxide is shown to modulate intracellular stress granules, enhancing resilience against oxidative stress and providing cardioprotection in an ex vivo rodent model of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury.

Adult zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate injured hearts through a complex orchestration of molecular and cellular activities. Here, the authors present a single cell and spatially-resolved atlas of the regenerating zebrafish heart, which serves as a valuable resource for research on heart regeneration.

The prevalence of mutations that can predispose to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear, especially in underrepresented populations. Here, the authors create a germline mutation map of 1,123 Chinese PDAC patients and compare them to cohorts from other populations, finding CFTR as a potential driver.

This study analyzes the impact of 1,436 air-quality-monitoring stations in Chinese cities. It found that these stations led to an 8.03% reduction in PM_2.5 concentrations in urban areas. Within these areas, they resulted in 0.57% more reduction in PM_2.5 concentrations in technically accessible areas compared to non-accessible areas, which also experienced an increase in housing prices and a decrease in air-quality-induced mortality.

Cerebellar ataxia, a hallmark of cerebellar degeneration (CBND), is driven by mitochondrial dysfunction in Purkinje cells. In this study, transplanting mitochondria into CBND mice improve mitochondrial function, reduce mitophagy, and reduce ataxia.

ABA signaling is found to modulate global mRNA translation efficiency. GRP7 associates with ribosomes and directly binds to its target mRNAs. ABA suppresses GRP7&8 protein levels via its core signaling components and decreases global mRNA translation efficiency.

Aumolertinib is a third generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, approved for use in patients with advanced EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, the authors report a phase 2 clinical trial investigating neoadjuvant aumolertinib in patients with unresectable stage III EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

A gene-edited pig liver transplanted into a human recipient remains functional after 10 days and indicates that porcine organs could help meet the growing demand for liver transplants.

This study proposes two schemes for integrating DL and dynamical models for ENSO prediction, which outperform individual models and improve the prediction skill across a range of lead times.

Residual stresses are pervasive in most modern plastics. Here, the authors show that they promote the migration of low-molecular-weight amorphous polymer and additives from bulk plastics and release micropollutants into water.

Wang, Wang, Pan and colleagues uncover a C864–C869 disulfide linkage stimulated by viral RNA that drives RIG-I activation, phase separation and stimulates downstream innate immune signalling.

The parasitic absorption caused by nonradiative damping of plasmonic effects limits the light utilization efficiency of optoelectronics. Here, authors employ green fluorophore and nickel oxide to recycle plasmon energy, achieving maximum device efficiency of 19.51% for flexible organic solar cells.

Glioma is a complex disease, and prognosis can depend on clinical, genomic and radiological information. Here, the authors develop a multimodal fusion subtyping model to integrate data modalities for predicting glioma subtypes.

Global consumption drives freshwater overuse at production sites along supply chains, of which 24% is outsourced via trade. Agricultural demand is a key driver, while manufacturing exports exacerbate water stress in emerging economies.

Radiation-hardened electrostatic dielectric capacitors are critical components in advanced electronic and electrical systems. Here, the authors demonstrate a high-energy-density and radiation-tolerant capacitor by constructing a dendritic-like structured ferroelectric embedded in an insulator.

A study of human and mouse models of pancreatic cancer finds that inhibiting the lipid kinase PIKfyve interferes with the cancer’s lipid homeostasis, making it a potential target for drug development.

Instability is a key challenge in aqueous sodium-ion batteries. Here, authors propose a Na-rich birnessite with high Na content and minimal Mn defects, suppressing Mn migration and its accompanying domino degradation effect, which enables a wide potential window and improved structural stability.

Cytology is commonly used for cervical cancer screening or triage. Here, the authors used deep learning to develop a liquid-based cytology screening approach to detect cervical cancer in both community and hospital-based settings.

Sexual dimorphism is a feature of many cancers, but how this functions is often unclear. Here the authors show that in bladder cancer it is regulated by a microbiota–lurasidone–LCN2 circuit that controls the accumulation of a subpopulation of senescence-like neutrophils.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment faces challenges due to drug resistance. Here, the authors show that lysine-arginine balance supports lysosomes mediated tolerance to temozolomide and lysine restriction mimetic increases anticancer therapies in GBM preclinical models.

A multitask graph neural network is developed with mechanism-informed reaction graphs for site-selectivity prediction of ruthenium-catalysed C‒H functionalization of arenes. The extrapolative prediction ability of the model is verified by experimental tests. Interpretation of the model deepens our understanding of the origins of the site selectivity.

SIRT5 protects against primate skeletal muscle ageing through TBK1 desuccinylation, which inhibits the downstream inflammatory and senescent phenotypes.

Cross-ancestry and sex-stratified genome-wide association analyses for 21 amygdala volumetric traits in East Asian and European individuals provide insight into the genetic architectures of amygdala and subnucleus volumes.

The study revealed how nitrogen fertilization affects fast and slow turnover pools of soil organic carbon differently. The authors found labile particulate organic carbon increased if SOC was below 1.5%, while stable mineral associated organic carbon increased above this critical threshold.

Here, the authors fabricate hybrid van der Waals heterostructures based on 2D tessellations of DNA origami thin films, graphene and boron nitride, showing that the DNA films can induce periodic superlattices at the interface and modulate the electronic properties of the samples.

A light-inducible RNA base editor fine-tunes gene expression for therapeutics.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are potent tools for Fenton catalysis. However, current SACs face limitations due to the specificity of their supports. Here, the authors synthesised CoSAs-ZnO, that can selectively generate sulfate radicals and singlet oxygen in peroxymonosulfate and peracetic acid systems, respectively.

In a multicenter randomized phase 3 trial, stapokibart, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL-4R alpha, significantly improved daily nasal and ocular symptom scores during the pollen phase in patients with moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis.

The formation of organelles was a pivotal point in eukaryotic evolution. Here they show that Archaea possess Arf-like GTPases that can perform key organelle-producing mechanisms when expressed in a eukaryotic cell, laying the foundation for the evolution of endomembrane organelles.

After target binding, PIWI proteins undergo a conformational change from ‘open’ to ‘locked’, facilitating base pairing and enhancing target cleavage efficiency, providing insights into how dynamic conformational changes from PIWI coordinate cofactors to safeguard gametogenesis.

Nuclear RNA decay regulates gene expression in cultured cells, but its role in animals is largely unclear. Here, authors found that the nuclear exosome co-factor MTR4 functions in shaping the transcriptome for meiosis initiation and male fertility.

A RISC-V microprocessor capable of executing standard 32-bit instructions has been designed with 5,900 MoS₂ transistors and a complete standard cell library based on 2D semiconductor technology.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the function of different cellular states in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) remain poorly understood. Here, the authors perform integrated single cell and bulk analysis of GSCs and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Multi-omic analysis of the adult human prostate identifies spatially resolved cell populations with potential links to prostate carcinogenesis.

Adenoids and tonsils in children can become hypertrophic because of multiple infections. Here the authors use single cell transcriptomics to assess the immune cell composition of these hypertrophic organs and find B, T and NK cells and exhausted memory CD4 T cells indicating immune changes in these organs associated with respiratory infection.

Jia et al. uncover a molecular mechanism based on the balance of nitrate-sensitive protein–protein interaction between ferredoxins ZmFd4 and ZmFd9, together antagonistically targeting ZmNiR enzymes, thus regulating NO₃^– assimilation in maize.

External stimulus-induced cellular stress response plays a role in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here the authors show that stress-induced activation of p38 MAPK leads to ACSL4 phosphorylation and Src myristoylation to promote tumorigenesis in ESCC.

Understanding the development of subsolid nodules (SSNs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is important for their clinical management. Here, the authors perform proteogenomic analysis of 66 LUAD displayed as SSNs from 3 histological stages and highlight the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in progression.

The authors achieve piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ ∼ 807 pC·N⁻¹, along with high k₃₃ ∼ 88 % and T_c ∼ 245 °C in (K,Na)(Nb_1-xSb_x)O₃-Bi_0.5Na_0.5ZrO₃-BiFeO₃ system through structural flexibility and grain orientation strategies.

SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune escape capability highlight the need for the development of cross-neutralising vaccines and regimens. Here, the authors assess the immunogenicity and safety of NVSI-06-08, that integrates antigens from multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains into a single immunogen, as a heterologous booster in adults previously vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine.

Using single-cell and spatial molecular profiling of infarcted mouse and human hearts, Li, Ni, Wang and colleagues identify a subset of cardiac fibroblasts expressing CD248 that plays a critical role in fibroblast–T cell interaction, and show that disrupting this interaction with monoclonal antibodies or anti-CD248 chimeric antigen receptor T cells results in reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved function.

Inhibition of haem synthesis is shown to lead to the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids in the brown adipose tissue of mice, which reduces UCP1 levels and impairs thermogenesis.

The oxygen evolution reaction is crucial for renewable energy technologies but limited by low activity. Here, authors show that high-entropy alloys can enhance the oxygen evolution reaction by activating the lattice oxygen mechanism through multi-path electron transfer, particularly in nickel.