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Emu accurately estimates microbial abundance using full-length Nanopore 16S rRNA gene sequencing data.

Gil McVean, Alexander Dilthey and colleagues present a graphical model-based method for accurate genomic assembly that uses the diversity present in multiple reference sequences, as represented by a population reference graph. The method is applied to simulated and empirical data from the human MHC region to demonstrate the improved accuracy of genomic inference.

Genome-wide analyses of vaccine antibody responses in 2,499 infants from Uganda, South Africa and Burkina Faso identify associations between specific HLA genes and response to eight vaccines, providing insights that could be considered for population-adjusted vaccine design strategies.

A human genome is sequenced and assembled de novo using a pocket-sized nanopore device.

Sequencing platforms, such as Oxford Nanopore or Pacific Biosciences generate long-read data that preserve long-range genomic information but have high error rates. Here, the authors develop MetaMaps, a computational tool for strain-level metagenomic assignment and compositional estimation using long reads.

Disease prognosis after infection with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr Virus is highly variable. Here the authors carry out epidemiological and genetic analysis of a Ugandan cohort and suggest complex interactions may influence pathogenesis and transmission.

Accurate, phased assemblies are a key tool in understanding the human genome, particularly in highly polymorphic regions like the medically important MHC. Here the authors provide an assembly-based benchmark for this difficult-to-characterize region.

Swarm Learning is a decentralized machine learning approach that outperforms classifiers developed at individual sites for COVID-19 and other diseases while preserving confidentiality and privacy.

Matthew Brown, Peter Donnelly and colleagues report results of a genome-wide association meta-analysis and follow-up study of ankylosing spondylitis. They identify three new risk variants and report a genetic interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27, implicating aberrant peptide handling in the pathophysiology of this disease.

Four genome-wide associated loci are currently known for malaria susceptibility. Here, the authors expand on earlier work by combining data from 11 malaria-endemic countries and additional population sequencing informing an African-enriched imputation reference panel, with findings including a previously unreported association on chromosome 6.

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype DRB1*15:01 is the major risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS).  Here the authors find that DNA methylation at HLA-DRB1 gene mediates the effect of DRB1*15:01 and of a protective HLA variant on HLA-DRB1 expression and the risk of MS.

Trio binning assembles both haplotypes of a genome by combining long-read sequence data with short-read data from both parents.

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are the genetic units of gene expression variation. Julian Knight and colleagues report an analysis of cell type–specific eQTLs from positively purified primary monocytes and B cells. Among the trans-acting eQTLs identified, they report new master regulators of gene expression, as well as autoimmune disease associations to specific HLA alleles.

PanGenie is an alignment-free, k-mer-based tool that utilizes a haplotype-resolved pangenome reference to genotype a wide range of variants.

Gil McVean and colleagues present a new Bayesian analysis framework that exploits the hierarchical structure of diagnosis classifications to analyze genetic variants against UK Biobank disease phenotypes derived from self-reporting and hospital episode statistics. Their method displays increased power to detect genetic effects over other approaches and identifies novel associations between classical HLA alleles and common immune-mediated diseases.

Richard Trembath, Peter Donnelly and colleagues report a genome-wide association study identifying six new psoriasis susceptibility loci. They also identify a statistical interaction between HLA-C and ERAP1 in psoriasis susceptibility.

Carl Anderson and colleagues report dense genotyping, using the Immunochip array, of 2,861 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) cases and 8,514 controls. They identify three loci newly associated with PBC, and their fine-mapping of previous susceptibility loci identifies five regions with multiple independent common, low-frequency and rare variant associations.

The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium reports the discovery of 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis through targeted follow-up of immune-related loci. They also report fine mapping of association signals at established susceptibility loci and provide insights into the immune system processes underlying this disease.

Gil McVean and colleagues report a meta-analysis of Immunochip studies including over 17,000 multiple sclerosis cases and 30,000 controls, with imputation of classical HLA alleles. They find two interactions involving class II HLA alleles but no evidence for significant epistatic interactions or interactions between HLA and non-HLA risk variants.