Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 178,780 participants according to the stage of healthy lifestyle change.
Total | Precontemplation | Contemplation | Preparation | Action | Maintenance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 178,870 | n = 54,870 | n = 55,034 | n = 20,630 | n = 14,059 | n = 34,187 | P trend | |
Baseline (2008) | |||||||
Age, years | 66 (61–70) | 67 (62–70) | 65 (59–69) | 65 (59–69) | 65 (60–69) | 67 (63–70) | 0.002 |
Men, % | 37 | 44 | 34 | 32 | 33 | 36 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.5 (20.6–24.6) | 22.0 (20.2–24.0) | 22.9 (20.9–25.1) | 23.0 (21.0–25.2) | 23.0 (21.1–25.0) | 22.3 (20.6–24.2) | < 0.001 |
Waist, cm | 83.0 (77.0–88.6) | 81.5 (75.5–87.0) | 84.0 (78.0–90.0) | 84.0 (78.0–90.0) | 84.0 (78.0–89.7) | 82.2 (77.0–88.0) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 128 (118–140) | 128 (118–140) | 128 (118–140) | 128 (118–140) | 128 (118–140) | 129 (118–140) | 0.002 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 76 (70–82) | 76 (70–82) | 76 (70–82) | 76 (70–82) | 76 (70–82) | 76 (70–82) | 0.47 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 93 (87–101) | 92 (86–99) | 93 (87–100) | 93 (87–101) | 93 (87–102) | 93 (87–102) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 5.6 (5.4–5.8) | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 5.7 (5.4–5.9) | 5.7 (5.4–5.9) | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 98 (71–137) | 94 (69–132) | 101 (73–144) | 101 (73–144) | 100 (74–139) | 95 (70–132) | 0.817 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 62 (52–73) | 62 (52–74) | 61 (51–72) | 61 (51–72) | 61 (51–72) | 63 (53–74) | 0.002 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 124 (105–144) | 121 (103–141) | 126 (107–146) | 127 (108–148) | 126 (107–146) | 124 (105–144) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.64 (0.60–0.70) | 0.70 (0.60–0.80) | 0.60 (0.60–0.70) | 0.60 (0.60–0.70) | 0.61 (0.60–0.70) | 0.68 (0.60–0.71) | < 0.001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 75.7 (68.6–88.5) | 75.3 (69.4–88.5) | 76.0 (69.9–89.7) | 75.7 (68.5–89.0) | 75.7 (67.8–87.1) | 75.0 (66.4–86.1) | < 0.001 |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 4.9 (4.1–5.8) | 4.8 (4.1–5.7) | 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 4.9 (4.1–5.8) | 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 0.75 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (12.6–14.4) | 13.4 (12.5–14.4) | 13.4 (12.6–14.4) | 13.5 (12.6–14.4) | 13.5 (12.7–14.4) | 13.5 (12.7–14.4) | < 0.001 |
Smoke, % | 13 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 8 | < 0.001 |
Daily drinker, % | 46 | 50 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 44 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, % | 47 | 45 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 48 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes, % | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 12 | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, % | 43 | 37 | 45 | 48 | 48 | 46 | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease, % | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive drug, % | 28 | 37 | 28 | 48 | 31 | 29 | < 0.001 |
Antidiabetic drug, % | 4 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 7 | < 0.001 |
Antilipidemic drug, % | 16 | 26 | 16 | 28 | 20 | 20 | < 0.001 |
Follow-up (2009) | |||||||
Stage of changes, % | |||||||
Precontemplation | 31.3 | 61.0 | 19.2 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 19.2 | |
Contemplation | 28.7 | 17.6 | 47.6 | 34.1 | 23.6 | 14.8 | |
Preparation | 11.8 | 6.2 | 14.4 | 24.6 | 14.5 | 7.7 | |
Action | 7.7 | 4.1 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 15.9 | 8.3 | |
Maintenance | 20.5 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 14.7 | 30 | 50.1 | |
Incidence of CKD, % | 20 | 19.8 | 19.0 | 20.6 | 21.5 | 20.8 | < 0.001 |
Incidence of proteinuria, % | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 0.001 |