Fig. 2: Results of the task-based fMRI experiment—network activity.

a, BOLD activity during the motor task with concomitant HF control stimulation. The regions in the motor network involved in the SFTT are shown. Significant clusters are shown for an one-sided t contrast, uncorrected P = 0.001 at the voxel level, and FDR-corrected P = 0.05 at the cluster level. b, Comparison of BOLD activity between tTIS and HF control stimulation. Hot colors represent higher activity during tTIS. Significant clusters are shown for an one-sided t contrast, uncorrected P = 0.001 at the voxel level, and FDR-corrected P = 0.05 at the cluster level. c, Behavioral results of experiment 1 (n = 13, one influential point removed based on Cook’s distance). Performance is shown as the correct number of key presses normalized to the baseline. A significant effect of the stimulation was present, with tTIS leading to overall higher performance (one-sided ANOVA with Satterthwaite’s approximations: F(1, 1,560) = 6.35, P = 0.01, pη² = 0.004 (micro)). The lines indicate the measure of center (mean value across the stimulation condition), and the shaded areas represent standard errors (SEs). d, Areas in the right striatum where activity was significantly modulated by the behavioral score (correct key presses) during tTIS. Significant clusters are shown for an one-sided t contrast, uncorrected P = 0.001 at the voxel level, and FDR-corrected P = 0.05 at the cluster level. No significant clusters were observed during HF control stimulation.