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Global, regional and national burden of dietary iron deficiency from 1990 to 2021: a Global Burden of Disease study

Nature Medicine volume 31, pages 1809–1829 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Although iron deficiency is well documented, less is known about dietary involvement in symptomatic iron deficiency manifesting in medical conditions. In this study, we quantified the global burden of dietary iron deficiency, focusing on where inadequate dietary iron intake leads to clinical manifestations such as anemia. We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 to estimate dietary iron deficiency prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, geography and socio-demographic index (SDI) across 204 countries. In 2021, global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates were 16,434.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 16,186.2–16,689.0) and 423.7 (285.3–610.8) per 100,000 population, with rates decreasing by 9.8% (8.1–11.3) and 18.2% (15.4–21.1) from 1990 to 2021. A higher burden was observed in female individual (age-standardized prevalence, 21,334.8 (95% UI, 20,984.8–21,697.4); DALYs, 598.0 (402.6–854.4)) than in male individual ((age-standardized prevalence, 11,684.7 (11,374.6–12,008.8); DALYs, 253.0 (167.3–371.0)). High-SDI countries presented greater improvement, with a 25.7% reduction compared to 11.5% in low-SDI countries. Despite global improvements, dietary iron deficiency remains a major health concern with a global prevalence of 16.7%, particularly affecting female individuals, children and residents in low-SDI countries. Urgent interventions through supplementation, food security measures and fortification initiatives are essential.

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Fig. 1: Global map of age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates of dietary iron deficiency and their percentage changes over time, both sexes combined, 2021.
Fig. 2: Numbers and rates of dietary iron deficiency, 1990–2021.
Fig. 3: Numbers and age-specific rates (per 100,000 population) of prevalence and DALYs from dietary iron deficiency at the global level by age group and sex, 2021.
Fig. 4: The M/F ratio of prevalence and DALY rates (per 100,000 population) of dietary iron deficiency by SDI and age group, 2021.

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Data availability

The findings from this study were produced using data available in public online repositories or in the published literature; data that are publicly available upon reasonable request from the data provider; and data that are not publicly available due to restrictions by the data provider and that were used under license for the current study. Details on data sources can be found on the Global Health Data Exchange website, including information about the data provider and links to where the data can be accessed or requested (where available). Citations and metadata for all input sources used in this analysis are available for download at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021/sources (to access all sources, select non-fatal health outcomes as the component and dietary iron deficiency as the cause).

Code availability

Our study follows the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting (GATHER; Supplementary Table 1). All code used for this analysis is publicly available online at https://github.com/ihmeuw/anemia_gbd2021.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Queensland Department of Health, Australia. This work was supported by the Yonsei Fellowship, funded by Lee Youn Jae (J.I.S.). This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MIST), Korea, under the Information Technology Research Center (ITRC) support program (IITP-2024-RS-2024-00438239 to D.K.Y.), supervised by the Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP). The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. All authors had full access to the study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Sooji Lee, Yejun Son, Jiyoung Hwang, Min Seo Kim.

  2. These authors jointly supervised this work: Jae Il Shin, Dong Keon Yon.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Sooji Lee

  2. Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Yejun Son

  3. Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Jiyoung Hwang

  4. Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Min Seo Kim

  5. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Min Seo Kim

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Jae Il Shin & Jae Il Shin

  7. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea

    Dong Keon Yon

  8. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Kelly M. Cercy, William M. Gardner, Hailey Hagins, Simon I. Hay, Stephen S. Lim, Theresa A. McHugh, Tomislav Mestrovic, Awoke Misganaw, Ali H. Mokdad, Christopher J. L. Murray, Christian Razo, Reed J. D. Sorensen, Nandita Perumal, Leo Zoeckler, Victor Vilchis-Tella, Susan A. McLaughlin & Nicholas. J. Kassebaum

  9. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Simon I. Hay, Stephen S. Lim, Awoke Misganaw, Ali H. Mokdad, Christopher J. L. Murray, Nandita Perumal, Leo Zoeckler, Victor Vilchis-Tella, Susan A. McLaughlin & Nicholas. J. Kassebaum

  10. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Nicholas J. Kassebaum & Nicholas. J. Kassebaum

  11. Anesthesiology Department, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia

    Semagn Mekonnen Abate

  12. Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia

    Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate

  13. Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Samar Abd ElHafeez

  14. Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Sherief Abd-Elsalam

  15. Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria

    Meriem Abdoun

  16. Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria

    Meriem Abdoun

  17. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India

    Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader

  18. Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

    Auwal Abdullahi

  19. Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria

    Auwal Abdullahi

  20. Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia

    Mesfin Abebe

  21. Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

    Armita Abedi

  22. Midwifery Department, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Alemwork Abie & Amanuel Tebabal Nega

  23. Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria

    Olumide Abiodun

  24. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Richard Gyan Aboagye

  25. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hassan Abolhassani

  26. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Hassan Abolhassani

  27. Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

    Mohamed Abouzid

  28. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Lucas Guimarães Abreu

  29. Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Hasan Abualruz

  30. Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

    Hana J. Abukhadijah

  31. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Salahdein Aburuz

  32. College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Salahdein Aburuz

  33. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Abu-Zaid

  34. College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA

    Ahmed Abu-Zaid

  35. Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria

    Lawan Hassan Adamu

  36. Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

    Lawan Hassan Adamu

  37. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Mesafint Molla Adane & Henok Biresaw Netsere

  38. School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Isaac Yeboah Addo

  39. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Isaac Yeboah Addo & Sylvester Reuben Okeke

  40. Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia

    Oyelola A. Adegboye

  41. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

    Victor Adekanmbi

  42. Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria

    Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji

  43. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria

    Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa

  44. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa

  45. Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia

    Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani

  46. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Leticia Akua Adzigbli & Robert Kokou Dowou

  47. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

    Saira Afzal

  48. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan

    Saira Afzal

  49. Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea

    Suneth Buddhika Agampodi

  50. Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    Williams Agyemang-Duah

  51. College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia

    Aqeel Ahmad

  52. School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Muayyad M. Ahmad

  53. Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, USA

    Shahzaib Ahmad & Atulya Aman Khosla

  54. Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Shahzaib Ahmad

  55. School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Tauseef Ahmad

  56. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Ali Ahmed

  57. Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Ali Ahmed

  58. Institute of Endemic Diseasesm University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

    Ayman Ahmed

  59. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Ayman Ahmed

  60. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Haroon Ahmed

  61. College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

    Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed

  62. Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

    Syed Anees Ahmed

  63. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Marjan Ajami

  64. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

    Karolina Akinosoglou

  65. Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece

    Karolina Akinosoglou

  66. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Ema Akter & Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor

  67. Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman

    Salah Al Awaidy

  68. Middle East, Eurasia and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman

    Salah Al Awaidy

  69. Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan

  70. Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Omar Al Omari

  71. Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syria

    Muaaz M. Alajlani

  72. Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Ziyad Al-Aly

  73. Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, USA

    Ziyad Al-Aly

  74. School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer

  75. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer

  76. Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan

    Mohammed Albashtawy

  77. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Wafa A. Aldhaleei

  78. Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Abdelazeem M. Algammal

  79. College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa

  80. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan

    Abid Ali

  81. School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    Akhtar Ali

  82. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Liaqat Ali, Asma Saleem Qazi & Rabail Zehra Raza

  83. Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

    Mohammed Usman Ali

  84. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

    Mohammed Usman Ali

  85. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan

    Syed Shujait Ali

  86. Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Waad Ali

  87. Department of Food Hygiene, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran

    Shohreh Alian Samakkhah

  88. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Sheikh Mohammad Alif

  89. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Sheikh Mohammad Alif & Holly Wild

  90. Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan

    Sabah Al-Marwani

  91. Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi

  92. Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen

    Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi

  93. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Sami Almustanyir

  94. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Sami Almustanyir

  95. Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Jaber S. Alqahtani

  96. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Rajaa M. Mohammad Al-Raddadi

  97. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen

    Mohammed A. Alsabri

  98. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Mohammed A. Alsabri

  99. Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Zaid Altaany

  100. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Awais Altaf & Samiah Shahid

  101. Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan

    Alaa B. Al-Tammemi

  102. Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan

    Alaa B. Al-Tammemi

  103. University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Khalid A. Altirkawi

  104. Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Hany Aly

  105. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Karem H. Alzoubi

  106. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

    Karem H. Alzoubi

  107. Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Reza Amani

  108. Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Reza Amani

  109. Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sohrab Amiri

  110. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Hubert Amu & Emmanuel Manu

  111. Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

    Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa

  112. Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

    Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa

  113. Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Robert Ancuceanu

  114. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

    Tudorel Andrei

  115. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria

    Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa

  116. Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria

    Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa

  117. Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Saeid Anvari

  118. Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Sumadi Lukman Anwar

  119. Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia

    Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor

  120. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jalal Arabloo

  121. College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Mosab Arafat

  122. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Aleksandr Y. Aravkin

  123. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA

    Demelash Areda

  124. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Demelash Areda

  125. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

    Brhane Berhe Aregawi

  126. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Abdulfatai Aremu

  127. Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Hany Ariffin

  128. University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Hany Ariffin

  129. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

    Mesay Arkew

  130. Directorate of Research and Innovation Foresight, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia

    Ni Ketut Aryastami

  131. Honorary Council of Nutritionist Ethics, Persatuan Ahli Gizi Indonesia (Indonesian Nutrition Association), Jakarta, Indonesia

    Ni Ketut Aryastami

  132. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Mubarek Yesse Ashemo

  133. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia

    Mubarek Yesse Ashemo & Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso

  134. Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria

    Jamila Abdulhamid Atata

  135. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

    Seyyed Shamsadin Athari

  136. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan

    Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout

  137. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal

    Alok Atreya

  138. Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Amlaku Mulat Aweke, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Simachew Animen Bante & Simegnew Asmer Getie

  139. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Mamaru Ayenew Awoke

  140. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla

  141. Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru

    Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla

  142. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA

    Gulrez Shah Azhar

  143. ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, USA

    Ahmed Y. Azzam

  144. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt

    Ahmed Y. Azzam

  145. Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu

  146. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

    Nayereh Baghcheghi

  147. Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    Nasser Bagheri

  148. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Saeed Bahramian

  149. International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia

    Atif Amin Baig

  150. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Shankar M. Bakkannavar

  151. Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India

    Senthilkumar Balakrishnan

  152. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Palash Chandra Banik

  153. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India

    Hansi Bansal

  154. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Afisu Basiru

  155. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi & Nazila Rezaei

  156. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan

  157. Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    Kavita Batra

  158. Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Tahmina Begum

  159. Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Tahmina Begum & Safayet Jamil

  160. Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Bashir Bello

  161. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Muhammad Bashir Bello

  162. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Luis Belo

  163. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Luis Belo

  164. Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Isabela M. Bensenor & Itamar S. Santos

  165. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Girma Beressa

  166. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Girma Beressa

  167. Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Alemshet Yirga Berhie

  168. Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India

    Devidas S. Bhagat

  169. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Neeraj Bhala

  170. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Neeraj Bhala

  171. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Nikha Bhardwaj

  172. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Pankaj Bhardwaj & Pankaja Raghav

  173. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Pankaj Bhardwaj

  174. Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA

    Prarthna V. Bhardwaj

  175. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Sonu Bhaskar

  176. Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan

    Sonu Bhaskar

  177. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Ajay Nagesh Bhat

  178. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Jasvinder Singh Bhatti

  179. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India

    Bijit Biswas

  180. Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India

    Trupti Bodhare

  181. Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

    Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin

  182. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Archith Boloor

  183. ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India

    Kaustubh Bora

  184. Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamed Borhany

  185. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria

    Souad Bouaoud

  186. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Sétif, Algeria

    Souad Bouaoud

  187. School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Yasser Bustanji

  188. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Yasser Bustanji

  189. Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay

  190. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

    Daniela Calina

  191. Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Luis Alberto Cámera

  192. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Luis Alberto Cámera

  193. Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China

    Fan Cao

  194. Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil

    Monica Cattafesta

  195. Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

    Luca Cegolon & Mario D’Oria

  196. Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy

    Luca Cegolon

  197. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

    Francieli Cembranel

  198. College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

    Muthia Cenderadewi

  199. Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia

    Muthia Cenderadewi

  200. Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India

    Chiranjib Chakraborty

  201. Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea

    Chiranjib Chakraborty

  202. State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India

    Sandip Chakraborty

  203. Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Rama Mohan Chandika

  204. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Vijay Kumar Chattu

  205. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India

    Vijay Kumar Chattu

  206. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India

    Akhilanand Chaurasia

  207. Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Haowei Chen

  208. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Gerald Chi

  209. Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Patrick R. Ching

  210. Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru

    Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres

  211. Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China

    William C. S. Cho

  212. Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Bryan Chong

  213. Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India

    Hitesh Chopra

  214. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India

    Sonali Gajanan Choudhari

  215. The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Dinh-Toi Chu

  216. Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Dinh-Toi Chu

  217. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria

    Isaac Sunday Chukwu

  218. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy

    Federica Concina, Lorenzo Monasta, Paola Pani & Luca Ronfani

  219. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Michael H. Criqui

  220. Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal

    Natalia Cruz-Martins

  221. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Natalia Cruz-Martins

  222. School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Alanna Gomes da Silva

  223. Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Omid Dadras

  224. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Omid Dadras

  225. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Emanuele D’Amico & Andrea Maugeri

  226. Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

    Samuel Demissie Darcho

  227. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India

    Saswati Das

  228. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Nihar Ranjan Dash, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari & Iman M. Talaat

  229. Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA

    Shayom Debopadhaya

  230. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy

    Cristian Del Bo’ & Mirko Marino

  231. School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico

    Ivan Delgado-Enciso

  232. Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSSBIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico

    Ivan Delgado-Enciso

  233. Department of Research, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India

    Hardik Dineshbhai Desai

  234. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia

    Fikreab Desta

  235. JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India

    Devananda Devegowda

  236. Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India

    Amol S. Dhane

  237. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

    Vishal R. Dhulipala

  238. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Thanh Chi Do

  239. Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam

    Thao Huynh Phuong Do

  240. School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Saeid Doaei

  241. Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Saeid Doaei

  242. Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Sushil Dohare, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Asim Mehmood & Farrukh Sobia

  243. Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy

    Mario D’Oria

  244. Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, NJ, USA

    Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi

  245. Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India

    Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Anudeep Sathyanarayan & Medha Sharath

  246. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Haneil Larson Dsouza

  247. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India

    Haneil Larson Dsouza

  248. Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India

    Senbagam Duraisamy

  249. College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Sulagna Dutta

  250. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia

    Hisham Atan Edinur

  251. Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia

    Ferry Efendi

  252. Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Aziz Eftekharimehrabad

  253. Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan

    Aziz Eftekharimehrabad

  254. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Foolad Eghbali & Maryam Moradi

  255. Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK

    Michael Ekholuenetale

  256. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta city, Egypt

    Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy

  257. School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana

    Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy

  258. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Iffat Elbarazi

  259. Department of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary

  260. Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary

  261. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya

    Muhammed Elhadi

  262. Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Muhammed Elhadi

  263. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Waseem El-Huneidi

  264. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mohammed Elshaer

  265. Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Ibrahim Elsohaby & Ginenus Fekadu

  266. Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Ibrahim Elsohaby

  267. Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

    Theophilus I. Emeto

  268. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe

  269. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe

  270. Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Ayesha Fahim

  271. Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev

  272. Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

    Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev & Javad Sharifi Rad

  273. Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan

    MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris

  274. Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Nelsensius Klau Fauk

  275. Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia

    Nelsensius Klau Fauk

  276. Department of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Patrick Fazeli

  277. Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Alireza Feizkhah

  278. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

    Ginenus Fekadu

  279. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Nuno Ferreira

  280. Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany

    Florian Fischer

  281. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Bobirca Teodor Florin & Ionut Negoi

  282. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria

    Morenike Oluwatoyin Oluwátóyìn Folayan

  283. Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria

    Morenike Oluwatoyin Oluwátóyìn Folayan

  284. Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russia

    Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov

  285. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

    Takeshi Fukumoto

  286. Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil

    Blima Fux

  287. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India

    G. Sridevi, J. Vinothini & Vinoth Rajendran

  288. Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

    Muktar A. Gadanya

  289. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

    Muktar A. Gadanya

  290. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India

    Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane

  291. Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

    Yaseen Galali

  292. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

    Yaseen Galali

  293. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India

    Aravind P. Gandhi

  294. Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India

    Rupesh K. Gautam

  295. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

    Miglas Welay Gebregergis

  296. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia

    Mesfin Gebrehiwot

  297. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Aksum University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

    Tesfay B. B. Gebremariam

  298. College of Health Science, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia

    Habtamu Geremew

  299. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

    Lemma Getacher

  300. Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Genanew K. Getahun

  301. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Molla Getie

  302. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Delaram J. Ghadimi

  303. Center of Health Management, Aden University, Aden, Yemen

    Khalid Yaser Ghailan

  304. Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Ramy Mohamed Ghazy

  305. Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Ramy Mohamed Ghazy

  306. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Gholamalizadeh

  307. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Ali Gholamrezanezhad

  308. Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan

    Artyom Urievich Gil

  309. Department of Zoology, KKS Women’s College, Balasore, India

    Bikash Ranjan Giri

  310. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia

    Alem Abera Girmay & Assefa N. Iyasu

  311. Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil

    Alessandra C. Goulart

  312. Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq

    Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari

  313. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka

    Damitha Asanga Gunawardane

  314. Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India

    Anish Kumar Gupta

  315. Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India

    Anish Kumar Gupta

  316. Department of Internal Medicine, Independent Consultant, Bharatpur, India

    Ishita Gupta

  317. Independent Consultant, Delhi, India

    Ishita Gupta

  318. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

    Rajat Das Gupta

  319. Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Rajat Das Gupta

  320. Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India

    Sapna Gupta

  321. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Vivek Kumar Gupta

  322. Global Virus Network, Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran

    Farrokh Habibzadeh

  323. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Parham Habibzadeh

  324. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq

    Najah R. Hadi

  325. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman

    Sobia Ahsan Halim & Saeed Mohammadi

  326. Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Nadia M. Hamdy

  327. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Samer Hamidi

  328. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Alexis J. Handal

  329. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

    Ahmed I. Hasaballah & Mohammed G. M. Zeariya

  330. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Md. Kamrul Hasan

  331. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md. Kamrul Hasan

  332. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamidreza Hasani

  333. Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India

    Md Saquib Hasnain

  334. Public Health Department, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria

    Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan

  335. Department of Public Health, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria

    Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan

  336. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Hadi Hassankhani

  337. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran

    Hadi Hassankhani

  338. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

    Khezar Hayat

  339. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China

    Khezar Hayat

  340. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA

    Golnaz Heidari

  341. Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA

    Mehdi Hemmati

  342. Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

    Mehdi Hemmati & Cameron John Sabet

  343. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen

    Kamal Hezam

  344. School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Kamal Hezam

  345. Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yuta Hiraike

  346. School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Nguyen Quoc Hoan

  347. Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Ramesh Holla, Mithun Rao & Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan

  348. Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Md Mahbub Hossain

  349. Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh

    Md Mahbub Hossain

  350. School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam

    Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

  351. Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan

    Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

  352. Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Mihaela Hostiuc

  353. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Sorin Hostiuc

  354. Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania

    Sorin Hostiuc

  355. Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Junjie Huang

  356. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie

  357. Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman

    Javid Hussain

  358. International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hong-Han Huynh

  359. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Bing-Fang Hwang

  360. Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Bing-Fang Hwang

  361. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye

  362. Center for Nutritional Epidemiology and Policy Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan

    Nayu Ikeda

  363. West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria

    Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi

  364. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi

  365. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Irena M. Ilic

  366. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

    Milena D. Ilic

  367. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Mustapha Immurana

  368. Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India

    Leeberk Raja Inbaraj

  369. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Arit Inok

  370. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

    Muhammad Iqhrammullah

  371. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Lalu Muhammad Irham

  372. School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md. Rabiul Islam

  373. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia

    Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

  374. Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia

    Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail

  375. Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia

    Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail

  376. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Gaetano Isola

  377. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Chidozie Declan Iwu

  378. Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Mahalaxmi Iyer

  379. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Abdollah Jafarzadeh

  380. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Abdollah Jafarzadeh

  381. Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Kasra Jahankhani & Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani

  382. Department of Leukemia, The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Akhil Jain

  383. Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun

  384. The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy

    Mihajlo Jakovljevic

  385. Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China

    Mihajlo Jakovljevic

  386. Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

    Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh

  387. Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Safayet Jamil

  388. Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Talha Jawaid

  389. Department of Public Health, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

    Krishnamurthy Jayanna

  390. Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Krishnamurthy Jayanna

  391. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India

    Shubha Jayaram

  392. Department of Epidemiology, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia

    Belayneh Hamdela Jena

  393. Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India

    Bijay Mukesh Jeswani

  394. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    Mohammad Jokar

  395. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

    Mohammad Jokar

  396. Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France

    Jost B. Jonas

  397. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore

    Jost B. Jonas

  398. Department of Community Medicine, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur, India

    Jobinse Jose

  399. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Nitin Joseph, Nithin Kumar, Rohith Motappa & Rekha Thapar

  400. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria

    Charity Ehimwenma Joshua

  401. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Farahnaz Joukar

  402. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Farahnaz Joukar

  403. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland

    Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak

  404. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Kabir

  405. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Zubair Kabir

  406. Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

    Dler H. Hussein Kadir

  407. Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

    Dler H. Hussein Kadir

  408. Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

    Farima Kahe

  409. School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Leila R. Kalankesh

  410. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Arun Kamireddy

  411. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

    Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi & Afeez Abolarinwa Salami

  412. Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi

  413. The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA

    Rami S. Kantar

  414. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, USA

    Rami S. Kantar

  415. Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran

    Jafar Karami

  416. Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jafar Karami

  417. Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Arman Karimi Behnagh

  418. Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Arman Karimi Behnagh

  419. Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Joonas H. Kauppila

  420. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Joonas H. Kauppila

  421. Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India

    Navjot Kaur

  422. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria

    Gbenga A. Kayode

  423. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Gbenga A. Kayode

  424. Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia

    Kefita Kashala Kayola

  425. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

    Adera Debella Kebede

  426. Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Leila Keikavoosi-Arani

  427. Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Peter Njenga Keiyoro

  428. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India

    Himanshu Khajuria & Biswa Prakash Nayak

  429. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amirmohammad Khalaji

  430. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

    Amirmohammad Khalaji

  431. College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Nauman Khalid

  432. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

    Nauman Khalid

  433. Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Alireza Khalilian

  434. Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Maseer Khan

  435. Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal

    Vishnu Khanal

  436. Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia

    Vishnu Khanal

  437. Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Haitham Khatatbeh

  438. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh

  439. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

    Khalid A. Kheirallah

  440. Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

    Feriha Fatima Khidri

  441. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Manoj Khokhar

  442. Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA

    Atulya Aman Khosla

  443. Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

    Majid Khosravi

  444. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Khosravi

  445. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Helda Khusun

  446. Program Division, SEAMEO Regional Center for Food and Nutrition, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Helda Khusun

  447. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia

    Yun Jin Kim

  448. Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, USA

    Ruth W. Kimokoti

  449. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway

    Adnan Kisa

  450. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Adnan Kisa

  451. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway

    Sezer Kisa

  452. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Karad, India

    Shivakumar KM Shivakumar

  453. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Ali Nikoobar & Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi

  454. Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Farzad Kompani

  455. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

    Hamid Reza Koohestani

  456. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Soewarta Kosen

  457. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Kewal Krishan

  458. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Kuddus

  459. Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Mukhtar Kulimbet

  460. Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Mukhtar Kulimbet

  461. Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India

    Dewesh Kumar

  462. Centre for Digital Transformation, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India

    Vijay Kumar

  463. Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India

    Vijay Kumar

  464. Public Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

    Satyajit Kundu

  465. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Om P. Kurmi

  466. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Om P. Kurmi

  467. Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana

    Frank Kyei-Arthur

  468. Integrated Department of Epidemiology, Health Policy, Preventive Medicine and Pediatrics, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India

    Chandrakant Lahariya

  469. Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India

    Chandrakant Lahariya

  470. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India

    Dharmesh Kumar Lal

  471. Unidad de Genética y Salud Pública, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas, Las Tablas, Panama

    Iván Landires

  472. Ministry of Health, Hospital Joaquín Pablo Franco Sayas, Las Tablas, Panama

    Iván Landires

  473. Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

    Kamaluddin Latief

  474. Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Kamaluddin Latief

  475. Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Nhi Huu Hanh Le

  476. Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, USA

    Nhi Huu Hanh Le

  477. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Thao Thi Thu Le

  478. Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea

    Munjae Lee

  479. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea

    Seung Won Lee

  480. Department of Family Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

    Wei-Chen Lee

  481. Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    An Li

  482. Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    An Li

  483. Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Ming-Chieh Li

  484. International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Jialing Lin

  485. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Xuefeng Liu

  486. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Xuefeng Liu

  487. Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Bengaluru, India

    Ashwini Lonimath

  488. One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador

    José Francisco López-Gil

  489. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia

    Platon D. Lopukhov

  490. Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania

    László Lorenzovici

  491. Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania

    László Lorenzovici

  492. Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Paulo A. Lotufo

  493. Geospatial Health and Development Team, Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Jailos Lubinda

  494. Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia

    Jailos Lubinda

  495. Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

    Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin

  496. Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

    Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin

  497. Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

    Zheng Feei Ma

  498. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Elaheh Malakan Rad

  499. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmad Azam Malik

  500. Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Deborah Carvalho Malta

  501. Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Yosef Manla

  502. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Miquel Martorell

  503. Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Miquel Martorell

  504. Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Roy Rillera Marzo

  505. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

    Roy Rillera Marzo

  506. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    Yasith Mathangasinghe

  507. Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

    Yasith Mathangasinghe

  508. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India

    Elezebeth Mathews

  509. Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India

    Medha Mathur

  510. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, UK

    Mohsen Mazidi

  511. SSCANS, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India

    Rahul Mehra

  512. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Kala M. Mehta

  513. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

    Tesfahun Mekene Meto

  514. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Birye Dessalegn Mekonnen

  515. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

    Hadush Negash Meles

  516. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

    Endalkachew Belayneh Melese

  517. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Endalkachew Belayneh Melese

  518. Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

    Max Alberto Mendez-Lopez

  519. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

    Walter Mendoza

  520. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia

    Tomislav Mestrovic

  521. Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka

    Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda

  522. Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka

    Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda

  523. Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka

    Sachith Mettananda

  524. University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka

    Sachith Mettananda

  525. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland

    Tomasz Miazgowski

  526. National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Irmina Maria Michalek

  527. Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Irmina Maria Michalek

  528. International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Le Huu Nhat Minh

  529. Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Le Huu Nhat Minh

  530. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India

    GK Mini

  531. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India

    GK Mini

  532. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mojgan Mirghafourvand

  533. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Awoke Misganaw

  534. Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India

    Madhukar Mittal

  535. College of Health Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia

    Ahmed Ismail Mohamed

  536. Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Ahmed Ismail Mohamed

  537. College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia

    Jama Mohamed

  538. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan

    Nouh Saad Mohamed

  539. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan

    Nouh Saad Mohamed

  540. College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq

    Ameen Mosa Mohammad

  541. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi

  542. Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi

  543. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

    Saeed Mohammadi

  544. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Shafiu Mohammed

  545. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Shafiu Mohammed

  546. Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Hossein Molavi Vardanjani

  547. AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia

    Mohammad Ali Moni

  548. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Mohammad Ali Moni

  549. Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

    AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf

  550. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Abbas Mosapour

  551. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Abbas Mosapour

  552. Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

  553. Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

  554. Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, The Netherlands

    Sumaira Mubarik

  555. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Sumaira Mubarik & Chuanhua Yu

  556. Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India

    Sumoni Mukherjee

  557. Independent Consultant, Changescape Consulting, New Delhi, India

    Sumoni Mukherjee

  558. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece

    Francesk Mulita

  559. Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

    Francesk Mulita

  560. Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India

    Kavita Munjal

  561. Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan

  562. Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa” Iasi, Iaşi, Romania

    Ana-Maria Musina

  563. Second Surgical Unit, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania

    Ana-Maria Musina

  564. College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ghulam Mustafa

  565. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan

    Ghulam Mustafa

  566. Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India

    Sathish Muthu

  567. Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, India

    Sathish Muthu

  568. Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Muzaffar

  569. Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Muzaffar & Samiah Shahid

  570. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India

    Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan

  571. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India

    Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan

  572. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

    Pirouz Naghavi

  573. Department Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Gurudatta Naik

  574. Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Soroush Najdaghi & Delaram Narimani Davani

  575. Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Soroush Najdaghi

  576. Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq

    Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen

  577. DY Patil School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India

    Kannothu Thazha Kuni Nandu

  578. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India

    Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy

  579. Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

    Abdulqadir J. Nashwan

  580. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Zuhair S. Natto

  581. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Zuhair S. Natto

  582. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Javaid Nauman

  583. Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Javaid Nauman

  584. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Naveed

  585. Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Athare Nazri-Panjaki

  586. Department of Research, TroDDIVaT Initiative, Buea, Cameroon

    G. Takop Nchanji

  587. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

    G. Takop Nchanji

  588. Medical Biochemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

    Mulata H. Nega

  589. Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

    Ionut Negoi

  590. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Ruxandra Irina Negoi

  591. Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania

    Ruxandra Irina Negoi

  592. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi

  593. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi

  594. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

    Henok Biresaw Netsere

  595. Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Georges Nguefack-Tsague

  596. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya

    Josephine W. Ngunjiri

  597. Cardiovascular Laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, USA

    Duc Hoang Nguyen

  598. Department of Allergy, Immunology and Dermatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Duc Hoang Nguyen

  599. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam

    Hau Thi Hien Nguyen

  600. Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam

    Hau Thi Hien Nguyen

  601. Radiology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Nhan Nguyen

  602. Department of General Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Nhien Ngoc Y. Nguyen

  603. Faculty of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Nhien Ngoc Y. Nguyen

  604. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam

    Phat Tuan Nguyen

  605. Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Van Thanh Nguyen

  606. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Van Thanh Nguyen

  607. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Robina Khan Niazi

  608. School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Efaq Ali Noman

  609. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen

    Efaq Ali Noman

  610. Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan

    Shuhei Nomura

  611. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Shuhei Nomura

  612. Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

    Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor

  613. School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    N. A. Nawsherwan

  614. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Mehran Nouri

  615. Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Mehran Nouri

  616. School of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

    Majid Nozari

  617. Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi

  618. Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia

    Dieta Nurrika

  619. Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia

    Dieta Nurrika

  620. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

    Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam

  621. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria

    Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

  622. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria

    Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

  623. Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    James Odhiambo Oguta

  624. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Tolulope R. Ojo-Akosile

  625. University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Sylvester Reuben Okeke

  626. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

    Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle

  627. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle

  628. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

    Osaretin Christabel Okonji

  629. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew T. Olagunju

  630. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

    Andrew T. Olagunju

  631. Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria

    Matthew Idowu Olatubi

  632. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

    Ahmed Omar Bali

  633. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Michal Ordak

  634. Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Ortiz

  635. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Ortiz

  636. One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador

    Esteban Ortiz-Prado

  637. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia

    Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

  638. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

    Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

  639. Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria

    Amel Ouyahia

  640. Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Sétif, Algeria

    Amel Ouyahia

  641. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Mayowa O. Owolabi

  642. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Mayowa O. Owolabi

  643. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India

    P. A. Mahesh Padukudru

  644. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Alicia Padron-Monedero

  645. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Jagadish Rao Padubidri & Pavanchand H. Shetty

  646. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Songhomitra Panda-Jonas

  647. Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece

    Paraskevi Papadopoulou

  648. Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Paraskevi Papadopoulou

  649. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

    Shahina Pardhan

  650. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India

    Pragyan Paramita Parija

  651. Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Romil R. Parikh

  652. Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Seoyeon Park

  653. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

    Roberto Passera

  654. Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Roberto Passera

  655. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Jay Patel

  656. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Jay Patel

  657. Natnov Bioscience, Tahalia, India

    Siddhartha Pati

  658. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA

    Shankargouda Patil

  659. Second Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dimitrios Patoulias

  660. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Shrikant Pawar

  661. Department of Outpatient, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China

    Minjin Peng

  662. Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Prince Peprah

  663. School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia

    Gavin Pereira

  664. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

    Gavin Pereira

  665. Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Arokiasamy Perianayagam

  666. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy

    Norberto Perico & Giuseppe Remuzzi

  667. School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman

    Anil K. Philip

  668. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Zahra Zahid Piracha

  669. Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Zahra Zahid Piracha

  670. College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam

    Dimitri Poddighe

  671. Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan

    Dimitri Poddighe

  672. Department of Data Management and Analysis, The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, New Delhi, India

    Ramesh Poluru

  673. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

    Naeimeh Pourtaheri

  674. Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Pranil Man Singh Pradhan

  675. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Pranil Man Singh Pradhan

  676. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India

    Jalandhar Pradhan

  677. Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Manya Prasad

  678. Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Bharathi M. Purohit

  679. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jagadeesh Puvvula

  680. Cihan University-Sulaimaniya Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

    Nameer Hashim Qasim

  681. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ibrahim Qattea

  682. Department of Community Medicine, ESI Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research, Bengaluru, India

    R. Deepthi

  683. Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India

    Venkatraman Radhakrishnan

  684. Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan

    Fakher Rahim

  685. Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Fakher Rahim

  686. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar

  687. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

    Md. Mosfequr Rahman & Mosiur Rahman

  688. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman

    Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman

  689. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia

    Muhammad Aziz Rahman

  690. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Muhammad Aziz Rahman

  691. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan

    Amir Masoud Rahmani

  692. Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Rahmanian

  693. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran

    Vahid Rahmanian

  694. Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia

    Setyaningrum Rahmawaty

  695. Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

    Adarsh Raja

  696. Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

    Sandesh Raja

  697. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India

    Prashant Rajput

  698. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Koushik Ramachandra

  699. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan

  700. Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan

  701. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy

  702. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Kritika Rana

  703. Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India

    Rishabh Kumar Rana

  704. Health Economics and Outcomes Research Department, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Amey Rane

  705. Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA

    Amey Rane

  706. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Chythra R. Rao

  707. Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India

    Sowmya J. Rao

  708. Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

    Devarajan Rathish

  709. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Salman Rawaf & Celine Tabche

  710. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, UK

    Salman Rawaf

  711. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt

    Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Redwan

  712. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt

    Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Redwan

  713. Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Kannan RR Rengasamy

  714. Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

    Kannan RR Rengasamy

  715. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Mohsen Rezaeian

  716. Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Pakistan, Dir Upper, Pakistan

    Muhammad Riaz

  717. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Jennifer Rickard

  718. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda

    Jennifer Rickard

  719. Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha

  720. Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    Leonardo Roever

  721. Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Leonardo Roever

  722. Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India

    Ravi Rohilla

  723. Department of Public Health, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Moustaq Karim Khan Rony

  724. Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Himanshu Sekhar Rout & Chandan Kumar Swain

  725. RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Himanshu Sekhar Rout

  726. Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia

    Bedanta Roy

  727. Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Juiz de For a Federal University, Governador Valadares, Brazil

    Guilherme de Andrade Ruela

  728. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

    Godfrey M. Rwegerera

  729. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Aly M. A. Saad

  730. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Siamak Sabour

  731. Department of Pharmaceuticals, Bihar College of Pharmacy, Patna, India

    Mamta Sachdeva Dhingra

  732. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Basema Ahmad Saddik

  733. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Basema Ahmad Saddik & Xiaoyue Xu

  734. Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia Cyprus, Turkey

    Umar Saeed

  735. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Umar Saeed

  736. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari

  737. Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  738. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  739. Department of Analytical & Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo

  740. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India

    Soumya Swaroop Sahoo

  741. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq

    S. Mohammad Sajadi

  742. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Afeez Abolarinwa Salami

  743. Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil

    Luciane B. Salaroli

  744. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Samreen Saleem

  745. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Marwa Rashad Salem

  746. Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yoseph Leonardo Samodra

  747. Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia

    Yoseph Leonardo Samodra

  748. Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

    Vijaya Paul Samuel

  749. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Abdallah M. Samy

  750. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Abdallah M. Samy

  751. Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital And Research Centre, Chennai, India

    Rama Krishna Sanjeev

  752. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Itamar S. Santos

  753. Independent Consultant, Thiruvananthapuram, India

    Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy

  754. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Aswini Saravanan, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Surjit Singh & Krishna Tiwari

  755. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India

    Aswini Saravanan

  756. Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India

    Tanmay Sarkar

  757. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India

    Gargi Sachin Sarode & Sachin C. Sarode

  758. Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

    Brijesh Sathian

  759. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK

    Brijesh Sathian

  760. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Maheswar Satpathy

  761. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India

    Maheswar Satpathy

  762. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Monika Sawhney

  763. Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Abu Sayeed

  764. Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh

    Abu Sayeed

  765. Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Art Schuermans

  766. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Art Schuermans & Jef Van den Eynde

  767. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Siddharthan Selvaraj & Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone

  768. Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India

    Siddharthan Selvaraj

  769. College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Mohammad H. Semreen

  770. Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Mohammad H. Semreen

  771. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Pallav Sengupta

  772. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sadaf G. Sepanlou

  773. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Sadaf G. Sepanlou

  774. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India

    Yashendra Sethi

  775. Pharmacy Department, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Christianus Heru Setiawan

  776. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahan Shafie

  777. Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Wajeehah Shahid

  778. Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Moyad Jamal Shahwan & Anas Shamsi

  779. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan

    Masood Ali Shaikh

  780. Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Shakeri

  781. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA

    Sunder Sham

  782. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Mehran Shams-Beyranvand

  783. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

    Anas Shamsi

  784. Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Alfiya Shamsutdinova

  785. College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Mohd Shanawaz

  786. Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India

    Mohammed Shannawaz

  787. Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria

    Amin Sharifan

  788. Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amin Sharifan

  789. Department of Hemato-oncology, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India

    Anupam Sharma

  790. Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Vishal Sharma

  791. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Maryam Shayan

  792. Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Shayan

  793. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Rahim Ali Sheikhi

  794. Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Rekha Raghuveer Shenoy

  795. K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India

    Mahabalesh Shetty

  796. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Premalatha K. Shetty

  797. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India

    Shiran Shetty

  798. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland

    Rahman Shiri

  799. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Aminu Shittu

  800. Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria

    Velizar Shivarov

  801. Department of Genetics, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridiski’, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Velizar Shivarov

  802. Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal

    Sunil Shrestha

  803. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

    Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

  804. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

  805. Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal

    Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva

  806. CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

    Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva

  807. Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Baljinder Singh

  808. Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India

    Harmanjit Singh

  809. Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India

    Jasbir Singh

  810. School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Jasvinder A. Singh

  811. Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, USA

    Jasvinder A. Singh

  812. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India

    Narinder Pal Singh

  813. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India

    Paramdeep Singh

  814. Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India

    Puneetpal Singh

  815. Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, USA

    Ranjan Solanki

  816. Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten

    Ranjan Solanki

  817. Department of Biochemistry, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados

    Shipra Solanki

  818. Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Soroush Soraneh

  819. School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Soroush Soraneh

  820. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Reed J. D. Sorensen

  821. Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

    Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy

  822. Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

    Vetriselvan Subramaniyan

  823. Departement of Clinical Pathology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

    Hani Susianti

  824. Hospital Central Laboratory, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia

    Hani Susianti

  825. Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland

    Lukasz Szarpak

  826. Collegium Medicul, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

    Lukasz Szarpak

  827. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mindy D. Szeto

  828. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India

    T. Y. Sree Sudha

  829. Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei

  830. Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei

  831. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh

  832. Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh

  833. Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

    Jabeen Taiba

  834. Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India

    Jabeen Taiba

  835. Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Iman M. Talaat

  836. Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Mircea Tampa

  837. Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania

    Mircea Tampa

  838. Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi

  839. Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia

    Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi

  840. National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Ingan Ukur Tarigan

  841. Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md. Tariqujjaman

  842. Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, USA

    Nathan Y. Tat

  843. Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, USA

    Nathan Y. Tat

  844. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

    Birhan Tsegaw Taye

  845. Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

    Yibekal Manaye Tefera

  846. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad-Hani Temsah

  847. Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Samar Tharwat

  848. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Sathish Thirunavukkarasu

  849. Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke’s Hospital, Patanamthitta, India

    Nikhil Kenny Thomas

  850. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia

    Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu

  851. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Mariya Vladimirovna Titova

  852. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia

    Mariya Vladimirovna Titova

  853. Department of Health, Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Nghia Minh Tran

  854. School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Ngoc Ha Tran

  855. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Thang Huu Tran

  856. Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA

    Thang Huu Tran

  857. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Domenico Trico

  858. Faculty of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam

    Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen

  859. Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Abdul Rohim Tualeka

  860. Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu

  861. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria

    Aniefiok John Udoakang

  862. International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

    Saeed Ullah

  863. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Shahid Ullah

  864. Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Umar

  865. Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Tolassa Wakayo Ushula

  866. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Mohammad Vahabi

  867. Department of Informatics and Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Sanaz Vahdati

  868. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain

    Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan

  869. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Rohollah Valizadeh

  870. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Joe Varghese

  871. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland

    Tommi Juhani Vasankari

  872. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

    Tommi Juhani Vasankari

  873. Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Balachandar Vellingiri

  874. Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India

    Balachandar Vellingiri

  875. Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Georgios-Ioannis Verras

  876. College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Georgios-Ioannis Verras

  877. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Dominique Vervoort

  878. Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Manish Vinayak

  879. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T Popa’ Iasi, Iaşi, Romania

    Simona Ruxandra Volovat

  880. Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania

    Simona Ruxandra Volovat

  881. NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Yasir Waheed

  882. Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey

    Yasir Waheed

  883. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

    Yanzhong Wang

  884. Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

    Kosala Gayan Weerakoon

  885. Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

    Peter Willeit

  886. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Peter Willeit

  887. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia

    Abay Tadesse Woday

  888. Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Yihun Miskir Wubie

  889. Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Xiaoyue Xu

  890. Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India

    Vikas Yadav

  891. Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amir Yarahmadi

  892. Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amir Yarahmadi

  893. The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Sanni Yaya

  894. Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Subah Abderehim Yesuf

  895. Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Subah Abderehim Yesuf

  896. Public Health Department (Public Health Nutrition Unit), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

    Muluken Yigezu

  897. Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China

    Dehui Yin

  898. Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    Naohiro Yonemoto

  899. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

    Naohiro Yonemoto

  900. Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq

    Burhan Abdullah Zaman

  901. Nephology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Tarija, Bolivia

    Nelson Zamora

  902. San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia

    Nelson Zamora

  903. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran

    Iman Zare

  904. Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed G. M. Zeariya

  905. Department of Statistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

    Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru

  906. Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru

  907. School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Haijun Zhang

  908. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Haijun Zhang

  909. Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China

    Liqun Zhang

  910. School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China

    Liqun Zhang

  911. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Claire Chenwen Zhong

  912. Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Abzal Zhumagaliuly

  913. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Hafsa Zia

  914. Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Hafsa Zia

  915. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Ghazal Zoghi

  916. Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

    Sa’ed H. Zyoud

  917. Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine

    Sa’ed H. Zyoud

Authors
  1. Sooji Lee
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  2. Yejun Son
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  3. Jiyoung Hwang
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  4. Min Seo Kim
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  5. Jae Il Shin
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  6. Dong Keon Yon
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  7. Nicholas. J. Kassebaum
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Consortia

GBD 2021 Dietary Iron Deficiency Collaborators

  • Sooji Lee
  • , Yejun Son
  • , Jiyoung Hwang
  • , Min Seo Kim
  • , Jae Il Shin
  • , Dong Keon Yon
  • , Nicholas J. Kassebaum
  • , Semagn Mekonnen Abate
  • , Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
  • , Samar Abd ElHafeez
  • , Sherief Abd-Elsalam
  • , Meriem Abdoun
  • , Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
  • , Auwal Abdullahi
  • , Mesfin Abebe
  • , Armita Abedi
  • , Alemwork Abie
  • , Olumide Abiodun
  • , Richard Gyan Aboagye
  • , Hassan Abolhassani
  • , Mohamed Abouzid
  • , Lucas Guimarães Abreu
  • , Hasan Abualruz
  • , Hana J. Abukhadijah
  • , Salahdein Aburuz
  • , Ahmed Abu-Zaid
  • , Lawan Hassan Adamu
  • , Mesafint Molla Adane
  • , Isaac Yeboah Addo
  • , Oyelola A. Adegboye
  • , Victor Adekanmbi
  • , Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
  • , Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa
  • , Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani
  • , Leticia Akua Adzigbli
  • , Saira Afzal
  • , Suneth Buddhika Agampodi
  • , Williams Agyemang-Duah
  • , Aqeel Ahmad
  • , Muayyad M. Ahmad
  • , Shahzaib Ahmad
  • , Tauseef Ahmad
  • , Ali Ahmed
  • , Ayman Ahmed
  • , Haroon Ahmed
  • , Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed
  • , Syed Anees Ahmed
  • , Marjan Ajami
  • , Karolina Akinosoglou
  • , Ema Akter
  • , Salah Al Awaidy
  • , Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan
  • , Omar Al Omari
  • , Muaaz M. Alajlani
  • , Ziyad Al-Aly
  • , Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer
  • , Mohammed Albashtawy
  • , Wafa A. Aldhaleei
  • , Abdelazeem M. Algammal
  • , Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa
  • , Abid Ali
  • , Akhtar Ali
  • , Liaqat Ali
  • , Mohammed Usman Ali
  • , Syed Shujait Ali
  • , Waad Ali
  • , Shohreh Alian Samakkhah
  • , Sheikh Mohammad Alif
  • , Sabah Al-Marwani
  • , Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
  • , Sami Almustanyir
  • , Jaber S. Alqahtani
  • , Rajaa M. Mohammad Al-Raddadi
  • , Mohammed A. Alsabri
  • , Zaid Altaany
  • , Awais Altaf
  • , Alaa B. Al-Tammemi
  • , Khalid A. Altirkawi
  • , Hany Aly
  • , Karem H. Alzoubi
  • , Reza Amani
  • , Sohrab Amiri
  • , Hubert Amu
  • , Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa
  • , Robert Ancuceanu
  • , Tudorel Andrei
  • , Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa
  • , Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa
  • , Saeid Anvari
  • , Sumadi Lukman Anwar
  • , Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
  • , Jalal Arabloo
  • , Mosab Arafat
  • , Aleksandr Y. Aravkin
  • , Demelash Areda
  • , Brhane Berhe Aregawi
  • , Abdulfatai Aremu
  • , Hany Ariffin
  • , Mesay Arkew
  • , Ni Ketut Aryastami
  • , Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
  • , Jamila Abdulhamid Atata
  • , Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
  • , Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout
  • , Alok Atreya
  • , Amlaku Mulat Aweke
  • , Mamaru Ayenew Awoke
  • , Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
  • , Gulrez Shah Azhar
  • , Ahmed Y. Azzam
  • , Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu
  • , Nayereh Baghcheghi
  • , Nasser Bagheri
  • , Saeed Bahramian
  • , Atif Amin Baig
  • , Shankar M. Bakkannavar
  • , Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
  • , Wondu Feyisa Balcha
  • , Palash Chandra Banik
  • , Hansi Bansal
  • , Simachew Animen Bante
  • , Afisu Basiru
  • , Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan
  • , Kavita Batra
  • , Tahmina Begum
  • , Muhammad Bashir Bello
  • , Luis Belo
  • , Isabela M. Bensenor
  • , Girma Beressa
  • , Alemshet Yirga Berhie
  • , Devidas S. Bhagat
  • , Neeraj Bhala
  • , Nikha Bhardwaj
  • , Pankaj Bhardwaj
  • , Prarthna V. Bhardwaj
  • , Sonu Bhaskar
  • , Ajay Nagesh Bhat
  • , Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
  • , Bijit Biswas
  • , Trupti Bodhare
  • , Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin
  • , Archith Boloor
  • , Kaustubh Bora
  • , Hamed Borhany
  • , Souad Bouaoud
  • , Yasser Bustanji
  • , Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay
  • , Daniela Calina
  • , Luis Alberto Cámera
  • , Fan Cao
  • , Monica Cattafesta
  • , Luca Cegolon
  • , Francieli Cembranel
  • , Muthia Cenderadewi
  • , Kelly M. Cercy
  • , Chiranjib Chakraborty
  • , Sandip Chakraborty
  • , Rama Mohan Chandika
  • , Vijay Kumar Chattu
  • , Akhilanand Chaurasia
  • , Haowei Chen
  • , Gerald Chi
  • , Patrick R. Ching
  • , Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres
  • , William C. S. Cho
  • , Bryan Chong
  • , Hitesh Chopra
  • , Sonali Gajanan Choudhari
  • , Dinh-Toi Chu
  • , Isaac Sunday Chukwu
  • , Federica Concina
  • , Michael H. Criqui
  • , Natalia Cruz-Martins
  • , Alanna Gomes da Silva
  • , Omid Dadras
  • , Emanuele D’Amico
  • , Samuel Demissie Darcho
  • , Saswati Das
  • , Nihar Ranjan Dash
  • , Shayom Debopadhaya
  • , Cristian Del Bo’
  • , Ivan Delgado-Enciso
  • , Hardik Dineshbhai Desai
  • , Fikreab Desta
  • , Devananda Devegowda
  • , Amol S. Dhane
  • , Vishal R. Dhulipala
  • , Thanh Chi Do
  • , Thao Huynh Phuong Do
  • , Saeid Doaei
  • , Sushil Dohare
  • , Mario D’Oria
  • , Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi
  • , Robert Kokou Dowou
  • , Ashel Chelsea Dsouza
  • , Haneil Larson Dsouza
  • , Senbagam Duraisamy
  • , Sulagna Dutta
  • , Hisham Atan Edinur
  • , Ferry Efendi
  • , Aziz Eftekharimehrabad
  • , Foolad Eghbali
  • , Michael Ekholuenetale
  • , Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy
  • , Iffat Elbarazi
  • , Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary
  • , Muhammed Elhadi
  • , Waseem El-Huneidi
  • , Mohammed Elshaer
  • , Ibrahim Elsohaby
  • , Theophilus I. Emeto
  • , Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
  • , Ayesha Fahim
  • , Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev
  • , MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris
  • , Nelsensius Klau Fauk
  • , Patrick Fazeli
  • , Alireza Feizkhah
  • , Ginenus Fekadu
  • , Nuno Ferreira
  • , Florian Fischer
  • , Bobirca Teodor Florin
  • , Morenike Oluwatoyin Oluwátóyìn Folayan
  • , Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov
  • , Takeshi Fukumoto
  • , Blima Fux
  • , G. Sridevi
  • , Muktar A. Gadanya
  • , Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
  • , Yaseen Galali
  • , Aravind P. Gandhi
  • , William M. Gardner
  • , Rupesh K. Gautam
  • , Miglas Welay Gebregergis
  • , Mesfin Gebrehiwot
  • , Tesfay B. B. Gebremariam
  • , Habtamu Geremew
  • , Lemma Getacher
  • , Genanew K. Getahun
  • , Molla Getie
  • , Simegnew Asmer Getie
  • , Delaram J. Ghadimi
  • , Khalid Yaser Ghailan
  • , Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
  • , Maryam Gholamalizadeh
  • , Ali Gholamrezanezhad
  • , Artyom Urievich Gil
  • , Bikash Ranjan Giri
  • , Alem Abera Girmay
  • , Alessandra C. Goulart
  • , Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari
  • , Damitha Asanga Gunawardane
  • , Anish Kumar Gupta
  • , Ishita Gupta
  • , Rajat Das Gupta
  • , Sapna Gupta
  • , Vivek Kumar Gupta
  • , Farrokh Habibzadeh
  • , Parham Habibzadeh
  • , Najah R. Hadi
  • , Hailey Hagins
  • , Sobia Ahsan Halim
  • , Nadia M. Hamdy
  • , Samer Hamidi
  • , Alexis J. Handal
  • , Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso
  • , Ahmed I. Hasaballah
  • , Md. Kamrul Hasan
  • , Hamidreza Hasani
  • , Md Saquib Hasnain
  • , Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan
  • , Hadi Hassankhani
  • , Simon I. Hay
  • , Khezar Hayat
  • , Golnaz Heidari
  • , Mehdi Hemmati
  • , Kamal Hezam
  • , Yuta Hiraike
  • , Nguyen Quoc Hoan
  • , Ramesh Holla
  • , Md Mahbub Hossain
  • , Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
  • , Mihaela Hostiuc
  • , Sorin Hostiuc
  • , Junjie Huang
  • , Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie
  • , Javid Hussain
  • , Hong-Han Huynh
  • , Bing-Fang Hwang
  • , Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
  • , Nayu Ikeda
  • , Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
  • , Irena M. Ilic
  • , Milena D. Ilic
  • , Mustapha Immurana
  • , Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
  • , Arit Inok
  • , Muhammad Iqhrammullah
  • , Lalu Muhammad Irham
  • , Md. Rabiul Islam
  • , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
  • , Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
  • , Gaetano Isola
  • , Chidozie Declan Iwu
  • , Assefa N. Iyasu
  • , Mahalaxmi Iyer
  • , J. Vinothini
  • , Abdollah Jafarzadeh
  • , Kasra Jahankhani
  • , Akhil Jain
  • , Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
  • , Mihajlo Jakovljevic
  • , Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh
  • , Safayet Jamil
  • , Talha Jawaid
  • , Krishnamurthy Jayanna
  • , Shubha Jayaram
  • , Belayneh Hamdela Jena
  • , Bijay Mukesh Jeswani
  • , Mohammad Jokar
  • , Jost B. Jonas
  • , Jobinse Jose
  • , Nitin Joseph
  • , Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
  • , Farahnaz Joukar
  • , Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
  • , Ali Kabir
  • , Zubair Kabir
  • , Dler H. Hussein Kadir
  • , Farima Kahe
  • , Leila R. Kalankesh
  • , Arun Kamireddy
  • , Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
  • , Rami S. Kantar
  • , Jafar Karami
  • , Arman Karimi Behnagh
  • , Joonas H. Kauppila
  • , Navjot Kaur
  • , Gbenga A. Kayode
  • , Kefita Kashala Kayola
  • , Adera Debella Kebede
  • , Leila Keikavoosi-Arani
  • , Peter Njenga Keiyoro
  • , Himanshu Khajuria
  • , Amirmohammad Khalaji
  • , Nauman Khalid
  • , Alireza Khalilian
  • , Maseer Khan
  • , Vishnu Khanal
  • , Haitham Khatatbeh
  • , Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
  • , Khalid A. Kheirallah
  • , Feriha Fatima Khidri
  • , Manoj Khokhar
  • , Atulya Aman Khosla
  • , Majid Khosravi
  • , Helda Khusun
  • , Yun Jin Kim
  • , Ruth W. Kimokoti
  • , Adnan Kisa
  • , Sezer Kisa
  • , Shivakumar KM Shivakumar
  • , Ali-Asghar Kolahi
  • , Farzad Kompani
  • , Hamid Reza Koohestani
  • , Soewarta Kosen
  • , Kewal Krishan
  • , Mohammed Kuddus
  • , Mukhtar Kulimbet
  • , Dewesh Kumar
  • , Nithin Kumar
  • , Vijay Kumar
  • , Satyajit Kundu
  • , Om P. Kurmi
  • , Frank Kyei-Arthur
  • , Chandrakant Lahariya
  • , Dharmesh Kumar Lal
  • , Iván Landires
  • , Kamaluddin Latief
  • , Nhi Huu Hanh Le
  • , Thao Thi Thu Le
  • , Munjae Lee
  • , Seung Won Lee
  • , Wei-Chen Lee
  • , An Li
  • , Ming-Chieh Li
  • , Stephen S. Lim
  • , Jialing Lin
  • , Xuefeng Liu
  • , Ashwini Lonimath
  • , José Francisco López-Gil
  • , Platon D. Lopukhov
  • , László Lorenzovici
  • , Paulo A. Lotufo
  • , Jailos Lubinda
  • , Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin
  • , Zheng Feei Ma
  • , Elaheh Malakan Rad
  • , Ahmad Azam Malik
  • , Deborah Carvalho Malta
  • , Yosef Manla
  • , Emmanuel Manu
  • , Mirko Marino
  • , Miquel Martorell
  • , Roy Rillera Marzo
  • , Yasith Mathangasinghe
  • , Elezebeth Mathews
  • , Medha Mathur
  • , Andrea Maugeri
  • , Mohsen Mazidi
  • , Theresa A. McHugh
  • , Asim Mehmood
  • , Rahul Mehra
  • , Kala M. Mehta
  • , Tesfahun Mekene Meto
  • , Birye Dessalegn Mekonnen
  • , Hadush Negash Meles
  • , Endalkachew Belayneh Melese
  • , Max Alberto Mendez-Lopez
  • , Walter Mendoza
  • , Tomislav Mestrovic
  • , Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda
  • , Sachith Mettananda
  • , Tomasz Miazgowski
  • , Irmina Maria Michalek
  • , Le Huu Nhat Minh
  • , GK Mini
  • , Mojgan Mirghafourvand
  • , Awoke Misganaw
  • , Madhukar Mittal
  • , Ahmed Ismail Mohamed
  • , Jama Mohamed
  • , Nouh Saad Mohamed
  • , Ameen Mosa Mohammad
  • , Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi
  • , Saeed Mohammadi
  • , Shafiu Mohammed
  • , Ali H. Mokdad
  • , Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
  • , Lorenzo Monasta
  • , Mohammad Ali Moni
  • , AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf
  • , Maryam Moradi
  • , Abbas Mosapour
  • , Rohith Motappa
  • , Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
  • , Sumaira Mubarik
  • , Sumoni Mukherjee
  • , Francesk Mulita
  • , Kavita Munjal
  • , Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan
  • , Christopher J. L. Murray
  • , Ana-Maria Musina
  • , Ghulam Mustafa
  • , Sathish Muthu
  • , Muhammad Muzaffar
  • , Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
  • , Pirouz Naghavi
  • , Gurudatta Naik
  • , Soroush Najdaghi
  • , Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen
  • , Kannothu Thazha Kuni Nandu
  • , Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy
  • , Delaram Narimani Davani
  • , Abdulqadir J. Nashwan
  • , Zuhair S. Natto
  • , Javaid Nauman
  • , Muhammad Naveed
  • , Biswa Prakash Nayak
  • , Athare Nazri-Panjaki
  • , G. Takop Nchanji
  • , Amanuel Tebabal Nega
  • , Mulata H. Nega
  • , Ionut Negoi
  • , Ruxandra Irina Negoi
  • , Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
  • , Henok Biresaw Netsere
  • , Georges Nguefack-Tsague
  • , Josephine W. Ngunjiri
  • , Duc Hoang Nguyen
  • , Hau Thi Hien Nguyen
  • , Nhan Nguyen
  • , Nhien Ngoc Y. Nguyen
  • , Phat Tuan Nguyen
  • , Van Thanh Nguyen
  • , Robina Khan Niazi
  • , Ali Nikoobar
  • , Efaq Ali Noman
  • , Shuhei Nomura
  • , Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor
  • , N. A. Nawsherwan
  • , Mehran Nouri
  • , Majid Nozari
  • , Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi
  • , Dieta Nurrika
  • , Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
  • , Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
  • , James Odhiambo Oguta
  • , Tolulope R. Ojo-Akosile
  • , Sylvester Reuben Okeke
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Contributions

Conceptualization and design: S.L., Y.S., J.H., M.S.K., J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; methodology: S.L., Y.S., J.H., M.S.K., J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; data acquisition: S.L., Y.S., J.H., M.S.K., J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; statistical analysis and data curation: S.L., Y.S., J.H., M.S.K., J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; validation: S.L., Y.S., J.H., M.S.K., J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; data interpretation: S.L., Y.S., J.H., M.S.K., J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; visualization: S.L., Y.S., J.H. and M.S.K.; managing the estimation or publications process: N.J.K., M.S.K. and J.I.S.; writing—original draft preparation: S.L., Y.S., J.H. and M.S.K.; writing—review and editing: all authors provided critical revision to the paper; supervision: J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K.; project administration: J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K; funding acquisition: J.I.S., D.K.Y. and N.J.K. N.J.K. is the senior author. Contributions by the GBD 2021 Dietary Iron Deficiency Collaborators are described in Supplementary Note 1.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jae Il Shin or Dong Keon Yon.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

N.J.K. reports grants or contracts from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundations as well as grant funding for anemia-related research. N.J.K. also reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb (presentation on GBD 2021 findings for anemia and dietary iron deficiency), outside the submitted work. Competing interests for the GBD 2021 Dietary Iron Deficiency Collaborators are listed in Supplementary Note 2.

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Nature Medicine thanks Jiahong Sun, Jessica Grieger and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Ming Yang, in collaboration with the Nature Medicine team.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Global rank of dietary iron deficiency in DALYs rate by sex, age group, and SDI.

Global ranks of dietary iron deficiency in DALYs per 100,000 population are displayed by sex, age group, and SDI quintile. The three panels represent data for both sexes (left), males (middle), and females (right). Rows correspond to age groups (70 years), while columns represent SDI quintiles from low to high. Each cell contains the global rank of dietary iron deficiency for the corresponding subgroup, with color gradients reflecting the rank, ranging from red (higher rank) to green (lower rank).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Global distributions for dietary iron deficiency in individuals under 5 years.

Global maps display the prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency among individuals under 5 years of age, both sexes, in 2021 (a). Global maps show the percent change in prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for the same population group from 1990 to 2021 (b). The maps use color gradients to illustrate geographical variations, with darker shades representing higher values in (a) or larger percent changes in (b).

Extended Data Fig. 3 Global distributions for dietary iron deficiency in individuals aged 5– 14 years.

Global maps display the prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency among individuals aged 5–14 years, both sexes, in 2021 (a). Global maps show the percent change in prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for the same population group from 1990 to 2021 (b). The maps use color gradients to illustrate geographical variations, with darker shades representing higher values in (a) or larger percent changes in (b).

Extended Data Fig. 4 Global distributions for dietary iron deficiency in individuals aged 15– 49 years.

Global maps display the prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency among individuals aged 15–49 years, both sexes, in 2021 (a). Global maps show the percent change in prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for the same population group from 1990 to 2021 (b). The maps use color gradients to illustrate geographical variations, with darker shades representing higher values in (a) or larger percent changes in (b).

Extended Data Fig. 5 Global distributions for dietary iron deficiency in individuals aged 50– 69 years.

Global maps display the prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency among individuals aged 50–69 years, both sexes, in 2021 (a). Global maps show the percent change in prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for the same population group from 1990 to 2021 (b). The maps use color gradients to illustrate geographical variations, with darker shades representing higher values in (a) or larger percent changes in (b).

Extended Data Fig. 6 Global distributions for dietary iron deficiency in individuals aged >70 years.

Global maps display the prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency among individuals aged > 70 years, both sexes, in 2021 (a). Global maps show the percent change in prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for the same population group from 1990 to 2021 (b). The maps use color gradients to illustrate geographical variations, with darker shades representing higher values in (a) or larger percent changes in (b).

Extended Data Fig. 7 Global distributions for dietary iron deficiency across all age groups.

Global maps display the all-age prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency in both sexes in 2021 (a). Global maps show the all-age percent change in prevalence rate and DALY rate (per 100,000 population) for dietary iron deficiency in both sexes from 1990 to 2021 (b). The maps use color gradients to illustrate geographical variations, with darker shades representing higher values in (a) or larger percent changes in (b).

Extended Data Fig. 8 Age-standardized prevalence and YLDs due to anemia causes by sex, 2021.

Age-standardized rates of prevalence and YLDs due to anemia causes are displayed by sex for 2021. Dietary iron deficiency (pink) constitutes the largest segment of both prevalence and YLDs for males and females, followed by contributions from hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias (orange), other infectious diseases (green), and neglected tropical diseases (purple). The bars, color-coded for specific causes, illustrate the relative proportions attributed to each anemia cause across sexes.

Extended Data Fig. 9 Flow chart of dietary iron deficiency.

The methodological framework outlines the estimation process for the burden of dietary iron deficiency, anemia (nonfatal), and their causal attributions. It integrates data inputs such as individual hemoglobin levels, and survey data, utilizing ST-GPR to model hemoglobin mean and standard deviation. Cause-specific prevalence and hemoglobin shifts are derived for mild, moderate, and severe anemia, incorporating counterfactual distributions to attribute cases specifically to dietary iron deficiency. Disability weights are applied to calculate YLDs and DALYs, while comorbidity corrections refine the estimates. Relative risks, population-attributable fractions, and covariates are combined to provide a structured pathway from raw data to final burden estimation within the GBD framework.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information

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Reporting Summary

Supplementary Note 1

Author contributions by the GBD 2021 Dietary Iron Deficiency Collaborators.

Supplementary Note 2

Competing interests for the GBD 2021 Dietary Iron Deficiency Collaborators

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Lee, S., Son, Y., Hwang, J. et al. Global, regional and national burden of dietary iron deficiency from 1990 to 2021: a Global Burden of Disease study. Nat Med 31, 1809–1829 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03624-8

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