Fig. 2: P. vivax population genetics.
From: Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria
a, Ancient P. vivax strains with more than 5,000 SNPs covered (grey squares). Ancient data are projected onto modern P. vivax strains (small points) genotyped by the MalariaGEN P. vivax Genome Variation Project37. Shaded regions delimit the spread of modern P. vivax populations in PCA space. b, Neighbour-joining phylogeny including ancient and modern P. vivax strains. Branches are coloured by geographic origin, as in a, black points reflect nodes receiving support values greater than or equal to 0.9 (100 bootstrap replicates). c, Unsupervised ADMIXTURE analysis of modern P. vivax populations using K = 6 ancestry sources (left), and supervised ADMIXTURE analysis of high-coverage (more than 5,000 SNPs) ancient P. vivax strains (right). Ancient strains were modelled as mixtures of K = 6 ancestral sources maximized in the following modern populations: Latin America, Oceania, maritime Southeast Asia, eastern Southeast Asia, western Southeast Asia, western Asia and Ethiopia. Error bars reflect uncertainty in mean individual admixture proportions (standard errors, 300 bootstrap replicates).