Fig. 3: Examples of heart rate metrics during COVID-19 illness.
From: Pre-symptomatic detection of COVID-19 from smartwatch data
a–d, Examples of heart rate metrics during COVID-19 infection for four individual participants, two from group I (a and b) and one each from group II (c) and group III (d). Red and purple vertical dashed lines indicate the days of symptom onset and diagnosis, respectively. Shown are the standardized HROS from the HROS-AD method (bottom plot in each panel; dark blue lines) and the standardized heart rate residuals from the RHR-Diff method (top plot in each panel; black lines). For RHR-Diff, the green dashed line is at 0. Gold solid triangles mark the infection detection window used to score detections as a hit or a miss. Also indicated are time intervals when the heart rate residuals were significantly elevated from RHR-Diff (red arrows in the top plots of each panel) and times when anomalies were detected by HROS-AD (red dots in the bottom plots of each panel).