Spatial Theory

This chapter provides an orientation to the legal sources preserved in the Old Testament that deal with criminal law, including discussion of a few of the signal problems besetting the proper interpretation and use of these texts. The main texts on homicide in the Pentateuch are then overviewed before addressing the complex issue of the role of the mental element in the determination of culpability and punishment. The chapter ends with a consideration of one of the main differences between contemporary law and biblical law – namely, the role of the Deity in law – in order to draw some possible, though perhaps unrecognised and undertheorised, connections between modern jurisprudence and Scripture, and what such connections might mean for a Christian approach to criminal law.

Polycentricity has transformed from a normative European planning paradigm into a globally significant research framework shaping urban and regional development debates. To uncover its intellectual structure and evolutionary trajectory, the present research examines the field from two complementary perspectives: (1) the conceptual development of polycentricity and its associated thematic clusters, and (2) the composition of the scientific community alongside the dynamics of its collaboration networks. From more than 800 identified studies, 470 were selected for in-depth bibliometric analysis, revealing four principal intellectual streams: (1) theoretical and structural foundations, (2) functional and environmental implications, (3) network-oriented approaches, and (4) interdisciplinary linkages. The analysis further explores patterns of scholarly collaboration and the spatial distribution of knowledge production. Findings demonstrate that while polycentricity has matured into a global, empirically grounded field, persistent challenges remain, including geographical disparities and increasing sub-field fragmentation. By presenting a holistic analytical framework, this research provides valuable guidance for future scholarship and fosters more integrated approaches to sustainable urban and regional development.

Walking through a city, going all over its paths, is a great part of discovering its spirit. Venice doubles this experience by interlocking walking paths and canals. Urban networks are a first kind of mazes. A second type originates in labyrinths, and "solving" such mazes has been used as a test of "intelligence", or at least of learning capability, for a long time. Such mazes are space-filling branching curves. How to produce generic mazes, and then self-similar mazes, and use them for generative design will be discussed in this paper.

This research paper focuses on Paul Auster's iconic novel City of Glass (1985), which is a component of his well-known The New York Trilogy (1987), and the idea of aesthetic illusions as a thematic suspense. The approach is based on the notion of aesthetic illusion, which shows the way illusory outlines are perceived. The purpose of the study is to clarify how Auster skillfully employs the Kanizsa Triangle to weave the theme of aesthetic illusions, resulting in a compelling sense of tension and ontological ambiguity that permeates the stories.

This document integrates key principles from Albert Einstein's relativity, quantum physics, and classical atomic theory to form the theoretical and engineering basis for a Warp Drive engine and Cosmic Standard Time (CST) Navigation system. Each concept contributes to defining field interactions, time synchronization, and spatial stability essential for faster-thanlight (FTL) propulsion and precise temporal navigation.

An exceptional book. It is completely different from anything else currently available, refreshing, extremely well-written and original in so many ways . . . It is just the sort of book I would want my students to read . . . It is quite the best introductory book that I have ever come across.' Philip Martin, De Montfort University 'Fresh, surprising, never boring, and engagingly humorous, while remaining intellectually serious and challenging . . . This is a terrific book, and I'm very glad that it exists.' Peggy Kamuf, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 'This excellent book is very well-written and an outstanding introduction to literary studies. An extremely stimulating introduction.' Robert Eaglestone, Royal Holloway, University of London 'I am convinced that Bennett and Royle have written a pathbreaking work and I suspect that this book -so full of laughter, suspense, secrets and pleasure -will have an appeal beyond a strictly academic audience.' Alan Shima, University of Gothenberg 'All the chapters in the volume are illuminating, informative and original.' Robert Mills, King's College London 'Bennett and Royle offer a different kind of introduction, which directly involves the reader in the problems and pleasures of thinking about literature -its distinctiveness, its strangeness, its power, its inexhaustibility . . . They succeed brilliantly in encouraging readers who are new to theory to appreciate its importance, enjoy its revelations, and understand some of its conceptual apparatus without diminishing the centrality of literary writing itself. This is a book which students in every introductory course on criticism and theory would benefit from having.' Derek Attridge, University of York . . .

hough published almost sixty years ago, urbanist Jane Jacobs's 1961 Death and Life of Great American Cities continues to grow in conceptual and pragmatic significance. 2 One can safely say that this book-a remarkably perceptive picture of how cities work-is one of the great twentieth-century explications of urban life, continuing to have profound theoretical and practical significance for urban policy, planning, design, and thinking. 3 In the last decade, a productive interdisciplinary field of "Jacobsean" studies has developed, and many articles, books, and edited collections have been published that discuss Jacobs's life and work. 4

The Indian Colonial experience spanning centuries has fashioned, influenced and shaped our living, socio-cultural reality and our preference for English language and English Literature. The Britishers as our masters employed and perpetuated practices that helped them strengthen their power over their subject. Dominating the subjects by devaluing their cultural practices, the system of education, the living pattern and trivialising their languages was a well thought out plan to colonise the minds of the subjects and to project an elevated, develop and superior British race. They employed English and study of English literature as weapons to subjugate the natives and to project the British Culture, Language and Literally on a higher, superior plane. In the post-colonial period, Indians have adopted ways and means to correct these myths associated with " superior race" and resurrect traditional Indian ways and values that synchronise with scientific values. Likewise, the neglected and forgotten Indian literature including writings in languages other than English are being brought into limelight. Texts voicing the aspirations of marginalised communities, Dalits, Women, LGBT have flooded the market thereby enlightening the Indian masses about their right to live with dignity. During the colonial period, their voices were either stifled or

Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) are centred on traditional beliefs and practices which are considered unique to specific cultural spaces. It could be argued that film, as a cultural product shares a symbolic relationship with indigenous knowledge systems. Incorporating IKS in films could support the promotion of cultural diversity, enrich storytelling as well as offer alternative perspectives. Adopting Tosin Igho's Suspicion (2024) as a case study, this paper interrogates the unique blend of contemporary filmmaking and indigenous knowledge systems. It explores how Suspicion questions contending Nollywood stereotypes through themes of morality, power and vengeance. The paper submits that, through a nuanced portrayal of indigenous knowledge systems and its implications, the film Suspicion sets the stage for captivating narratives which provides for thoughtful engagements with the notions of IKS and filmic representation.

In 2015, Crystal Moselle won the Sundance Festival with her documentary The Wolfpack, an intimate view into the lives of Oscar and Susanne Angulo
and their seven children. Confined in their Lower East Side by their father, Moselle offers a coming-of-age story showing the children’s gradual path to freedom as they narrate their unique way of coping with their imprisonment: they watch, perform and record their favourite films as a way to create their own world in absence of an external reality. Such a situation not only reveals the exclusionary powers of American capitalism and their metropolis, where class, gender and race intersect, but also, the tactics of ideals and illusions that oscillate between stagnation and dynamism in their troublesome connection with the dialectics of the “Inside” and the “Outside.” Understanding the “dream” as a pattern of confinement, as “(4.a.) [a] state of mind in which a person is or seems to be unaware of his or her immediate surroundings” (OED s.v. dream n.2 & adj.), we will undertake a spatial reading of the dream to analyse Angulo’s seclusion and their relationship with fiction as a world-building activity. Firstly, a historical and sociological approach is employed: an analysis of the American Dream through the reading of James Truslow Adams and Tocqueville to demonstrate how its nightmare resolve into the strategy of reclusion and differential exclusion. And, secondly, the philosophical perspective of Gaston Bachelard and Foucault will articulate the doubleness of the dream (as both illusory deception and imaginative visions) and their spatial consequences regarding Angulo’s confinement.

La investigación tuvo lugar en la entidad deproducción cañera "El Limpio", en Cienfuegos, Cuba, con el objetivo deidentificar cambios en propiedades de suelos, y los Indicadores de Estado que inciden en la eficiencia agroindustria en el proceso de extracción de azúcar. Para el análisis y organización de la investigación se utilizó, el Manual de Procedimientos para la implementación del Manejo Sostenible de Tierras y se aplicaron, además, otros métodos de orden teórico y empíricos, con sus correspondientes técnicas. Los datos se registraron en hojas de trabajo y en matrices. Se evaluaron los parámetros y calificaciones según el Manual antes referido, aplicándose métodos estadísticos y matemáticos. Como resultados se logra: caracterización de la entidad cañera en función del Manejo Sostenible de Tierra; identificación de indicadores específicos para evaluar su estado en la implementación del Manejo Sostenible e identificar cambios en propiedades del suelo que más inciden en la eficiencia agroindustrial. Como principal conclusión: que en la entidad se evidencian condiciones que comprometen tanto la eficiencia de sus procesos, como los de la industria azucarera a la que tributa, que podría encontrar respuestas en la implementación sistemática del Plan de Manejo Sostenible de Tierra que se elabore para esta entidad.

Unsere Ausgangsthese ist, dass sich die unterschiedlichen methodischen Zuspitzungen und Richtungswechsel, die die Philologie seit ihrer disziplinären Ausdifferenzierung im 19. Jahrhundert erlebt hat, als Parametrisierung des Verhältnisses von Konjektur und Krux beschreiben lassen. Anders gewendet: Konjektur und Krux markieren die Grenzen eines epistemischen Bezirks, der von unterschiedlichen philologischen Methodenpolitiken konfiguriert wird. Die sich daraus ergebende "disziplinäre Matrix" an Verfahrensweisen, die den Anspruch erheben, 'Methode' zu sein, hat insofern politischen Charakter als die Entscheidung für bzw. gegen eine bestimmte Verfahrensweise implizit oder explizit ein Interesse verfolgt, das in aller Regel über das Anliegen einer bloßen Textrekonstruktion entschieden hinausreicht: Es geht darum, die Bedingungen festzulegen, unter denen eine philologische Aussage als 'wissenschaftlich qualifiziert' gelten darf

In: L. Nolasco-Rózsás, M. Schädler (eds.), "Beyond Matter, Within Space. Curatorial and Art Mediation Techniques on the Verge of Virtual Reality", Hatje Cantz, Hamburg

In this chapter, Refiguring the Broken Timeline, Annet Dekker, Gaia Tedone, and I revisit our work on The Broken Timeline, a project dedicated to tracing a partial and situated history of online exhibitions that have often slipped through institutional memory. Rather than attempting a definitive archive, we embrace fragments, glitches, and broken links as material that speaks to the socio-technical conditions in which these projects were produced and circulated. Through our exchange, we reflect on how curating online requires constant negotiation with platforms, protocols, and infrastructural limitations, and how these conditions unsettle established notions of authorship, ownership, and exhibition format.

By drawing from projects like Kingdom of Piracy, #exstrange, distant.gallery, and other instances of networked co-curation, we argue for a curatorial approach that acknowledges instability and contingency as generative forces rather than failures of preservation. Our dialogue also touches on the friction between institutional attempts to re-stage past exhibitions within controlled digital environments and the messier, more performative nature of web-based curatorial work. Through this lens, we position The Broken Timeline not as a closed archive, but as a living method—a way of navigating and activating digital traces that resists linearity and invites new forms of interaction, storytelling, and critical engagement.

This article sets out to explore how and whether the physical, social and conceived conditions in schools facilitate or disrupt support work aimed at improving student learning and preventing social exclusion. This is accomplished by comparing student support practices in the common areas of two newly renovated secondary schools built in two different time periods. The focus is on the student support staff’s (exemplified by student welfare officers and school hosts) enactment of support for students’ learning and well-being. This enactment takes place in a designed school environment, where teachers and support staff appropriate spaces for educational purposes in various ways. The interview and observational data come from two qualitative case studies. A spatial analysis perspective is used to investigate the physical, social and conceived aspects of space. The case schools, located in two municipalities, were originally built in the 1910s (Maple Grove) and the 1960s (Pine Bay). Bot...

What is a layer? A separator or something separated? Is there such a thing as a layer or is it a different concept, or rather object, depending on the discipline? There are two philosophical questions regarding the layer: Does it exist? (ontology) and What is it? (metaphysics).

On the threshold of the 20th century, the “aerial” was entering the still young discourse on modern urban design. The evolution of different means of representations of cityscapes published in contemporary European and American urban design literature mirror paradigmatically the process of discovery of the city as a whole, as a new dimension and an autonomous entity, due to the changing perception and experience of urban space and the compilation of knowledge of urban patterns. This emergence encompassing a period of around thirty years marked an important moment both in urban design practice and in theory formation and paralleled the beginnings of the conquest of the air by controlled powered flight.

Thiruvalluvar, through the Thirukkural (especially in the sections on Virtue and Wealth), reiterates the duty of every person to maintain self-esteem and self-respect(maanam) as well as self-discipline (-ozhukkam or honour) by setting them as values more crucial than life, wealth, or power. He establishes this duty through a combination of negative injunctions (what not to do) and positive affirmations (what to strive for).

Focusing on the intersections of affect theory, spatial theory and infrastructure studies, this interdisciplinary seminar investigates how contemporary literature, film, photography, street art, digital media, and other cultural texts portray the ways in which urban space both enhances and delimits the formation of affective responses and cosmopolitan attitudes. The affective turn (Massumi, Ahmed, Thrift, Seigworth and Pedwell) and cultural trauma studies (Alexander, Craps) inform our reading of atmospheres and unresolved emotions in the urban environment, alongside foundational theories of space (Lefebvre, Massey, Soja) and new research on urban infrastructure (Boehmer and Davies, Pinnix et al.) to explore how power and boundaries are inscribed in place. Posthumanist perspectives (Haraway, Bennett) and affective ecocritical approaches (Bladow, Mossner) are also key fields this seminar draws upon since these engage with the impact of non-human agencies (architecture, climate, animals, technology) on city life. We are also particularly interested in diaspora studies (Gilroy, Hall), postcolonial lenses (Mbembe) and decolonial conceptualisations of cosmopolitanism (Mignolo and Walsh, Santos), which shed light on the affective impact of colonial legacies and the emergence of new diasporic identities in European cityscapes.
CONVENORS:
• Ágnes Györke (Károli Gáspár University, Hungary)
gyorke.agnes@kre.hu
• Ana Cristina Mendes (University of Lisbon, Portugal)
anafmendes@edu.ulisboa.pt

Globally, rural areas provide resources and numerous locations for fueling the energy transition. Energy transitions
have the potential to reshape the physical and social dimensions of rural territories. Despite evident interdependencies
between the evolution of rurality and the progression of the energy transition in the rural world,
the analysis of their interconnectedness remains markedly limited. The conceptualization of a ‘rural energy
transition’ is still scarcely mentioned in social research, and the necessity of further attention to new rural
spatialities characterized by processes of materialization and imagination of the energy transition is increasingly
evident. By bringing together the analysis of energy transition and rural change – which usually appear as
separate academic debates – this contribution seeks to understand the rural energy transitions by referring to
Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space. In light of this, the paper proposes an analytical instrument for
grasping and interpreting the complexity of the localized rural energy transitions in a novel integrative way that
puts at the heart of its comprehension the relation of co-production between energy transition space and the
totality of the rural space. The article offers a coherent approach for both analyzing rural energy transition by
integrating material and immaterial dimensions, representations and imaginaries, and multiple social practices
that are inevitably anchored to wider rural changes; and concomitantly understanding how they develop along a
continuum ranging from extractive to emancipatory logics.

Veganism is a sociocultural-identity, ethical-political, and spatial movement that confronts structural speciesism and the colonial continuities of the Plantationocene. Being vegan goes beyond renouncing what one eats or wears; it is a coherent and conscious choice about how one lives and with whom one chooses to share the world. This phenomenon is understood through a theoretical-conceptual anthropological approach, which examines three planes of spatialization: everyday practices that reorganize lived space and consumption circuits; intentional actions, such as occupations and activism, that establish zones of contestation; and digital territorialities that dispute narratives and reconfigure symbolic space. The articulation of these planes produces vegan places, non-places of animal exploitation, Foucault's heterotopias, and Bey's Temporary Autonomous Zones, connected by countercartographies that reveal human peripheries and spaces of animal exploitation. The synthesis of Harvey and Lefebvre's spatial theories demonstrates that such zones reterritorialize flows of food, labor, and affection, expanding socio-environmental and interspecies justice. Four ethical axes are proposed: justice for sentient beings; rejection of animal exploitation; recognition of ecological interdependence; and moralization of consumption and habitus. The conclusion is that veganism acts as a transformative cultural force, reorganizing sociocultural and spatial dynamics and inspiring new ethnographic investigations into the impacts of different spatialization plans on the local economy and sociability.
Keywords: Anthropology of Space. Structural Speciesism. Plantationocene. Production of Space. Veganism.

Drawing on the concept of lived emplacement developed in my Life Takes Place (Seamon 2018), I consider aspects of place and place experience as presented in American novelist Daniel Mason's North Woods, a revealing picture of how one house and homestead in mountainous western Massachusetts (USA) abides in time as various inhabitants and occupants come and go (Mason 2023). By lived emplacement, I mean the everyday ways via which human beings are immersed in the places they inhabit or occupy. In short, place is an inviolate existential structure via which human life happens. We always find ourselves somewhere. Mason's novel is singular in its portrayal of how the homestead sponsors a wide range of lived emplacement for the characters who arrive, settle, and move on because of death or life events. The novel demonstrates implicitly the phenomenological claim that human beings and worlds are always already together integrally via lived emplacement.

This paper investigates the lived experience of displacement among Indian immigrants in post-Brexit Britain, combining creative practice with critical analysis. Focusing on the story of a young migrant negotiating Newcastle’s nightlife economy, it explores how visa insecurity, cultural hybridity, and assimilation pressures intersect with questions of morality and identity. The project examines the ways in which precarious legal status reshapes both social belonging and psychological stability, producing a condition of being simultaneously present and “out of place.” Narratively, the work experiments with shifts in form—from observational realism to psychological fragmentation—to reflect the instability of migrant life. Metafictional devices, such as the framing of events through an unreliable manuscript, blur the boundaries between authorship, memory, and reality, offering a symbolic articulation of displacement. The accompanying critical inquiry situates these creative strategies within postcolonial and narrative theory, drawing on Homi Bhabha’s concept of unhomeliness and Stuart Hall’s work on representation and identity, with Doreen Massey's spatial theory. This framework demonstrates how ruptures in narrative structure can embody the temporal and spatial dislocations of migration. Informed by ethnographic observation and community-based interviews, the project ensures that creative invention remains grounded in lived realities while avoiding reductive portrayals. It argues that diasporic storytelling in regional Britain must grapple not only with issues of visibility and underrepresentation but also with the formal and aesthetic modes through which displacement and cultural ambivalence are represented.

Seduction is explored as a spatial strategy that resists architecture’s tendency to disclose or resolve. Through seven attributes: Distance, Deception, Indifference, Enigma, Ceremony, Play, and Power, design is reframed as rhetorical, strategic, and ambiguous. Rather than seeking meaning, seductive architecture manipulates its absence. A tactic, not an end in itself.
Originally archived at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17162167

Der Beitrag klärt die Relation der Begriffe 'Mikrokosmos' und 'Mikrotopos' und ordnet sie in eine Raumtheorie der Literatur ein. Eine mikrotopische Zeichenfunktion des Raums wird von einer mikrokosmischen unterschieden: während die Signifikationsbeziehung im Mikrokosmos den räumlichen Verhältnissen vorausgeht, wird sie im Mikrotopos durch die Strukturiertheit des Raums und die so erzeugte soziale Situation erst konstruiert. Darauf aufbauend skizziert der Beitrag die typische Raumstruktur der Science-Fiction als eine ins Extrem verlängerte Spannung zwischen Geschlossenheit und Offenheit, die mit beiden Signifikationsbeziehungen kompatibel ist. An Beispielen aus der DDR-Science Fiction der späten 1970er und 80er Jahre wird schließlich vorgeführt, wie aus einer mikrokosmischen eine mikrotopische Zeichenrelation wird und wie das Raumschiff als Mikrotopos in der historisch spezifischen Situation der späten DDR ästhetisch und poetisch funktioniert.

RESUMO A obra analisada traz elementos fundamentais para compreender as principais características da agricultura realizados após a Revolução. Igualmente, trata das mudanças recentes do modelo agrícola cubano e seu panorama frente aos novos Lineamentos da Política Econômica e Social do Partido e da Revolução aprovados no VI Congresso do Partido Comunista Cubano em abril de 2011. Apresenta um balanço histórico y atual, sobre a produção agrícola, os preços, as formas de comercialização, a propriedade da terra e o problema da dependência alimentar. O autor realiza um debate crítico frente às limitações da política agrícola cubana em promover o desenvolvimento das forças produtiva no setor agrícola. Fazendo com que as mudanças, como a entrega de terras ociosas, ainda não gerassem os resultados esperados. Realiza diálogos com experiências de mudanças na agricultura no Vietnã e sobre a produção de agrocombustíveis no Brasil. É um importante exemplar para se aproximar da realidade agrícola cubana e compreender as mudanças nas visões atuais sobre as relações entre mercado y planificação na economia socialista. Palavras-chave: Dependência alimentar, mercado, propriedade da terra e planificação.

Bu çalışma, Peyami afa'nın romanlarında yer alan dış mekân isimlerinin türsel sınıflandırmasını ve frekans dağılımını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında incelenen 12 roman, 6164 dış mekân birimi temelinde çözümlenmiş; mekân türleri, işlevsel kategorilere ayrılarak her bir roman bağlamında istatistiksel ve nitel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, afa'nın şehir merkezli birey anlatılarında mekânı yalnızca fiziksel bir arka plan olarak değil, aynı zamanda karakterlerin zihinsel dönüşümünü, toplumsal çatışmalarını ve ideolojik yönelimlerini şekillendiren temel bir yapı taşı olarak ele aldığını göstermektedir. Özellikle İstanbul'un mekânsal bir motif olarak romanlarda merkezî rol oynaması, yazarın gelenek-modernite gerilim hattında bireyin kimlik arayışını mekânsal bağlamda kurguladığını ortaya koymaktadır. Kentsel, sosyal, temsili ve sembolik mekânların kullanımı; birey-toplum, iç dünya-dış çevre ve geçmiş-şimdi arasında çok katmanlı anlam bağlantılarını görünür kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, edebi metinlerde mekânın yapısal ve tematik işlevini ortaya çıkarmaya yönelik özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır.

A obra analisada traz elementos fundamentais para compreender as principais características da agricultura realizados após a Revolução. Igualmente, trata das mudanças recentes do modelo agrícola cubano e seu panorama frente aos novos Lineamentos da Política Econômica e Social do Partido e da Revolução aprovados no VI Congresso do Partido Comunista Cubano em abril de 2011. Apresenta um balanço histórico y atual, sobre a produção agrícola, os preços, as formas de comercialização, a propriedade da terra e o problema da dependência alimentar. O autor realiza um debate crítico frente às limitações da política agrícola cubana em promover o desenvolvimento das forças produtiva no setor agrícola. Fazendo com que as mudanças, como a entrega de terras ociosas, ainda não gerassem os resultados esperados. Realiza diálogos com experiências de mudanças na agricultura no Vietnã e sobre a produção de agrocombustíveis no Brasil. É um importante exemplar para se aproximar da realidade agrícola cubana e compreender as mudanças nas visões atuais sobre as relações entre mercado y planificação na economia socialista. Palavras-chave: Dependência alimentar, mercado, propriedade da terra e planificação.

M edieval romance stems out from the articulation of two traditions, that of chanson de geste and that of historiography, the latter not at all new, as its origins are much more ancient and scholarly, but which gained renewed importance due to the series of developments that characterize the confluence of phenomena we have come to know as the Renaissance of the twelfth century. 1 The coexistence of epic and romance established a difference between the genres based on the social function they represented: collective versus individual; a complex set of situations versus the singular event; society versus one man. 2 Both participated in truth but for different reasons: epic drew its truth from the collective memory it articulated, while romance drew it from fiction to codify present behaviors and relations, for no romance dating before the fifteenth century was built on "lived experience," its threads derived from poetry itself and were anchored in tradition, even in the composition of historical subjects. "Types" or styles of romance, those narrating themes from Antiquity (roman d'Antiquité) and Arthurian romance, shared a confrontation with epic. Within romance itself, the matter of Britain developed a prestige and popularity that came to dominate the roman d'Antiquité until the novel came into being. Arthurian romance managed to do this because it fulfilled three tasks: in relation to history, it anchored the meaning of a past and made an

This study investigates the longstanding research topic of the development of the space concept in children using a competitive, interactive, online, zero-sum game that required players to use monochromatic electronic paint to complete coloring-in places until an entire 10x10 grid was filled, taking turns with the computer player. Children and adults and their opponent machine players were 4- to 5-year-olds (n = 26), 6- to 7-year-olds (n = 32), 8- to 10-year-olds (n = 52), and adults (n = 48). The human players colored places in the grid in yellow, the machine player in green. While human players could follow their own spatial heuristics, the machine system player was programmed to color-in at random anywhere in the grid. Neighboring places could visually merge into pathways or areas. Children explored the array somewhat less than adults, but both explored it less than the machine which randomly colored-in places across the entire array. Both children and adults and machine players created one large area and many smaller ones. Their one large area left a large swath of the spatial array empty. This space was then filled by the machine player with random places which merged into a slightly smaller large area, but many larger small areas. Hence, a similar outcome was achieved regardless of whether spatial concepts or random spatial explorations were devised. The use of spatial heuristics was demonstrated with correlational analyses where long pathways and short-distance moves were significantly correlated with the largest area, but not in their machine opponents.

Throughout history, women have struggled with the sense of identity and belonging, often confined to spaces never truly their own. Raised as paraya dhan, 'someone else's property,' in their parents' homes and later as outsiders in marital homes, women are frequently denied genuine ownership of space. This existential struggle of women, intertwined with the domination of both women and nature by men, is powerfully reflected in literature and cinema. This paper examines how women's bodies are confined within gendered spaces, courtesan houses, brothels, and domestic landscapes, shaped by survival and resistance. Works such as My Story (1977), Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar (2024), Mandi (1983), and Begum Jaan (2017) interrogate patriarchal authority, displacement, and environmental symbolism through their dynamic characters. Kamala Das' autobiography frames personal narrative as resistance, while films and web series extend this discourse to brothel politics, reinforcing ecofeminist critiques of exclusion and territorial conflict. Literary and visual texts reveal women's spaces as controlled terrains where survival depends on negotiating power. For example, Mandi's image of the encaged parrot exposes the structures that regulate women's

From grassroots to mega-event level, the sport sector has long-relied on volunteers to function effectively. While the nature of sport volunteering varies, scholars have identified that volunteerism is built around characteristics (e.g., altruism, civic participation, acquisition of social capital, personal and professional development) that draw individuals together and contribute to a sense of community . In providing sites for life-skills training, mentoring, coaching, and/or leadership, volunteer communities in sport are also informal and formal learning environments. Notwithstanding research examining learning opportunities within individual volunteer experiences (Bartle & Craig, 2017; Misener, Doherty & Hamm-Kerwin, 2010), work remains on articulating the ideological, structural and experiential complexities of volunteering as pedagogical terrain. To illuminate some of these educational nuances, this paper interrogates the experiences of a cohort of regional football volunteers in the United Kingdom. Drawing on spatial theory, we utilise a holistic framework comprising thought, production and action space to understand volunteer communities and opportunities for learning therein. We draw data from questionnaires, and focus groups undertaken with volunteers working in one of the UK's largest provinces. We contend that football volunteerism comprises a potentially rich context in which an array of learning opportunities exist that can be nurtured and enacted upon over volunteers' life courses. Educational characteristics of volunteering, or the creation of effective learning communities in the sector are not, however, always guaranteed. Rather, individual and collective investments may be required by both volunteers and supporting organisations. Furthering recent criticisms of the wider sport sector, and beyond affording greater appreciation of volunteer learning, we advocate for a rethink of organisation's ethical responsibilities and resourcing vis-à-vis educational duties of care and sustainability.

Szabó Magda pályafutása során sohasem emelt kifogást műveinek biografi kus olva
sata ellen. Írásaiban könnyen ráismerünk az életrajzi én által exponált témakörökre:
a fényesen szép gyermekkorra, a deklasszált családra, a polgári és a protestáns ha
gyomány fontosságára, az ország, illetve saját társadalmi rétegének a vallási tradíci
óval és a női emancipációval is elegyet képző történetére és mindennek mindvégig
hangsúlyosnak tekintett, a következőkben kifejtendő topográfi ájára.A dokumentarista családregénynek és fi ktív önéletrajzi regénynek egyaránt tekint
hető Régimódi történet első oldalainak tanulsága szerint azért íródott meg, mert
a szülők fenti intelme betarthatatlan. Az önkéntelen emlékezést nem lehet megtil
tani, a múlt színpada és annak szereplői folyamatosan kísértenek az elbeszélő tuda
tában. Kis túlzással azt is állíthatjuk – és a következőkben én ebből a perspektívából
szeretnék az életműre tekinteni –, Szabó Magda szinte valamennyi művében a múlt
színpadterének konstrukciójával és rekonstrukciójával foglalkozott. Írásaiban az emlékezet a múlt színpada, ahol a szereplők éppen a díszletnek köszönhetően
nem esnek ki alapvető szerepeikből. Ebből a meglátásból kiindulva (ön)életírás
és térpoétika néhány összefüggését fogom a Régimódi történet című műve alapján
vizsgálni, mindazonáltal megállapításaimat – a jelzett vonatkozások mellett – egyéb
önéletrajzi ihletettségű szövegeire is érvényesnek látom.

This paper explores the transformation of non-digital artworks through hybrid exhibition practices, with a focus on Nam June Paik's pioneering concepts and their resonance in contemporary digital curation. It examines Paik's Symphony for 20 Rooms (1961), an unexecuted, instruction-based installation, as a framework for analyzing the integration of temporality, spatiality, and audience interaction in hybrid exhibitions. Drawing parallels between Paik's vision and the evolving role of digital tools in exhibition design, the study traces the history of hybrid practices, from early net.art shows to complex, computergenerated spaces. Central to this research is the development of a typology for hybrid exhibitions, mapping over 200 cases to categorize their organizational, technical, and experiential dimensions. This typology bridges physical and digital realms, redefining curatorial strategies and audience engagement. Through case studies, such as MIX-m (2005), and an analysis of the influence of information technology on curatorial spaces, the paper addresses the challenges and opportunities of integrating non-digital works into hybrid formats. Anchored by the Paik Replayed research project, the paper positions Paik's foresight within the broader context of digital curation, proposing innovative approaches to hybrid exhibitions that honor his legacy while embracing the transformative potential of contemporary media.

Cheikh Mwijo was a central figure in the "Moroccan troubadour scene," a grassroots cultural phenomenon that emerged within Moroccan immigrant communities in Israel's periphery during the 1950s. Like other troubadours, he traveled across the newly established state, singing in the immigrants' language, preserving the cultural heritage of Moroccan Jewry, and documenting their encounters with Israeli society. This article analyzes three "political ballads" he composed and performed, focusing on how they reflect the "mental maps" Moroccan immigrants used to interpret the divisions within Israeli space. By uncovering themes of mental mapping in Cheikh Mwijo's ballads, the article explores how emotional experiences contributed to gradual shifts in consciousness-such as polarization and radicalization-among Moroccan immigrants as a result of social, cultural, and political marginalization in Israel. I argue that these shifts unfolded within the context of two major historical developments: the emergence of radical Mizrahi discourse and the rise of Mizrahi politics in the 1980s and 1990s. The article concludes with insights into the common duality in Moroccan Jews' attitudes toward Israeli society-marked, on one hand, by sharp and even subversive criticism, and on the other, by moderation and forgiveness aimed at overcoming emotional burdens and integrating into society.

Supercluster Causal System: The Architecture of Terminal Gravity and Multi-Source Entropic Fields
This paper develops a foundational causal model for superclusters as emergent structures formed not solely by gravitational binding but through recursive feedback among multiple causal attractors—such as black holes, residual galactic masses, and dark energy gradients. Building on the Universal Causal Code Formula (UCCF), we interpret superclusters like the Laniakea Supercluster as terminal causal systems, shaped by the interaction of spatial tension, entropy flow, and multi-source gravitational fields. These systems exhibit semi-fractal arrangements that approximate minimum-action paths under large-scale anisotropic forces.
Rather than being governed by a single gravitational center, superclusters demonstrate recursive geometric alignment across clusters, forming extended causal webs with limited coherence. We introduce the concepts of causal horizon of recursion and dimensional unbinding to explain the limits of systemic persistence and the drift toward entropic decoherence. This work positions superclusters as a transitional phase in cosmic structure—caught between systemic order and thermodynamic dissolution—thus bridging the gap between galactic geometry and universal entropy gradients.

¿Qué tienen en común el tsunami del 26 de diciembre de 2004, que devastó las costas del sudeste de Asia; la difusión del virus del SRAS, en 2003; la promoción de la imagen de una ciudad; las acciones locales para oponerse a la instalación de un incinerador de residuos; un microconflicto entre dos individuos sentados frente a frente; la intención de un funcionario recién electo de cambiarle el nombre a la región que ha comenzado a presidir; la desafortunada candidatura de París a los Juegos Olímpicos de 2012?
Tienen en común el hecho de que son fenómenos sociales y fenómenos espaciales, y que no devienen plenamente comprensibles si se oculta esta dimensión espacial. En tanto que la existencia de los seres humanos es espacial en cada momento, en tanto que la mundialización se manifiesta y se expresa día a día mediante fenómenos espaciales espectaculares, profusamente mediatizados, resulta curioso comprobar que el espacio continúa siendo un punto ciego en nuestras reflexiones sobre las sociedades. Este libro intenta paliar ese olvido, proponiéndole al lector un modo de empleo del espacio humano (sobre todo, el urbano) y empeñándose en dilucidar las implicaciones políticas y sociales de tal enfoque.
MICHEL LUSSAULT, doctorado en Geografía, es director del Instituto Francés de Educación de Lyon y profesor en la Universidad Franc;:ois-Rabelais de Tours.
Desde fines de la década de 1980, sus trabajos giran en torno a la relación de los individuos con los espacios vitales. Entre sus últimas publicaciones figuran L'avènement du monde. Essai sur l'habitation humaine de la terre, De la lutte des classes à la lutte desplaces, Habiter. Le propre de l'humain y, junto con Jacques Lévy, el Dictionnaire de la géographie et de l'espace des sociétés.

The study presents an interdisciplinary framework combining phenomenological approaches (Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Böhme, Bachelard, Ihde), public sphere theories (Arendt, Habermas, Negt and Kluge, Fraser), and critiques of capitalist spatial organization (Lefebvre, Foucault, Baudrillard). It examines how phenomenologists investigate individuals' spatial experiences and sensory perceptions, how public sphere theorists conceptualize a democratic and collectively participatory public sphere, and how critiques of spatial organization address the transformative effects of spatial production on the public sphere. These three theoretical approaches emphasize the necessity of spatial strategies supporting the sensory, social, and political vitality of the public sphere. Based on Pallasmaa's phenomenological approaches, five fundamental norms are identified: sensory perception, spatial experience, flexibility, subjectivity, and memory. These are argued to be instrumental in developing spatial designs that strengthen the social and political functions of the public sphere. The study emphasizes participatory design in public sphere-focused design, arguing for shifting focus from space to "spatiality". Dynamics in spatiality approaches of key theorists (Harvey, Lefebvre, Massey, Soja, Foucault)-sense of place, subjectivity, flexibility, relationality, memory-are related to Pallasmaa's norms. Evaluating the dynamics of spatiality alongside architectural norms establishes a theoretical foundation for spatial strategies enhancing the social and political functions of the public sphere. The study discusses how the public sphere can be considered in architectural design, offering a theoretical basis for innovative design strategies fostering a democratic public sphere.

volved in the initial development, pilot testing, refinement, and final development of training. Preliminary meetings with mothers and village leaders are helping build commitment to girls ' education. Rooted in local knowledge, experience, amt personnel: the proje.ct builds on national and local expertise about girls' education; the project is sensitive to local context, beliefs, and cultural values and is staffed by Indian nationals. Teacher Researcher comments after six months: Community beliefs and valu. es support boys ' education over that of girls. As a result, teachers enact these values in subtle ways. Action Research is proving valuable for teachers to reflect on and begin to change their practice. Teachers have become more aware of their own beliefs, values and actions.

Delving into the spatial revolution ushered in by aviation in the early twentieth century, this conference aims to explore the aesthetic and political implications of aerial vision, and to analyse how various aerial technologies - from airplanes to satellites, from spacecraft to drones and digital mapping systems such as Google Earth and Google Maps - have influenced urban planning, architecture and land management, transforming the way we perceive and understand the underlying world we live in through its images.

At face value, Philippians 4:2-3 may come across as Paul (the authority) talking down on Euodia and Syntyche. Παρακαλέω is often translated as "rebuke" or "plead", especially in Afrikaans translations (see 1933, 1953, 1983, 2020; Direkte vertaling, the word "vermaan" is used). According to Silva (1988:221), παρακαλέω is "an express and unquestionable rebuke, telling us a great deal about the seriousness of the Philippian problem". Naming these two women may be shaming them, since Paul refers to the "guilty" in the text. Should Philippians 4:2-3 be interpreted as violent, or is it a mere reflection of the reality of the church in Philippi? Into this dynamic, we bring the element of spatiality within the question of power dynamics, arguing that this method brings another lens onto this pericope. Space replicates power in societies. Accordingly, this article explores power dynamics and violence in Philippians 4:2-3 through the lens of spatial theory.

What follows is a discussion of There's a Snake in Alemdağ ('Alemdağ'da Var Bir Yılan'), the 1954 collection of short stories by the Turkish author Sait Faik Abasıyanık. Alemdağ, the final addition to Abasıyanık's celebrated literary career, is shaped by its author's unprecedented openness about homoerotic desire and intimacy, and the book represents one of the earliest examples of what may be called 'queer literature' in modern Turkey. I am concerned here primarily with two aspects of Abasıyanık's project that seem to have escaped scholarly notice so far: Firstly, I draw attention to the connections between Abasıyanık's conception of queer being and desire in 1950s Istanbul and traditional Ottoman literary modes of desire and intimacy between males. Secondly, I perform a close reading of the book's central narrative to show how spatiality-as it unfolds in the tangible urban, domestic, and natural environments in and around Istanbul-is central to Abasıyanık's understanding, and representation, of queer being, desire, and intimacy.

A tanulmány a térbeli fordulat perspektívájából értelmezi a vallásosság jegyeinek változását a modern és a posztmodern társadalomban. Az elemzés azt a kérdést járja körbe, hogy a társadalmi tapasztalat és a cselekvés változásai miképpen hatnak a térszerkezetre, illetve a térszerkezet utóbbi évtizedes változásai miképpen formálták az egyének cselekvéseit és tapasztalatait, különös tekintettel a transzcendenshez fűződő viszonyra. Az elemzés ekképpen a társadalmi terek és a cselekvések kölcsönhatásának a vallásosságra gyakorolt hatását vizsgálja, hogy ezzel a valláskutatásban újszerű megközelítéssel új belátásokat hozzon a vallási jelenségek értelmezésébe. Ennek során kiemelten foglalkozik az individualizáció, a hibridizáció és a globalizáció következményeivel, és azt elemzi részletesebben, hogy mindezek az átalakulások miképpen formálják a jelenbeli vallásosságot a nyugati civilizációban.

A tanulmány az mellett érvel, hogy a térszerkezeti változások a vallásosság individualizáltabb, és sok esetben a hagyományos intézményesült vallásosságtól elszakadó formáit erősítik meg. Másfelől pedig nagyobb teret ad a szubjektum által megszervezett „patchwork-vallásosságnak”, amely óhatatlanul a vallási szinkretizmust új típusát erősíti.

A gondolatmenet újszerű módon felfejti ennek az átalakulásnak a térbeli vonatkozásait. A tanulmány azt a folyamatot is bemutatja a társadalom térszerkezetének vizsgálatával, hogy a posztmodern társadalomban miképp válik az immár a nyilvános térben is teret nyerő vallásosság – ha megfogyatkozott jelentőséggel is –, de a társadalom integrációjában szereppel rendelkező tényezővé. Másfelől az elemzés azt ábrázolja, hogy a vallás a társadalom új típusú térszerkezetében miképp tud a különbözőség hangsúlyozásával identifikációs ponttá alakulni. Mindezeket a változásokat a társadalom térszerkezetének módosulásai mentén értelmezi, bemutatva azt, hogy a térviszonyoknak milyen fontos szerepe van a vallásosság új formáinak kialakulásában.

In this article, we examine connectivities within the 'messy' organizational commons of sport, education and corporate partnerships. As scholars forewarned regarding other sectors, there are currently a number of key stakeholders within the commons that that have set agendas, occupied ideological and physical terrain, and legitimized a presence and authority (in particular, the ability to construct and speak a universal 'truths' about sport in specific local, regional and global spaces). The intertwining of organizations here is, we contend, an evident function of an increased symbiosis between sport, education and governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders to carve out significant sector spaces, and exert authority and power over the creation, implementation and ownership 'collaborative' and intersectional work. Drawing on the work of spatial theorists, Henri Lefebvre and Yi Fu Tuan, and focusing on examples from FIFA and the IOC, we present a holistic conceptual framework as a means to understand how global stakeholder relations manifest in regional/local settings. Focusing of processes of thought, production and action, we offer and an intersectional critique of the Sport-Corporate-Education nexus. In addition to revealing the nuances of partnership connections, agendas and outcomes, we argue that within the nexus there exist possibilities and potential for sport education spaces to be reconfigured anew. [AQ3][AQ4]

The aim of this study is to examine the transition of David Harvey one of the leading geographers of our time from the positivist paradigm to the Marxist paradigm through the method of document analysis, and to analyze the factors that played a fundamental role in this transition by investigating Harvey's paradigmatic shift process. As David Harvey is one of the most prolific and industrious geographers today, the literature includes a significant number of both primary works by Harvey and secondary studies that engage with his scholarship. Therefore, since it is not possible to review and analyze all of these works in detail, this study focuses on key works that reflect Harvey's paradigmatic transformation. The scope of the study is thus limited not to Harvey's geographical perspective or his broader body of work, but specifically to those works that illustrate his transition from the positivist paradigm to the Marxist paradigm. Today recognized as one of the leading figures in Marxist geography, Harvey was, in fact, one of the most ardent proponents of positivist geography during the early years of his academic career. From the early 1960s to the 1970s, over approximately a decade, Harvey produced works grounded in positivist philosophy and directed serious critiques toward the idiographic approach of traditional regional geographers. In 1969, Harvey authored Explanation in Geography, a methodological book in which he offered recommendations for the application of positivist methodology in geography. In this work, he advocated for the use of positivist philosophy in the study of geographical phenomena, aiming to liberate geography from the idiographic approach of traditional regional geography and transform the discipline into a more "scientific" and nomothetic structure. By the 1970s, after relocating from the United Kingdom to the United States (Baltimore), Harvey was deeply affected by the urban injustices, racism, and uneven spatial development he encountered there, which led him to question the inadequacy of the positivist paradigm in analyzing sociospatial processes. In addition to these experiences, his encounter with a group of Marxist academics and graduate students at his new position at Johns Hopkins University brought about profound transformations in his geographical perspective. During this period, Harvey began reading Marx and, in the following years, produced studies centered on sociospatial processes grounded in Marx's ideas. In 1973, he consolidated these studies in his work Social Justice and the City, thereby laying the foundations for a sharp turn from positivist geography to Marxist geography.

The article represents a contribution to the theory of urban stability. We consider spatial planning and master plans as important tools for sustainable land development and stability. In the current spatial planning practice in Slovakia, in some cases, the imperfections of the present law are manifested. The ambiguities in the law cause a variety of interpretations in its application, which is negative in its use. This development of the area does not have to mean an improvement for the life of the population. The current spatial and land-use plans do not permit a sufficiently flexible response to current situations and oblige new projects to create such structures, forms, functions and public spaces that will improve the territory in several factors. The study points to the importance of complex analyses and assessments of the territory that are the starting point of urban design and planning. Knowledge of the area and its surroundings is a basic prerequisite for any successful new structure in urbanised areas. The establishment of urban stability is considered to be an important goal. Urban stability is not an unchangeable state but it is a condition expressing the ability not to disturb its condition. In the case studies of spatial plans application, we point out how the spatial plan can directly influence the stability or instability of the territory. The article presents an idea of a new analytical tool of urban stability, which evaluates the territory of several factors and looks for connections of these effects, which more specifically and more accurately assess the stabilization and destabilization processes of the territory. It defines the factors of urban stability and their interrelations in the form of a matrix of urban stability, which allows a more concrete and accurate estimation of the impacts of the new development on the given territory. On the basis of the theoretical model of stability, the article brings a proposal for a new analytical tool of urban stability in spatial planning, which also evaluates the precondition of new development areas.