ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) includes three disease subtypes with partly overlapping clinical manifestations: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This Review article provides an update on the diagnosis and classification of AAV, discussing parameters for assessing disease activity and predicting outcomes towards a personalized medicine approach.

Generative artificial intelligence promises to reshape clinical care in rheumatology by supporting diagnostic reasoning, treatment planning and patient communication. Yet its potential rests on careful validation, transparent integration and thoughtful collaboration that strengthens, rather than substitutes, the human expertise central to patient care.

Analysis of regional variations in the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over the past 40 years indicates that the age-standardized incidence of RA has increased — and is expected to continue rising — while the mortality and morbidity of the disease are decreasing. As a result, the number of years lived with disability and the overall disease burden attributable to RA have increased and are projected to rise further.

A new population-based study suggests that sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors — originally developed for glycaemic control — reduce the risk of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

In a phase III placebo-controlled trial, the addition of telitacicept to standard therapy led to increased clinical response rates for people with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in PLD4, as identified in five patients with SLE, lead to Toll-like receptor-driven hyperactivation of type I interferon, immune cell expansion and autoimmunity.

Progress has been astonishing, but the need for personalized care can only be addressed through a universal focus on diversity and equity in rheumatology research.