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Bee functional groups respond to vegetation cover and landscape diversity in a Brazilian metropolis

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Abstract

Context

Urbanization is one of the largest causes of habitat loss and fragmentation, factors that modify community structure and can lead to species extinction. Since bees are the main pollinating agents in most ecosystems, losses of bee diversity can have negative consequences on plant diversity and associated services.

Objectives

This study aims to understand how bees and their functional traits, such as social behavior, nesting sites, trophic specialization and kleptoparasitism, are affected by an urban landscape.

Methods

Ten sites were selected with different levels of urbanization. Bees were sampled with entomological net for 6 h, one day per month, for 10 months. The response variables evaluated were species diversity, number of bees, and the richness of bee functional traits. Nine landscape metrics were used as predictors, including the proportion of vegetation cover and landscape diversity.

Results

Urbanization predictors negatively influenced bee richness but not diversity. Specialist bees were the most susceptible to urbanization, followed by ground nesters and solitary bees. Kleptoparasites also responded negatively to different urbanization metrics. Above-ground nesters and eusocial bees were more resilient to the urban environment and were not affected by urbanization. The proportion of vegetation cover and landscape diversity were the most important predictors for the preservation of bee diversity, followed by the proximity of fragments and the proportion of grasslands.

Conclusions

The most responsive and vulnerable functional groups—particularly specialists—should have conservation priority in cities. Analyses of richness and species diversity should not be decoupled from functional traits since doing so may overlook bees’ complex response to urbanization.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), who promoted a PhD scholarship to Leticia Vanessa Graf. We are grateful to Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Exército Brasileiro, Infraero and Secretaria do Meio Ambiente de Curitiba for research authorizations. Leticia Vanessa Graf received a PhD scholarship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Special thanks for Danilo Boscolo, Gabriel A. R. Melo and Isabela G. Varassin and for comments on this study and Eduardo A. B. de Almeida, Antonio J. C. Aguiar and Daniele R. Parizotto for functional traits’ review.

Funding

This study was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), who promoted a PhD scholarship to Leticia Vanessa Graf.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil

    Letícia Vanessa Graf & Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Mailbox 81531-990, Brazil

    Israel Schneiberg

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  1. Letícia Vanessa Graf
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  2. Israel Schneiberg
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  3. Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves
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Contributions

LVG and RBG conceived this research; LVG did the samplings; LVG and RBG identified the species; LVG and IS performed the analysis; LVG wrote and all authors participated in the revisions of it as well as in the interpretation of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Letícia Vanessa Graf.

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All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards and legislation of the institutions and sites where it was conducted.

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Graf, L.V., Schneiberg, I. & Gonçalves, R.B. Bee functional groups respond to vegetation cover and landscape diversity in a Brazilian metropolis. Landsc Ecol 37, 1075–1089 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01430-y

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