========================
XPath and XSLT with lxml
========================

lxml supports both XPath and XSLT through libxml2 and libxslt in a standards
compliant way.

.. contents::
..
   1  XPath
     1.1  The ``xpath()`` method
     1.2  XPath return values
     1.3  Generating XPath expressions
     1.4  The ``XPath`` class
     1.5  The ``XPathEvaluator`` classes
     1.6  ``ETXPath``
     1.7  Error handling
   2  XSLT
     2.1  XSLT result objects
     2.2  Stylesheet parameters
     2.3  The ``xslt()`` tree method
     2.4  Dealing with stylesheet complexity
     2.5  Profiling


The usual setup procedure:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> from lxml import etree

..
  >>> try: from StringIO import StringIO
  ... except ImportError:
  ...    from io import BytesIO
  ...    def StringIO(s):
  ...        if isinstance(s, str): s = s.encode("UTF-8")
  ...        return BytesIO(s)

  >>> try: unicode = __builtins__["unicode"]
  ... except (NameError, KeyError): unicode = str


XPath
=====

lxml.etree supports the simple path syntax of the `find, findall and
findtext`_ methods on ElementTree and Element, as known from the original
ElementTree library (ElementPath_).  As an lxml specific extension, these
classes also provide an ``xpath()`` method that supports expressions in the
complete XPath syntax, as well as `custom extension functions`_.

.. _ElementPath: http://effbot.org/zone/element-xpath.htm
.. _`find,  findall and findtext`: http://effbot.org/zone/element.htm#searching-for-subelements
.. _`custom extension functions`: extensions.html#xpath-extension-functions
.. _`XSLT extension elements`: extensions.html#xslt-extension-elements

There are also specialized XPath evaluator classes that are more efficient for
frequent evaluation: ``XPath`` and ``XPathEvaluator``.  See the `performance
comparison`_ to learn when to use which.  Their semantics when used on
Elements and ElementTrees are the same as for the ``xpath()`` method described
here.

.. _`performance comparison`: performance.html#xpath


The ``xpath()`` method
----------------------

For ElementTree, the xpath method performs a global XPath query against the
document (if absolute) or against the root node (if relative):

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> f = StringIO('<foo><bar></bar></foo>')
  >>> tree = etree.parse(f)

  >>> r = tree.xpath('/foo/bar')
  >>> len(r)
  1
  >>> r[0].tag
  'bar'

  >>> r = tree.xpath('bar')
  >>> r[0].tag
  'bar'

When ``xpath()`` is used on an Element, the XPath expression is evaluated
against the element (if relative) or against the root tree (if absolute):

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> root = tree.getroot()
  >>> r = root.xpath('bar')
  >>> r[0].tag
  'bar'

  >>> bar = root[0]
  >>> r = bar.xpath('/foo/bar')
  >>> r[0].tag
  'bar'

  >>> tree = bar.getroottree()
  >>> r = tree.xpath('/foo/bar')
  >>> r[0].tag
  'bar'

The ``xpath()`` method has support for XPath variables:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> expr = "//*[local-name() = $name]"

  >>> print(root.xpath(expr, name = "foo")[0].tag)
  foo

  >>> print(root.xpath(expr, name = "bar")[0].tag)
  bar

  >>> print(root.xpath("$text", text = "Hello World!"))
  Hello World!

Optionally, you can provide a ``namespaces`` keyword argument, which should be
a dictionary mapping the namespace prefixes used in the XPath expression to
namespace URIs:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> f = StringIO('''\
  ... <a:foo xmlns:a="http://codespeak.net/ns/test1" 
  ...        xmlns:b="http://codespeak.net/ns/test2">
  ...    <b:bar>Text</b:bar>
  ... </a:foo>
  ... ''')
  >>> doc = etree.parse(f)

  >>> r = doc.xpath('/t:foo/b:bar',
  ...               namespaces={'t': 'http://codespeak.net/ns/test1', 
  ...                           'b': 'http://codespeak.net/ns/test2'})
  >>> len(r)
  1
  >>> r[0].tag
  '{http://codespeak.net/ns/test2}bar'
  >>> r[0].text
  'Text'

There is also an optional ``extensions`` argument which is used to define
`custom extension functions`_ in Python that are local to this evaluation.


XPath return values
-------------------

The return value types of XPath evaluations vary, depending on the
XPath expression used:

* True or False, when the XPath expression has a boolean result

* a float, when the XPath expression has a numeric result (integer or float)

* a 'smart' string (as described below), when the XPath expression has
  a string result.

* a list of items, when the XPath expression has a list as result.
  The items may include Elements (also comments and processing
  instructions), strings and tuples.  Text nodes and attributes in the
  result are returned as 'smart' string values.  Namespace
  declarations are returned as tuples of strings: ``(prefix, URI)``.

XPath string results are 'smart' in that they provide a
``getparent()`` method that knows their origin:

* for attribute values, ``result.getparent()`` returns the Element
  that carries them.  An example is ``//foo/@attribute``, where the
  parent would be a ``foo`` Element.

* for the ``text()`` function (as in ``//text()``), it returns the
  Element that contains the text or tail that was returned.

You can distinguish between different text origins with the boolean
properties ``is_text``, ``is_tail`` and ``is_attribute``.

Note that ``getparent()`` may not always return an Element.  For
example, the XPath functions ``string()`` and ``concat()`` will
construct strings that do not have an origin.  For them,
``getparent()`` will return None.

There are certain cases where the smart string behaviour is
undesirable.  For example, it means that the tree will be kept alive
by the string, which may have a considerable memory impact in the case
that the string value is the only thing in the tree that is actually
of interest.  For these cases, you can deactivate the parental
relationship using the keyword argument ``smart_strings``.

  >>> root = etree.XML("<root><a>TEXT</a></root>")

  >>> find_text = etree.XPath("//text()")
  >>> text = find_text(root)[0]
  >>> print(text)
  TEXT
  >>> print(text.getparent().text)
  TEXT

  >>> find_text = etree.XPath("//text()", smart_strings=False)
  >>> text = find_text(root)[0]
  >>> print(text)
  TEXT
  >>> hasattr(text, 'getparent')
  False


Generating XPath expressions
----------------------------

ElementTree objects have a method ``getpath(element)``, which returns a
structural, absolute XPath expression to find that element:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> a  = etree.Element("a")
  >>> b  = etree.SubElement(a, "b")
  >>> c  = etree.SubElement(a, "c")
  >>> d1 = etree.SubElement(c, "d")
  >>> d2 = etree.SubElement(c, "d")

  >>> tree = etree.ElementTree(c)
  >>> print(tree.getpath(d2))
  /c/d[2]
  >>> tree.xpath(tree.getpath(d2)) == [d2]
  True


The ``XPath`` class
-------------------

The ``XPath`` class compiles an XPath expression into a callable function:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> root = etree.XML("<root><a><b/></a><b/></root>")

  >>> find = etree.XPath("//b")
  >>> print(find(root)[0].tag)
  b

The compilation takes as much time as in the ``xpath()`` method, but it is
done only once per class instantiation.  This makes it especially efficient
for repeated evaluation of the same XPath expression.

Just like the ``xpath()`` method, the ``XPath`` class supports XPath
variables:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> count_elements = etree.XPath("count(//*[local-name() = $name])")

  >>> print(count_elements(root, name = "a"))
  1.0
  >>> print(count_elements(root, name = "b"))
  2.0

This supports very efficient evaluation of modified versions of an XPath
expression, as compilation is still only required once.

Prefix-to-namespace mappings can be passed as second parameter:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> root = etree.XML("<root xmlns='NS'><a><b/></a><b/></root>")

  >>> find = etree.XPath("//n:b", namespaces={'n':'NS'})
  >>> print(find(root)[0].tag)
  {NS}b

By default, ``XPath`` supports regular expressions in the EXSLT_ namespace:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> regexpNS = "http://exslt.org/regular-expressions"
  >>> find = etree.XPath("//*[re:test(., '^abc$', 'i')]",
  ...                    namespaces={'re':regexpNS})

  >>> root = etree.XML("<root><a>aB</a><b>aBc</b></root>")
  >>> print(find(root)[0].text)
  aBc

.. _EXSLT: http://www.exslt.org/

You can disable this with the boolean keyword argument ``regexp`` which
defaults to True.


The ``XPathEvaluator`` classes
------------------------------

lxml.etree provides two other efficient XPath evaluators that work on
ElementTrees or Elements respectively: ``XPathDocumentEvaluator`` and
``XPathElementEvaluator``.  They are automatically selected if you use the
XPathEvaluator helper for instantiation:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> root = etree.XML("<root><a><b/></a><b/></root>")
  >>> xpatheval = etree.XPathEvaluator(root)

  >>> print(isinstance(xpatheval, etree.XPathElementEvaluator))
  True

  >>> print(xpatheval("//b")[0].tag)
  b

This class provides efficient support for evaluating different XPath
expressions on the same Element or ElementTree.


``ETXPath``
-----------

ElementTree supports a language named ElementPath_ in its ``find*()`` methods.
One of the main differences between XPath and ElementPath is that the XPath
language requires an indirection through prefixes for namespace support,
whereas ElementTree uses the Clark notation (``{ns}name``) to avoid prefixes
completely.  The other major difference regards the capabilities of both path
languages.  Where XPath supports various sophisticated ways of restricting the
result set through functions and boolean expressions, ElementPath only
supports pure path traversal without nesting or further conditions.  So, while
the ElementPath syntax is self-contained and therefore easier to write and
handle, XPath is much more powerful and expressive.

lxml.etree bridges this gap through the class ``ETXPath``, which accepts XPath
expressions with namespaces in Clark notation.  It is identical to the
``XPath`` class, except for the namespace notation.  Normally, you would
write:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> root = etree.XML("<root xmlns='ns'><a><b/></a><b/></root>")

  >>> find = etree.XPath("//p:b", namespaces={'p' : 'ns'})
  >>> print(find(root)[0].tag)
  {ns}b

``ETXPath`` allows you to change this to:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> find = etree.ETXPath("//{ns}b")
  >>> print(find(root)[0].tag)
  {ns}b


Error handling
--------------

lxml.etree raises exceptions when errors occur while parsing or evaluating an
XPath expression:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> find = etree.XPath("\\")
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  lxml.etree.XPathSyntaxError: Invalid expression

lxml will also try to give you a hint what went wrong, so if you pass a more
complex expression, you may get a somewhat more specific error:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> find = etree.XPath("//*[1.1.1]")
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  lxml.etree.XPathSyntaxError: Invalid predicate

During evaluation, lxml will emit an XPathEvalError on errors:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> find = etree.XPath("//ns:a")
  >>> find(root)
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  lxml.etree.XPathEvalError: Undefined namespace prefix

This works for the ``XPath`` class, however, the other evaluators (including
the ``xpath()`` method) are one-shot operations that do parsing and evaluation
in one step.  They therefore raise evaluation exceptions in all cases:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> root = etree.Element("test")
  >>> find = root.xpath("//*[1.1.1]")
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  lxml.etree.XPathEvalError: Invalid predicate

  >>> find = root.xpath("//ns:a")
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  lxml.etree.XPathEvalError: Undefined namespace prefix

  >>> find = root.xpath("\\")
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  lxml.etree.XPathEvalError: Invalid expression

Note that lxml versions before 1.3 always raised an ``XPathSyntaxError`` for
all errors, including evaluation errors.  The best way to support older
versions is to except on the superclass ``XPathError``.


XSLT
====

lxml.etree introduces a new class, lxml.etree.XSLT. The class can be
given an ElementTree object to construct an XSLT transformer:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> f = StringIO('''\
  ... <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
  ...     xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  ...     <xsl:template match="/">
  ...         <foo><xsl:value-of select="/a/b/text()" /></foo>
  ...     </xsl:template>
  ... </xsl:stylesheet>''')
  >>> xslt_doc = etree.parse(f)
  >>> transform = etree.XSLT(xslt_doc)

You can then run the transformation on an ElementTree document by simply
calling it, and this results in another ElementTree object:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> f = StringIO('<a><b>Text</b></a>')
  >>> doc = etree.parse(f)
  >>> result_tree = transform(doc)

By default, XSLT supports all extension functions from libxslt and
libexslt as well as Python regular expressions through the `EXSLT
regexp functions`_.  Also see the documentation on `custom extension
functions`_, `XSLT extension elements`_ and `document resolvers`_.
There is a separate section on `controlling access`_ to external
documents and resources.

.. _`EXSLT regexp functions`: http://www.exslt.org/regexp/
.. _`document resolvers`: resolvers.html
.. _`controlling access`: resolvers.html#i-o-access-control-in-xslt


XSLT result objects
-------------------

The result of an XSL transformation can be accessed like a normal ElementTree
document:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> f = StringIO('<a><b>Text</b></a>')
  >>> doc = etree.parse(f)
  >>> result = transform(doc)

  >>> result.getroot().text
  'Text'

but, as opposed to normal ElementTree objects, can also be turned into an (XML
or text) string by applying the str() function:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>Text</foo>\n'

The result is always a plain string, encoded as requested by the
``xsl:output`` element in the stylesheet.  If you want a Python unicode string
instead, you should set this encoding to ``UTF-8`` (unless the `ASCII` default
is sufficient).  This allows you to call the builtin ``unicode()`` function on
the result:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> unicode(result)
  u'<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>Text</foo>\n'

You can use other encodings at the cost of multiple recoding.  Encodings that
are not supported by Python will result in an error:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> xslt_tree = etree.XML('''\
  ... <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
  ...     xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  ...     <xsl:output encoding="UCS4"/>
  ...     <xsl:template match="/">
  ...         <foo><xsl:value-of select="/a/b/text()" /></foo>
  ...     </xsl:template>
  ... </xsl:stylesheet>''')
  >>> transform = etree.XSLT(xslt_tree)

  >>> result = transform(doc)
  >>> unicode(result)
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
  LookupError: unknown encoding: UCS4


Stylesheet parameters
---------------------

It is possible to pass parameters, in the form of XPath expressions, to the
XSLT template:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> xslt_tree = etree.XML('''\
  ... <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
  ...     xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  ...     <xsl:param name="a" />
  ...     <xsl:template match="/">
  ...         <foo><xsl:value-of select="$a" /></foo>
  ...     </xsl:template>
  ... </xsl:stylesheet>''')
  >>> transform = etree.XSLT(xslt_tree)
  >>> f = StringIO('<a><b>Text</b></a>')
  >>> doc = etree.parse(f)

The parameters are passed as keyword parameters to the transform call.
First, let's try passing in a simple integer expression:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> result = transform(doc, a="5")
  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>5</foo>\n'

You can use any valid XPath expression as parameter value:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> result = transform(doc, a="/a/b/text()")
  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>Text</foo>\n'

Passing a string expression looks like this:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> result = transform(doc, a="'A'")
  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>A</foo>\n'

To pass a string that (potentially) contains quotes, you can use the
``.strparam()`` class method.  Note that it does not escape the
string.  Instead, it returns an opaque object that keeps the string
value.

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> plain_string_value = etree.XSLT.strparam(
  ...                          """ It's "Monty Python" """)
  >>> result = transform(doc, a=plain_string_value)
  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo> It\'s "Monty Python" </foo>\n'


The ``xslt()`` tree method
--------------------------

There's also a convenience method on ElementTree objects for doing XSL
transformations.  This is less efficient if you want to apply the same XSL
transformation to multiple documents, but is shorter to write for one-shot
operations, as you do not have to instantiate a stylesheet yourself:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> result = doc.xslt(xslt_tree, a="'A'")
  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>A</foo>\n'

This is a shortcut for the following code:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> transform = etree.XSLT(xslt_tree)
  >>> result = transform(doc, a="'A'")
  >>> str(result)
  '<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<foo>A</foo>\n'


Dealing with stylesheet complexity
----------------------------------

Some applications require a larger set of rather diverse stylesheets.
lxml.etree allows you to deal with this in a number of ways.  Here are
some ideas to try.

The most simple way to reduce the diversity is by using XSLT
parameters that you pass at call time to configure the stylesheets.
The ``partial()`` function in the ``functools`` module of Python 2.5
may come in handy here.  It allows you to bind a set of keyword
arguments (i.e. stylesheet parameters) to a reference of a callable
stylesheet.  The same works for instances of the ``XPath()``
evaluator, obviously.

You may also consider creating stylesheets programmatically.  Just
create an XSL tree, e.g. from a parsed template, and then add or
replace parts as you see fit.  Passing an XSL tree into the ``XSLT()``
constructor multiple times will create independent stylesheets, so
later modifications of the tree will not be reflected in the already
created stylesheets.  This makes stylesheet generation very straight
forward.

A third thing to remember is the support for `custom extension
functions`_ and `XSLT extension elements`_.  Some things are much
easier to express in XSLT than in Python, while for others it is the
complete opposite.  Finding the right mixture of Python code and XSL
code can help a great deal in keeping applications well designed and
maintainable.


Profiling
---------

If you want to know how your stylesheet performed, pass the ``profile_run``
keyword to the transform:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> result = transform(doc, a="/a/b/text()", profile_run=True)
  >>> profile = result.xslt_profile

The value of the ``xslt_profile`` property is an ElementTree with profiling
data about each template, similar to the following:

.. sourcecode:: xml

  <profile>
    <template rank="1" match="/" name="" mode="" calls="1" time="1" average="1"/>
  </profile>

Note that this is a read-only document.  You must not move any of its elements
to other documents.  Please deep-copy the document if you need to modify it.
If you want to free it from memory, just do:

.. sourcecode:: pycon

  >>> del result.xslt_profile
