# TensorFlow Debugger (tfdbg) Command-Line-Interface Tutorial: MNIST

[TOC]

**(Experimental)**

TensorFlow debugger (**tfdbg**) is a specialized debugger for TensorFlow. It
provides visibility into the internal structure and states of running
TensorFlow graphs. The insight gained from this visibility should facilitate
debugging of various types of model bugs during training and inference.

This tutorial showcases the features of tfdbg
command-line interface (CLI), by focusing on how to debug a
type of frequently-encountered bug in TensorFlow model development:
bad numerical values (`nan`s and `inf`s) causing training to fail.

To **observe** such an issue, run the following code without the debugger:

```none
python -m tensorflow.python.debug.examples.debug_mnist
```

This code trains a simple NN for MNIST digit image recognition. Notice that the
accuracy increases slightly after the first training step, but then gets stuck
at a low (near-chance) level:

![debug_mnist training fails](../images/tfdbg_screenshot_mnist_symptom.png)

Scratching your head, you suspect that certain nodes in the training graph
generated bad numeric values such as `inf`s and `nan`s. The computation-graph
paradigm of TensorFlow makes it non-trivial to debug such model-internal states
with general-purpose debuggers such as Python's `pdb`.
**tfdbg** specializes in diagnosing these types of issues and pinpointing the
exact node where the problem first surfaced.

## Wrapping TensorFlow Sessions with tfdbg

To add support for **tfdbg** in our example, we just need to add the following
three lines of code, which wrap the Session object with a debugger wrapper when
the `--debug` flag is provided:

```python
# Let your BUILD target depend on "//tensorflow/python/debug:debug_py"
# (You don't need to worry about the BUILD dependency if you are using a pip
#  install of open-source TensorFlow.)
from tensorflow.python import debug as tf_debug

sess = tf_debug.LocalCLIDebugWrapperSession(sess)
sess.add_tensor_filter("has_inf_or_nan", tf_debug.has_inf_or_nan)
```

This wrapper has the same interface as Session, so enabling debugging requires
no other changes to the code. But the wrapper provides additional features
including:

* Bringing up a terminal-based user interface (UI) before and after each
`run()` call, to let you control the execution and inspect the graph's internal
state.
* Allowing you to register special "filters" for tensor values, to facilitate
the diagnosis of issues.

In this example, we are registering a tensor filter called
@{tfdbg.has_inf_or_nan},
which simply determines if there are any `nan` or `inf` values in any
intermediate tensor of the graph. (This filter is a common enough use case that
we ship it with the
@{$python/tfdbg#Classes_for_debug_dump_data_and_directories$`debug_data`}
module.)

```python
def has_inf_or_nan(datum, tensor):
  return np.any(np.isnan(tensor)) or np.any(np.isinf(tensor))
```

TIP: You can also write your own custom filters. See
the @{tfdbg.DebugDumpDir.find$API documentation}
of `DebugDumpDir.find()` for additional information.

## Debugging Model Training with tfdbg

Let's try training the model again with debugging enabled. Execute the command
from above, this time with the `--debug` flag added:

```none
python -m tensorflow.python.debug.examples.debug_mnist --debug
```

The debug wrapper session will prompt you when it is about to execute the first
`run()` call, with information regarding the fetched tensor and feed
dictionaries displayed on the screen.

![tfdbg run-start UI](../images/tfdbg_screenshot_run_start.png)

This is what we refer to as the *run-start UI*. If the screen size is
too small to display the content of the message in its entirety, you can resize
it or use the **PageUp** / **PageDown** / **Home** / **End** keys to navigate
the screen output.

As the screen output indicates, the first `run()` call calculates the accuracy
using a test data set—i.e., a forward pass on the graph. You can enter the
command `run` (or its shorthand `r`) to launch the `run()` call. On terminals
that support mouse events, you can simply click the underlined `run` on the top
left corner of the screen to proceed.

This will bring up another screen
right after the `run()` call has ended, which will display all dumped
intermediate tensors from the run. (These tensors can also be obtained by
running the command `lt` after you executed `run`.) This is called the
**run-end UI**:

![tfdbg run-end UI: accuracy](../images/tfdbg_screenshot_run_end_accuracy.png)

### tfdbg CLI Frequently-Used Commands

Try the following commands at the `tfdbg>` prompt (referencing the code at
`tensorflow/python/debug/examples/debug_mnist.py`):

| Command Example    | Explanation           |
|:----------------------------- |:----------------------------------- |
| `pt hidden/Relu:0` | Print the value of the tensor `hidden/Relu:0`. |
| `pt hidden/Relu:0[0:50,:]` | Print a subarray of the tensor `hidden/Relu:0`, using [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/)-style array slicing. |
| `pt hidden/Relu:0[0:50,:] -a` | For a large tensor like the one here, print its value in its entirety—i.e., without using any ellipsis. May take a long time for large tensors. |
| `pt hidden/Relu:0[0:10,:] -a -r [1,inf]` | Use the `-r` flag to highlight elements falling into the specified numerical range. Multiple ranges can be used in conjunction, e.g., `-r [[-inf,-1],[1,inf]]`.|
| `@[10,0]` or `@10,0` | Navigate to indices [10, 0] in the tensor being displayed. |
| `/inf` | Search the screen output with the regex `inf` and highlight any matches. |
| `/` | Scroll to the next line with matches to the searched regex (if any). |
| `ni -a hidden/Relu` | Display information about the node `hidden/Relu`, including node attributes. |
| `ni -t hidden/Relu` | Display the stack trace of node `hidden/Relu`'s construction. |
| `li -r hidden/Relu:0` | List the inputs to the node `hidden/Relu`, recursively—i.e., the input tree. |
| `lo -r hidden/Relu:0` | List the recipients of the output of the node `hidden/Relu`, recursively—i.e., the output recipient tree. |
| `lt -n softmax.*` | List all dumped tensors whose names match the regular-expression pattern `softmax.*`. |
| `lt -t MatMul` | List all dumped tensors whose node type is `MatMul`. |
| `ps /path/to/source.py` | Print the Python source file source.py, with the lines annotated with the ops created at each of them, respectively. |
| `ps -t /path/to/source.py` | Same as the command above, but perform annotation using dumped Tensors, instead of ops. |
| `ps -b 30 /path/to/source.py` | Annotate source.py beginning at line 30. |
| `run_info` or `ri` | Display information about the current run, including fetches and feeds. |
| `help` | Print general help information listing all available **tfdbg** commands and their flags. |
| `help lt` | Print the help information for the `lt` command. |

In this first `run()` call, there happen to be no problematic numerical values.
You can move on to the next run by using the command `run` or its shorthand `r`.

> TIP: If you enter `run` or `r` repeatedly, you will be able to move through the
> `run()` calls in a sequential manner.
>
> You can also use the `-t` flag to move ahead a number of `run()` calls at a time, for example:
>
> ```
> tfdbg> run -t 10
> ```

Instead of entering `run` repeatedly and manually searching for `nan`s and
`inf`s in the run-end UI after every `run()` call, you can use the following
command to let the debugger repeatedly execute `run()` calls without stopping at
the run-start or run-end prompt, until the first `nan` or `inf` value shows up
in the graph. This is analogous to *conditional breakpoints* in some
procedural-language debuggers:

```none
tfdbg> run -f has_inf_or_nan
```



> NOTE: This works because we have previously registered a filter for `nan`s and `inf`s called
> `has_inf_or_nan` (as explained previously). If you have registered any other filters, you can
> let **tfdbg** run till any tensors pass that filter as well, e.g.,
>
> ```
> # In python code:
> sess.add_tensor_filter('my_filter', my_filter_callable)
>
> # Run at tfdbg run-start prompt:
> tfdbg> run -f my_filter
> ```

After you enter `run -f has_inf_or_nan`, you will see the following
screen with a red-colored title line indicating **tfdbg** stopped immediately
after a `run()` call generated intermediate tensors that passed the specified
filter `has_inf_or_nan`:

![tfdbg run-end UI: infs and nans](../images/tfdbg_screenshot_run_end_inf_nan.png)

As the screen display indicates, the `has_inf_or_nan` filter is first passed
during the fourth `run()` call: an [Adam optimizer](https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980)
forward-backward training pass on the graph. In this run, 36 (out of the total
95) intermediate tensors contain `nan` or `inf` values. These tensors are listed
in chronological order, with their timestamps displayed on the left. At the top
of the list, you can see the first tensor in which the bad numerical values
first surfaced: `cross_entropy/Log:0`.

To view the value of the tensor, click the underlined tensor name
`cross_entropy/Log:0` or enter the equivalent command:

```none
tfdbg> pt cross_entropy/Log:0
```

Scroll down a little and you will notice some scattered `inf` values. If the
instances of `inf` and `nan` are difficult to spot by eye, you can use the
following command to perform a regex search and highlight the output:

```none
tfdbg> /inf
```

Or, alternatively:

```none
tfdbg> /(inf|nan)
```

Why did these infinities appear? To further debug, display more information
about the node `cross_entropy/Log` by clicking the underlined `node_info` menu
item on the top or entering the equivalent command:

```none
tfdbg> ni cross_entropy/Log
```

![tfdbg run-end UI: infs and nans](../images/tfdbg_screenshot_run_end_node_info.png)

You can see that this node has the op type `Log`
and that its input is the node `softmax/Softmax`. Run the following command to
take a closer look at the input tensor:

```none
tfdbg> pt softmax/Softmax:0
```

Examine the values in the input tensor, and search to see if there are any zeros:

```none
tfdbg> /0\.000
```

Indeed, there are zeros. Now it is clear that the origin of the bad numerical
values is the node `cross_entropy/Log` taking logs of zeros. To find out the
culprit line in the Python source code, use the `-t` flag of the `ni` command
to show the traceback of the node's construction:

```none
tfdbg> ni -t cross_entropy/Log
```

The `-t` flag is used by default, if you use the clickable "node_info" menu item
at the top of the screen.

From the traceback, you can see that the op is constructed around line 106 of
[`debug_mnist.py`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/python/debug/examples/debug_mnist.py):

```python
diff = y_ * tf.log(y)
```

***tfdbg** has a feature that makes it ease to trace Tensors and ops back to
lines in Python source files. It can annotate lines of a Python file with
the ops or Tensors created by them. To use this feature,
simply click the underlined line numbers in the stack trace output of the
`ni -t <op_name>` commands, or use the `ps` (or `print_source`) command such as:
`ps /path/to/source.py`. See the screenshot below for an example of `ps` output:

![tfdbg run-end UI: annotated Python source file](../images/tfdbg_screenshot_run_end_annotated_source.png)

Apply a value clipping on the input to @{tf.log}
to resolve this problem:

```python
diff = y_ * tf.log(tf.clip_by_value(y, 1e-8, 1.0))
```

Now, try training again with `--debug`:

```none
python -m tensorflow.python.debug.examples.debug_mnist --debug
```

Enter `run -f has_inf_or_nan` at the `tfdbg>` prompt and confirm that no tensors
are flagged as containing `nan` or `inf` values, and accuracy no longer gets
stuck. Success!

## Debugging tf-learn Estimators

For documentation on **tfdbg** to debug
@{$tflearn$tf.contrib.learn}
`Estimator`s and `Experiment`s, please see
@{$tfdbg-tflearn$How to Use TensorFlow Debugger (tfdbg) with tf.contrib.learn}.

## Offline Debugging of Remotely-Running Sessions

Oftentimes, your model is running in a remote machine or process that you don't
have terminal access to. To perform model debugging in such cases, you can use
the `offline_analyzer` of `tfdbg`. It operates on dumped data directories.
If the process you are running is written in Python, you can
configure the `RunOptions` proto that you call your `Session.run()` method
with, by using the method @{tfdbg.watch_graph}.
This will cause the intermediate tensors and runtime graphs to be dumped to a
shared storage location of your choice when the `Session.run()` call occurs.
For example:

```python
from tensorflow.python.debug import debug_utils

# ... Code where your session and graph are set up...

run_options = tf.RunOptions()
debug_utils.watch_graph(
      run_options,
      session.graph,
      debug_urls=["file:///shared/storage/location/tfdbg_dumps_1"])
# Be sure to use different directories for different run() calls.

session.run(fetches, feed_dict=feeds, options=run_options)
```

Later, in an environment that you have terminal access to, you can load and
inspect the data in the dump directory on the shared storage by using the
`offline_analyzer` of `tfdbg`. For example:

```none
python -m tensorflow.python.debug.cli.offline_analyzer \
    --dump_dir=/shared/storage/location/tfdbg_dumps_1
```

The `Session` wrapper `DumpingDebugWrapperSession` offers an easier and more
flexible way to generate dumps on filesystem that can be analyzed offline.
To use it, simply do:

```python
# Let your BUILD target depend on "//tensorflow/python/debug:debug_py
# (You don't need to worry about the BUILD dependency if you are using a pip
#  install of open-source TensorFlow.)
from tensorflow.python.debug import debug_utils

sess = tf_debug.DumpingDebugWrapperSession(
    sess, "/shared/storage/location/tfdbg_dumps_1/", watch_fn=my_watch_fn)
```

`watch_fn=my_watch_fn` is a `Callable` that allows you to configure what
`Tensor`s to watch on different `Session.run()` calls, as a function of the
`fetches` and `feed_dict` to the `run()` call and other states. See
@{tfdbg.DumpingDebugWrapperSession.__init__$the API doc of DumpingDebugWrapperSession}
for more details.

If you model code is written in C++ or other languages, you can also
modify the `debug_options` field of `RunOptions` to generate debug dumps that
can be inspected offline. See
[the proto definition](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/protobuf/debug.proto)
for more details.

## Other Features of the tfdbg CLI

*   Navigation through command history using the Up and Down arrow keys.
    Prefix-based navigation is also supported.
*   Navigation through history of screen outputs using the `prev` and `next`
    commands or by clicking the underlined `<--` and `-->` links near the top
    of the screen.
*   Tab completion of commands and some command arguments.
*   Write screen output to file by using bash-style redirection. For example:

  ```none
  tfdbg> pt cross_entropy/Log:0[:, 0:10] > /tmp/xent_value_slices.txt
  ```

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q**: _Do the timestamps on the left side of the `lt` output reflect actual
       performance in a non-debugging session?_

**A**: No. The debugger inserts additional special-purpose debug nodes to the
       graph to record the values of intermediate tensors. These nodes certainly
       slow down the graph execution. If you are interested in profiling your
       model, check out
       [tfprof](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/tree/master/tensorflow/contrib/tfprof)
       and other profiling tools for TensorFlow.

**Q**: _How do I link tfdbg against my `Session` in Bazel? Why do I see an
       error such as "ImportError: cannot import name debug"?_

**A**: In your BUILD rule, declare dependencies:
       `"//tensorflow:tensorflow_py"` and `"//tensorflow/python/debug:debug_py"`.
       The first is the dependency that you include to use TensorFlow even
       without debugger support; the second enables the debugger.
       Then, In your Python file, add:

```python
from tensorflow.python import debug as tf_debug

# Then wrap your TensorFlow Session with the local-CLI wrapper.
sess = tf_debug.LocalCLIDebugWrapperSession(sess)
```

**Q**: _Does tfdbg help debugging runtime errors such as shape mismatches?_

**A**: Yes. tfdbg intercepts errors generated by ops during runtime and presents
       the errors with some debug instructions to the user in the CLI.
       See examples:

```none
# Debugging shape mismatch during matrix multiplication.
python -m tensorflow.python.debug.examples.debug_errors \
    --error shape_mismatch --debug

# Debugging uninitialized variable.
python -m tensorflow.python.debug.examples.debug_errors \
    --error uninitialized_variable --debug
```

**Q**: _Why can't I select text in the tfdbg CLI?_

**A**: This is because the tfdbg CLI enables mouse events in the terminal by
       default. This [mouse-mask](https://linux.die.net/man/3/mousemask) mode
       overrides default terminal interactions, including text selection. You
       can re-enable text selection by using the command `mouse off` or
       `m off`.

**Q**: _What are the platform-specific system requirements of **tfdbg** CLI in open-source TensorFlow_?

**A**: On Mac OS X, the `ncurses` library is required. It can be installed with
`brew install homebrew/dupes/ncurses`. On Windows, the `pyreadline` library is
required. If you are using Anaconda3, you can install it with a command such as
`"C:\Program Files\Anaconda3\Scripts\pip.exe" install pyreadline`.
