Describe the bug

When remarkGfm is present, output images from MCPCallElement cannot be displayed due to URL corruption. (See image below). But we need remarkGfm to render markdown tables.

To Reproduce
Steps to reproduce the behavior:

1. Configure image generation model
2. Ask AI with query: Help me generate a kitten image with Flux Dev
3. See the markdown answer

Expected behavior
A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.

Screenshots

With remarkGfm enabled:

With remarkGfm disabled:

Desktop (please complete the following information):

• OS: [e.g. iOS]
• Browser [e.g. chrome, safari]
• Version [e.g. 22]

Smartphone (please complete the following information):

• Device: [e.g. iPhone6]
• OS: [e.g. iOS8.1]
• Browser [e.g. stock browser, safari]
• Version [e.g. 22]

Additional context
Add any other context about the problem here.