# This file is part of the MapProxy project.
# Copyright (C) 2010-2016 Omniscale <http://omniscale.de>
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""
Configuration loading and system initializing.
"""
from __future__ import division
from mapproxy.util.fs import find_exec
from mapproxy.util.yaml import load_yaml_file, YAMLError
from mapproxy.util.ext.odict import odict
from mapproxy.util.py import memoize
from mapproxy.config.spec import validate_options, add_source_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec, add_service_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec
from mapproxy.config.validator import validate
from mapproxy.config import load_default_config, finish_base_config, defaults
from mapproxy.service.ows import OWSServer

import os
import sys
import hashlib
import warnings
from copy import deepcopy, copy
from functools import partial

import logging
from urllib.parse import urlparse

log = logging.getLogger('mapproxy.config')


class ConfigurationError(Exception):
    pass


class ProxyConfiguration(object):
    def __init__(self, conf, conf_base_dir=None, seed=False, renderd=False):
        self.configuration = conf
        self.seed = seed
        self.renderd = renderd

        if conf_base_dir is None:
            conf_base_dir = os.getcwd()

        self.load_globals(conf_base_dir=conf_base_dir)
        self.load_grids()
        self.load_caches()
        self.load_sources()
        self.load_wms_root_layer()
        self.load_tile_layers()
        self.load_services()

    def load_globals(self, conf_base_dir):
        self.globals = GlobalConfiguration(conf_base_dir=conf_base_dir,
                                           conf=self.configuration.get('globals') or {},
                                           context=self)

    def load_grids(self):
        self.grids = {}
        grid_configs = dict(defaults.grids)
        grid_configs.update(self.configuration.get('grids') or {})
        for grid_name, grid_conf in grid_configs.items():
            grid_conf.setdefault('name', grid_name)
            self.grids[grid_name] = GridConfiguration(grid_conf, context=self)

    def load_caches(self):
        self.caches = odict()
        caches_conf = self.configuration.get('caches')
        if not caches_conf:
            return
        if isinstance(caches_conf, list):
            caches_conf = list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict(caches_conf)
        for cache_name, cache_conf in caches_conf.items():
            cache_conf['name'] = cache_name
            self.caches[cache_name] = CacheConfiguration(conf=cache_conf, context=self)

    def load_sources(self):
        self.sources = SourcesCollection()
        for source_name, source_conf in (self.configuration.get('sources') or {}).items():
            source_conf['name'] = source_name
            self.sources[source_name] = SourceConfiguration.load(conf=source_conf, context=self)

    def load_tile_layers(self):
        self.layers = odict()
        layers_conf = deepcopy(self._layers_conf_dict())
        if layers_conf is None:
            return
        layers = self._flatten_layers_conf_dict(layers_conf)
        for layer_name, layer_conf in layers.items():
            layer_conf['name'] = layer_name
            self.layers[layer_name] = LayerConfiguration(conf=layer_conf, context=self)

    def _legacy_layers_conf_dict(self):
        """
        Read old style layer configuration with a dictionary where
        the key is the layer name. Optionally: a list an each layer
        is wrapped in such dictionary.

        ::
          layers:
            foo:
              title: xxx
              sources: []
            bar:
              title: xxx
              sources: []

        or

        ::

          layers:
            - foo:
               title: xxx
               sources: []
            - bar:
               title: xxx
               sources: []

        """
        warnings.warn('old layer configuration syntax is deprecated since 1.4.0. '
                      'use list of dictionaries as documented', RuntimeWarning)
        layers = []
        layers_conf = self.configuration.get('layers')
        if not layers_conf:
            return None  # TODO config error
        if isinstance(layers_conf, list):
            layers_conf = list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict(layers_conf)
        for layer_name, layer_conf in layers_conf.items():
            layer_conf['name'] = layer_name
            layers.append(layer_conf)
        return dict(title=None, layers=layers)

    def _layers_conf_dict(self):
        """
        Returns (recursive) layer configuration as a dictionary
        in unified structure:

        ::
            {
             title: 'xxx', # required, might be None
             name: 'xxx', # optional
             # sources or layers or both are required
             sources: [],
             layers: [
                {..., ...} # more layers like this
             ]
            }

        Multiple layers will be wrapped in an unnamed root layer, if the
        first level starts with multiple layers.
        """
        layers_conf = self.configuration.get('layers')
        if layers_conf is None:
            return

        if isinstance(layers_conf, list):
            if isinstance(layers_conf[0], dict) and len(layers_conf[0].keys()) == 1:
                # looks like ordered legacy config
                layers_conf = self._legacy_layers_conf_dict()
            elif len(layers_conf) == 1 and (
                'layers' in layers_conf[0]
                or 'sources' in layers_conf[0]
                    or 'tile_sources' in layers_conf[0]):
                # single root layer in list -> remove list
                layers_conf = layers_conf[0]
            else:
                # layer list without root -> wrap in root layer
                layers_conf = dict(title=None, layers=layers_conf)

        if len(set(layers_conf.keys()) &
               set('layers name title sources'.split())) < 2:
            # looks like unordered legacy config
            layers_conf = self._legacy_layers_conf_dict()

        return layers_conf

    def _flatten_layers_conf_dict(self, layers_conf, _layers=None):
        """
        Returns a dictionary with all layers that have a name and sources.
        Flattens the layer tree.
        """
        layers = _layers if _layers is not None else odict()

        if 'layers' in layers_conf:
            for layer in layers_conf.pop('layers'):
                self._flatten_layers_conf_dict(layer, layers)

        if 'name' in layers_conf and ('sources' in layers_conf or 'tile_sources' in layers_conf):
            layers[layers_conf['name']] = layers_conf

        return layers

    def load_wms_root_layer(self):
        self.wms_root_layer = None

        layers_conf = self._layers_conf_dict()
        if layers_conf is None:
            return
        self.wms_root_layer = WMSLayerConfiguration(layers_conf, context=self)

    def load_services(self):
        self.services = ServiceConfiguration(self.configuration.get('services', {}), context=self)

    def configured_services(self):
        with self:
            return self.services.services()

    def __enter__(self):
        # push local base_config onto config stack
        import mapproxy.config.config
        mapproxy.config.config._config.push(self.base_config)

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        # pop local base_config from config stack
        import mapproxy.config.config
        mapproxy.config.config._config.pop()

    @property
    def base_config(self):
        return self.globals.base_config

    def config_files(self):
        """
        Returns a dictionary with all configuration filenames and there timestamps.
        Contains any included files as well (see `base` option).
        """
        return self.configuration.get('__config_files__', {})


def list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict(dictlist):
    """
    >>> d = list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'c': 3}])
    >>> list(d.items())
    [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
    """

    result = odict()
    for d in dictlist:
        for k, v in d.items():
            result[k] = v
    return result


class ConfigurationBase(object):
    """
    Base class for all configurations.
    """
    defaults = {}

    def __init__(self, conf, context):
        """
        :param conf: the configuration part for this configurator
        :param context: the complete proxy configuration
        :type context: ProxyConfiguration
        """
        self.conf = conf
        self.context = context
        for k, v in self.defaults.items():
            if k not in self.conf:
                self.conf[k] = v


class GridConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    @memoize
    def tile_grid(self):
        from mapproxy.grid import tile_grid

        if 'base' in self.conf:
            base_grid_name = self.conf['base']
            if base_grid_name not in self.context.grids:
                raise ConfigurationError('unknown base %s for grid %s' % (base_grid_name, self.conf['name']))
            conf = self.context.grids[base_grid_name].conf.copy()
            conf.update(self.conf)
            conf.pop('base')
            self.conf = conf
        else:
            conf = self.conf
        align_with = None
        if 'align_resolutions_with' in self.conf:
            align_with_grid_name = self.conf['align_resolutions_with']
            align_with = self.context.grids[align_with_grid_name].tile_grid()

        tile_size = self.context.globals.get_value('tile_size', conf,
                                                   global_key='grid.tile_size')
        conf['tile_size'] = tuple(tile_size)
        tile_size = tuple(tile_size)

        stretch_factor = self.context.globals.get_value('stretch_factor', conf,
                                                        global_key='image.stretch_factor')
        max_shrink_factor = self.context.globals.get_value('max_shrink_factor', conf,
                                                           global_key='image.max_shrink_factor')

        if conf.get('origin') is None:
            log.warning(
                'grid %s does not have an origin. default origin will change from sw (south/west) to nw (north-west)'
                ' with MapProxy 2.0', conf['name'])

        grid = tile_grid(
            name=conf['name'],
            srs=conf.get('srs'),
            tile_size=tile_size,
            min_res=conf.get('min_res'),
            max_res=conf.get('max_res'),
            res=conf.get('res'),
            res_factor=conf.get('res_factor', 2.0),
            threshold_res=conf.get('threshold_res'),
            bbox=conf.get('bbox'),
            bbox_srs=conf.get('bbox_srs'),
            num_levels=conf.get('num_levels'),
            stretch_factor=stretch_factor,
            max_shrink_factor=max_shrink_factor,
            align_with=align_with,
            origin=conf.get('origin')
        )

        return grid


def preferred_srs(conf):
    from mapproxy.srs import SRS, PreferredSrcSRS

    preferred_conf = conf.get('preferred_src_proj', {})

    if not preferred_conf:
        return

    preferred = PreferredSrcSRS()

    for target, preferred_srcs in preferred_conf.items():
        preferred.add(SRS(target), [SRS(s) for s in preferred_srcs])

    return preferred


class GlobalConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    def __init__(self, conf_base_dir, conf, context):
        ConfigurationBase.__init__(self, conf, context)
        self.base_config = load_default_config()
        self._copy_conf_values(self.conf, self.base_config)
        self.base_config.conf_base_dir = conf_base_dir
        finish_base_config(self.base_config)

        self.image_options = ImageOptionsConfiguration(self.conf.get('image', {}), context)
        self.preferred_srs = preferred_srs(self.conf.get('srs', {}))
        self.renderd_address = self.get_value('renderd.address')

    def _copy_conf_values(self, d, target):
        for k, v in d.items():
            if v is None:
                continue
            if (hasattr(v, 'iteritems') or hasattr(v, 'items')) and k in target:
                self._copy_conf_values(v, target[k])
            else:
                target[k] = v

    def get_value(self, key, local={}, global_key=None, default_key=None):
        result = dotted_dict_get(key, local)
        if result is None:
            result = dotted_dict_get(global_key or key, self.conf)

        if result is None:
            result = dotted_dict_get(default_key or global_key or key, self.base_config)

        return result

    def get_path(self, key, local, global_key=None, default_key=None):
        value = self.get_value(key, local, global_key, default_key)
        if value is not None:
            value = self.abspath(value)
        return value

    def abspath(self, path):
        return os.path.join(self.base_config.conf_base_dir, path)


default_image_options = {
}


class ImageOptionsConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    def __init__(self, conf, context):
        ConfigurationBase.__init__(self, conf, context)
        self._init_formats()

    def _init_formats(self):
        self.formats = {}

        formats_config = default_image_options.copy()
        for format, conf in self.conf.get('formats', {}).items():
            if format in formats_config:
                tmp = formats_config[format].copy()
                tmp.update(conf)
                conf = tmp
            if 'resampling_method' in conf:
                conf['resampling'] = conf.pop('resampling_method')
            if 'encoding_options' in conf:
                self._check_encoding_options(conf['encoding_options'])
            if 'merge_method' in conf:
                warnings.warn('merge_method now defaults to composite. option no longer required',
                              DeprecationWarning)
            formats_config[format] = conf
        for format, conf in formats_config.items():
            if 'format' not in conf and format.startswith('image/'):
                conf['format'] = format
            self.formats[format] = conf

    def _check_encoding_options(self, options):
        if not options:
            return
        options = options.copy()
        jpeg_quality = options.pop('jpeg_quality', None)
        if jpeg_quality and not isinstance(jpeg_quality, int):
            raise ConfigurationError('jpeg_quality is not an integer')

        tiff_compression = options.pop('tiff_compression', None)
        if tiff_compression and tiff_compression not in ('raw', 'tiff_lzw', 'jpeg'):
            raise ConfigurationError('unknown tiff_compression')

        quantizer = options.pop('quantizer', None)
        if quantizer and quantizer not in ('fastoctree', 'mediancut'):
            raise ConfigurationError('unknown quantizer')

        if options:
            raise ConfigurationError('unknown encoding_options: %r' % options)

    def image_opts(self, image_conf, format):
        from mapproxy.image.opts import ImageOptions
        if not image_conf:
            image_conf = {}

        conf = {}
        if format in self.formats:
            conf = self.formats[format].copy()

        resampling = image_conf.get('resampling_method') or conf.get('resampling')
        if resampling is None:
            resampling = self.context.globals.get_value('image.resampling_method', {})
        transparent = image_conf.get('transparent')
        opacity = image_conf.get('opacity')
        img_format = image_conf.get('format')
        colors = image_conf.get('colors')
        mode = image_conf.get('mode')
        encoding_options = image_conf.get('encoding_options')
        if 'merge_method' in image_conf:
            warnings.warn('merge_method now defaults to composite. option no longer required',
                          DeprecationWarning)

        self._check_encoding_options(encoding_options)

        # only overwrite default if it is not None
        for k, v in dict(
                transparent=transparent, opacity=opacity, resampling=resampling,
                format=img_format, colors=colors, mode=mode, encoding_options=encoding_options,
        ).items():
            if v is not None:
                conf[k] = v

        if 'format' not in conf and format and format.startswith('image/'):
            conf['format'] = format

        # caches shall be able to store png and jpeg tiles with mixed format
        if format == 'mixed':
            conf['format'] = format
            conf['transparent'] = True

        # force 256 colors for image.paletted for backwards compat
        paletted = self.context.globals.get_value('image.paletted', self.conf)
        if conf.get('colors') is None and 'png' in conf.get('format', '') and paletted:
            conf['colors'] = 256

        opts = ImageOptions(**conf)
        return opts


def dotted_dict_get(key, d):
    """
    >>> dotted_dict_get('foo', {'foo': {'bar': 1}})
    {'bar': 1}
    >>> dotted_dict_get('foo.bar', {'foo': {'bar': 1}})
    1
    >>> dotted_dict_get('bar', {'foo': {'bar': 1}})
    """
    parts = key.split('.')
    try:
        while parts and d:
            d = d[parts.pop(0)]
    except KeyError:
        return None
    if parts:  # not completely resolved
        return None
    return d


class SourcesCollection(dict):
    """
    Collection of SourceConfigurations.
    Allows access to tagged WMS sources, e.g.
    ``sc['source_name:lyr,lyr2']`` will return the source with ``source_name``
    and set ``req.layers`` to ``lyr1,lyr2``.
    """

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        layers = None
        source_name = key
        if ':' in source_name:
            source_name, layers = source_name.split(':', 1)
        source = dict.__getitem__(self, source_name)
        if not layers:
            return source

        if source.conf.get('type') not in ('wms', 'mapserver', 'mapnik'):
            raise ConfigurationError("found ':' in: '%s'."
                                     " tagged sources only supported for WMS/Mapserver/Mapnik" % key)

        uses_req = source.conf.get('type') != 'mapnik'

        source = copy(source)
        source.conf = deepcopy(source.conf)

        if uses_req:
            supported_layers = source.conf['req'].get('layers', [])
        else:
            supported_layers = source.conf.get('layers', [])
        supported_layer_set = SourcesCollection.layer_set(supported_layers)
        layer_set = SourcesCollection.layer_set(layers)

        if supported_layer_set and not layer_set.issubset(supported_layer_set):
            raise ConfigurationError('layers (%s) not supported by source (%s)' % (
                layers, ','.join(supported_layer_set)))

        if uses_req:
            source.conf['req']['layers'] = layers
        else:
            source.conf['layers'] = layers

        return source

    def __contains__(self, key):
        source_name = key
        if ':' in source_name:
            source_name, _ = source_name.split(':', 1)
        return dict.__contains__(self, source_name)

    @staticmethod
    def layer_set(layers):
        if isinstance(layers, (list, tuple)):
            return set(layers)
        return set(layers.split(','))


class SourceConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):

    supports_meta_tiles = True

    @classmethod
    def load(cls, conf, context):
        source_type = conf['type']

        subclass = source_configuration_types.get(source_type)
        if not subclass:
            raise ConfigurationError("unknown source type '%s'" % source_type)

        return subclass(conf, context)

    @memoize
    def coverage(self):
        if 'coverage' not in self.conf:
            return None
        from mapproxy.config.coverage import load_coverage
        return load_coverage(self.conf['coverage'])

    def image_opts(self, format=None):
        if 'transparent' in self.conf:
            self.conf.setdefault('image', {})['transparent'] = self.conf['transparent']
        return self.context.globals.image_options.image_opts(self.conf.get('image', {}), format)

    def supported_srs(self):
        from mapproxy.srs import SRS, SupportedSRS

        supported_srs = [SRS(code) for code in self.conf.get('supported_srs', [])]
        if not supported_srs:
            return None
        return SupportedSRS(supported_srs, self.context.globals.preferred_srs)

    def http_client(self, url):
        from mapproxy.client.http import auth_data_from_url, HTTPClient

        http_client = None
        url, (username, password) = auth_data_from_url(url)
        insecure = ssl_ca_certs = None
        if 'https' in url:
            insecure = self.context.globals.get_value('http.ssl_no_cert_checks', self.conf)
            ssl_ca_certs = self.context.globals.get_path('http.ssl_ca_certs', self.conf)

        timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', self.conf)
        headers = self.context.globals.get_value('http.headers', self.conf)
        hide_error_details = self.context.globals.get_value('http.hide_error_details', self.conf)
        manage_cookies = self.context.globals.get_value('http.manage_cookies', self.conf)

        http_client = HTTPClient(url, username, password, insecure=insecure,
                                 ssl_ca_certs=ssl_ca_certs, timeout=timeout,
                                 headers=headers, hide_error_details=hide_error_details,
                                 manage_cookies=manage_cookies)
        return http_client, url

    @memoize
    def on_error_handler(self):
        if 'on_error' not in self.conf:
            return None
        from mapproxy.source.error import HTTPSourceErrorHandler

        error_handler = HTTPSourceErrorHandler()
        for status_code, response_conf in self.conf['on_error'].items():
            if not isinstance(status_code, int) and status_code != 'other':
                raise ConfigurationError("invalid error code %r in on_error", status_code)
            cacheable = response_conf.get('cache', False)
            color = response_conf.get('response', 'transparent')
            authorize_stale = response_conf.get('authorize_stale', False)
            if color == 'transparent':
                color = (255, 255, 255, 0)
            else:
                color = parse_color(color)
            error_handler.add_handler(status_code, color, cacheable, authorize_stale)

        return error_handler


def resolution_range(conf):
    from mapproxy.grid import resolution_range as _resolution_range
    if 'min_res' in conf or 'max_res' in conf:
        return _resolution_range(min_res=conf.get('min_res'),
                                 max_res=conf.get('max_res'))
    if 'min_scale' in conf or 'max_scale' in conf:
        return _resolution_range(min_scale=conf.get('min_scale'),
                                 max_scale=conf.get('max_scale'))


class ArcGISSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
    source_type = ('arcgis',)

    def __init__(self, conf, context):
        SourceConfiguration.__init__(self, conf, context)

    def source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.client.arcgis import ArcGISClient
        from mapproxy.source.arcgis import ArcGISSource
        from mapproxy.request.arcgis import create_request

        if not self.conf.get('opts', {}).get('map', True):
            return None

        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())

        supported_formats = [file_ext(f) for f in self.conf.get("supported_formats", [])]

        # Construct the parameters
        if params is None:
            params = {}

        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
        if request_format:
            params['format'] = request_format

        request = create_request(self.conf["req"], params)
        http_client, request.url = self.http_client(request.url)
        coverage = self.coverage()
        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)

        client = ArcGISClient(request, http_client)
        image_opts = self.image_opts(format=params.get('format'))
        return ArcGISSource(client, image_opts=image_opts, coverage=coverage,
                            res_range=res_range,
                            supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
                            supported_formats=supported_formats or None,
                            error_handler=self.on_error_handler())

    @memoize
    def fi_source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.client.arcgis import ArcGISInfoClient
        from mapproxy.request.arcgis import create_identify_request
        from mapproxy.source.arcgis import ArcGISInfoSource

        if params is None:
            params = {}
        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
        if request_format:
            params['format'] = request_format
        fi_source = None
        if self.conf.get('opts', {}).get('featureinfo', False):
            opts = self.conf['opts']
            tolerance = opts.get('featureinfo_tolerance', 5)
            return_geometries = opts.get('featureinfo_return_geometries', False)

            fi_request = create_identify_request(self.conf['req'], params)

            http_client, fi_request.url = self.http_client(fi_request.url)
            fi_client = ArcGISInfoClient(fi_request,
                                         supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
                                         http_client=http_client,
                                         tolerance=tolerance,
                                         return_geometries=return_geometries,
                                         )
            fi_source = ArcGISInfoSource(fi_client)
        return fi_source


class WMSSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
    source_type = ('wms',)

    @staticmethod
    def static_legend_source(url, context):
        from mapproxy.cache.legend import LegendCache
        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSLegendURLClient
        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSLegendSource

        cache_dir = os.path.join(context.globals.get_path('cache.base_dir', {}),
                                 'legends')
        if url.startswith('file://') and not url.startswith('file:///'):
            prefix = 'file://'
            url = prefix + context.globals.abspath(url[7:])
        lg_client = WMSLegendURLClient(url)

        global_directory_permissions = context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', None,
                                                     global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
        if global_directory_permissions:
            log.info(f'Using global directory permission configuration for static legend cache:'
                     f' {global_directory_permissions}')

        global_file_permissions = context.globals.get_value(
            'file_permissions', None, global_key='cache.file_permissions')
        if global_file_permissions:
            log.info(f'Using global file permission configuration for static legend cache: {global_file_permissions}')

        legend_cache = LegendCache(cache_dir=cache_dir, directory_permissions=global_directory_permissions,
                                   file_permissions=global_file_permissions)
        return WMSLegendSource([lg_client], legend_cache, static=True)

    def fi_xslt_transformer(self, conf, context):
        from mapproxy.featureinfo import XSLTransformer, has_xslt_support
        fi_transformer = None
        fi_xslt = conf.get('featureinfo_xslt')
        if fi_xslt:
            if not has_xslt_support:
                raise ValueError('featureinfo_xslt requires lxml. Please install.')
            fi_xslt = context.globals.abspath(fi_xslt)
            fi_format = conf.get('featureinfo_out_format')
            if not fi_format:
                fi_format = conf.get('featureinfo_format')
            fi_transformer = XSLTransformer(fi_xslt, fi_format)
        return fi_transformer

    def image_opts(self, format=None):
        if 'transparent' not in (self.conf.get('image') or {}):
            transparent = self.conf['req'].get('transparent')
            if transparent is not None:
                transparent = bool(str(transparent).lower() == 'true')
                self.conf.setdefault('image', {})['transparent'] = transparent
        return SourceConfiguration.image_opts(self, format=format)

    def source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSClient
        from mapproxy.request.wms import create_request
        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSSource

        if not self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('map', True):
            return None

        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())

        if params is None:
            params = {}

        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
        if request_format:
            params['format'] = request_format

        image_opts = self.image_opts(format=params.get('format'))

        supported_formats = [file_ext(f) for f in self.conf.get('supported_formats', [])]
        version = self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('version', '1.1.1')

        lock = None
        concurrent_requests = self.context.globals.get_value('concurrent_requests', self.conf,
                                                             global_key='http.concurrent_requests')
        if concurrent_requests:
            from mapproxy.util.lock import SemLock
            lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('cache.lock_dir', self.conf)
            lock_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', self.conf)
            url = urlparse(self.conf['req']['url'])

            global_directory_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                          global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
            if global_directory_permissions:
                log.info(f'Using global directory permission configuration for concurrent file locks:'
                         f' {global_directory_permissions}')

            global_file_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('file_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                     global_key='cache.file_permissions')
            if global_file_permissions:
                log.info(f'Using global file permission configuration for concurrent file locks:'
                         f' {global_file_permissions}')

            md5 = hashlib.new('md5', url.netloc.encode('ascii'), usedforsecurity=False)
            lock_file = os.path.join(lock_dir, md5.hexdigest() + '.lck')
            lock = lambda: SemLock(lock_file, concurrent_requests, timeout=lock_timeout,  # noqa
                                   directory_permissions=global_directory_permissions,
                                   file_permissions=global_file_permissions)

        coverage = self.coverage()
        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)

        transparent_color = (self.conf.get('image') or {}).get('transparent_color')
        transparent_color_tolerance = self.context.globals.get_value(
            'image.transparent_color_tolerance', self.conf)
        if transparent_color:
            transparent_color = parse_color(transparent_color)

        http_method = self.context.globals.get_value('http.method', self.conf)

        fwd_req_params = set(self.conf.get('forward_req_params', []))

        request = create_request(self.conf['req'], params, version=version,
                                 abspath=self.context.globals.abspath)
        http_client, request.url = self.http_client(request.url)
        client = WMSClient(request, http_client=http_client,
                           http_method=http_method, lock=lock,
                           fwd_req_params=fwd_req_params)
        return WMSSource(client, image_opts=image_opts, coverage=coverage,
                         res_range=res_range, transparent_color=transparent_color,
                         transparent_color_tolerance=transparent_color_tolerance,
                         supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
                         supported_formats=supported_formats or None,
                         fwd_req_params=fwd_req_params,
                         error_handler=self.on_error_handler())

    def fi_source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSInfoClient
        from mapproxy.request.wms import create_request
        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSInfoSource

        if params is None:
            params = {}
        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
        if request_format:
            params['format'] = request_format
        fi_source = None
        if self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('featureinfo', False):
            wms_opts = self.conf['wms_opts']
            version = wms_opts.get('version', '1.1.1')
            if 'featureinfo_format' in wms_opts:
                params['info_format'] = wms_opts['featureinfo_format']
            fi_request = create_request(self.conf['req'], params,
                                        req_type='featureinfo', version=version,
                                        abspath=self.context.globals.abspath)

            fi_transformer = self.fi_xslt_transformer(self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}),
                                                      self.context)

            http_client, fi_request.url = self.http_client(fi_request.url)
            fi_client = WMSInfoClient(fi_request, supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
                                      http_client=http_client)
            coverage = self.coverage()
            fi_source = WMSInfoSource(fi_client, fi_transformer=fi_transformer,
                                      coverage=coverage)
        return fi_source

    def lg_source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.cache.legend import LegendCache
        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSLegendClient
        from mapproxy.request.wms import create_request
        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSLegendSource

        if params is None:
            params = {}
        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
        if request_format:
            params['format'] = request_format
        lg_source = None
        cache_dir = os.path.join(self.context.globals.get_path('cache.base_dir', {}),
                                 'legends')

        if self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('legendurl', False):
            lg_url = self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('legendurl')
            lg_source = WMSSourceConfiguration.static_legend_source(lg_url, self.context)
        elif self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('legendgraphic', False):
            version = self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('version', '1.1.1')
            lg_req = self.conf['req'].copy()
            lg_clients = []
            lg_layers = str(lg_req['layers']).split(',')
            del lg_req['layers']
            for lg_layer in lg_layers:
                lg_req['layer'] = lg_layer
                lg_request = create_request(lg_req, params,
                                            req_type='legendgraphic', version=version,
                                            abspath=self.context.globals.abspath)
                http_client, lg_request.url = self.http_client(lg_request.url)
                lg_client = WMSLegendClient(lg_request, http_client=http_client)
                lg_clients.append(lg_client)

            global_directory_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                   global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
            if global_directory_permissions:
                log.info(f'Using global directory permission configuration for legend cache:'
                         f' {global_directory_permissions}')

            global_file_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('file_permissions', self.conf,
                                                              global_key='cache.file_permissions')
            if global_file_permissions:
                log.info(f'Using global file permission configuration for legend cache:'
                         f' {global_file_permissions}')

            legend_cache = LegendCache(cache_dir=cache_dir, directory_permissions=global_directory_permissions,
                                       file_permissions=global_file_permissions)
            lg_source = WMSLegendSource(lg_clients, legend_cache)
        return lg_source


class MapServerSourceConfiguration(WMSSourceConfiguration):
    source_type = ('mapserver',)

    def __init__(self, conf, context):
        WMSSourceConfiguration.__init__(self, conf, context)
        self.script = self.context.globals.get_path('mapserver.binary',
                                                    self.conf)
        if not self.script:
            self.script = find_exec('mapserv')

        if not self.script or not os.path.isfile(self.script):
            raise ConfigurationError('could not find mapserver binary (%r)' %
                                     (self.script, ))

        # set url to dummy script name, required as identifier
        # for concurrent_request
        self.conf['req']['url'] = 'mapserver://' + self.script

        mapfile = self.context.globals.abspath(self.conf['req']['map'])
        self.conf['req']['map'] = mapfile

    def http_client(self, url):
        working_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('mapserver.working_dir', self.conf)
        if working_dir and not os.path.isdir(working_dir):
            raise ConfigurationError('could not find mapserver working_dir (%r)' % (working_dir, ))

        from mapproxy.client.cgi import CGIClient
        client = CGIClient(script=self.script, working_directory=working_dir)
        return client, url


class MapnikSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
    source_type = ('mapnik',)

    def source(self, params=None):
        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())

        image_opts = self.image_opts()

        lock = None
        concurrent_requests = self.context.globals.get_value('concurrent_requests', self.conf,
                                                             global_key='http.concurrent_requests')
        if concurrent_requests:
            from mapproxy.util.lock import SemLock
            lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('cache.lock_dir', self.conf)
            mapfile = self.conf['mapfile']

            global_directory_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                          global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
            if global_directory_permissions:
                log.info(f'Using global directory permission configuration for concurrent file locks:'
                         f' {global_directory_permissions}')

            global_file_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('file_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                     global_key='cache.file_permissions')
            if global_file_permissions:
                log.info(f'Using global file permission configuration for concurrent file locks:'
                         f' {global_file_permissions}')

            md5 = hashlib.new('md5', mapfile.encode('utf-8'), usedforsecurity=False)
            lock_file = os.path.join(lock_dir, md5.hexdigest() + '.lck')
            lock = lambda: SemLock(lock_file, concurrent_requests, # noqa
                                   directory_permissions=global_directory_permissions,
                                   file_permissions=global_file_permissions)

        coverage = self.coverage()
        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)

        scale_factor = self.conf.get('scale_factor', None)
        multithreaded = self.conf.get('multithreaded', False)

        layers = self.conf.get('layers', None)
        if isinstance(layers, str):
            layers = layers.split(',')

        mapfile = self.context.globals.abspath(self.conf['mapfile'])

        if self.conf.get('use_mapnik2', False):
            warnings.warn('use_mapnik2 option is no longer needed for Mapnik 2 support',
                          DeprecationWarning)

        from mapproxy.source.mapnik import MapnikSource, mapnik as mapnik_api
        if mapnik_api is None:
            raise ConfigurationError('Could not import Mapnik, please verify it is installed!')

        if self.context.renderd:
            # only renderd guarantees that we have a single proc/thread
            # that accesses the same mapnik map object
            reuse_map_objects = True
        else:
            reuse_map_objects = False

        return MapnikSource(mapfile, layers=layers, image_opts=image_opts,
                            coverage=coverage, res_range=res_range, lock=lock,
                            reuse_map_objects=reuse_map_objects, scale_factor=scale_factor,
                            multithreaded=multithreaded)


class TileSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
    supports_meta_tiles = False
    source_type = ('tile',)
    defaults = {}

    def source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.client.tile import TileClient, TileURLTemplate
        from mapproxy.source.tile import TiledSource

        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())

        if params is None:
            params = {}

        url = self.conf['url']

        if self.conf.get('origin'):
            warnings.warn('origin for tile sources is deprecated since 1.3.0 '
                          'and will be ignored. use grid with correct origin.', RuntimeWarning)

        http_client, url = self.http_client(url)

        grid_name = self.conf.get('grid')
        if grid_name is None:
            log.warning(
                "tile source for %s does not have a grid configured and defaults to GLOBAL_MERCATOR. default will"
                " change with MapProxy 2.0", url)
            grid_name = "GLOBAL_MERCATOR"

        grid = self.context.grids[grid_name].tile_grid()
        coverage = self.coverage()
        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)

        image_opts = self.image_opts()
        error_handler = self.on_error_handler()

        format = file_ext(params['format'])
        client = TileClient(TileURLTemplate(url, format=format), http_client=http_client, grid=grid)
        return TiledSource(grid, client, coverage=coverage, image_opts=image_opts,
                           error_handler=error_handler, res_range=res_range)


def file_ext(mimetype):
    from mapproxy.request.base import split_mime_type
    _mime_class, format, _options = split_mime_type(mimetype)
    return format


class DebugSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
    source_type = ('debug',)
    required_keys = set('type'.split())

    def source(self, params=None):
        from mapproxy.source import DebugSource
        return DebugSource()


source_configuration_types = {
    'wms': WMSSourceConfiguration,
    'arcgis': ArcGISSourceConfiguration,
    'tile': TileSourceConfiguration,
    'debug': DebugSourceConfiguration,
    'mapserver': MapServerSourceConfiguration,
    'mapnik': MapnikSourceConfiguration,
}


def register_source_configuration(config_name, config_class,
                                  yaml_spec_source_name=None, yaml_spec_source_def=None):
    """ Method used by plugins to register a new source configuration.

        :param config_name: Name of the source configuration
        :type config_name: str
        :param config_class: Class of the source configuration
        :type config_name: SourceConfiguration
        :param yaml_spec_source_name: Name of the source in the YAML configuration file
        :type yaml_spec_source_name: str
        :param yaml_spec_source_def: Definition of the source in the YAML configuration file
        :type yaml_spec_source_def: dict

        Example:
            register_source_configuration('hips', HIPSSourceConfiguration,
                                          'hips', { required('url'): str(),
                                                    'resampling_method': str(),
                                                    'image': image_opts,
                                                  })
    """
    log.info('Registering configuration for plugin source %s' % config_name)
    source_configuration_types[config_name] = config_class
    if yaml_spec_source_name is not None and yaml_spec_source_def is not None:
        add_source_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec(yaml_spec_source_name, yaml_spec_source_def)


class CacheConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    defaults = {'format': 'image/png'}

    @memoize
    def coverage(self):
        if 'cache' not in self.conf or 'coverage' not in self.conf['cache']:
            return None
        from mapproxy.config.coverage import load_coverage
        return load_coverage(self.conf['cache']['coverage'])

    @memoize
    def cache_dir(self):
        cache_dir = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory')
        if cache_dir:
            if self.conf.get('cache_dir'):
                log.warning('found cache.directory and cache_dir option for %s, ignoring cache_dir',
                            self.conf['name'])
            return self.context.globals.abspath(cache_dir)

        return self.context.globals.get_path('cache_dir', self.conf,
                                             global_key='cache.base_dir')

    @memoize
    def directory_permissions(self):
        directory_permissions = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory_permissions')
        if directory_permissions:
            log.info('Using cache specific directory permission configuration for %s: %s',
                     self.conf['name'], directory_permissions)
            return directory_permissions

        global_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', self.conf,
                global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
        if global_permissions:
            log.info('Using global directory permission configuration for %s: %s',
                 self.conf['name'], global_permissions)
        return global_permissions

    @memoize
    def file_permissions(self):
        file_permissions = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('file_permissions')
        if file_permissions:
            log.info('Using cache specific file permission configuration for %s: %s',
                     self.conf['name'], file_permissions)
            return file_permissions

        global_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('file_permissions', self.conf,
                global_key='cache.file_permissions')
        if global_permissions:
            log.info('Using global file permission configuration for %s: %s',
                 self.conf['name'], global_permissions)
        return global_permissions

    @memoize
    def has_multiple_grids(self):
        return len(self.grid_confs()) > 1

    def lock_dir(self):
        lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('cache.tile_lock_dir', self.conf)
        if not lock_dir:
            lock_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir(), 'tile_locks')
        return lock_dir

    def _file_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.file import FileCache

        cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
        directory_layout = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory_layout', 'tc')
        coverage = self.coverage()

        if self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory'):
            if self.has_multiple_grids():
                raise ConfigurationError(
                    "using single directory for cache with multiple grids in %s" %
                    (self.conf['name']),
                )
            pass
        elif self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('use_grid_names'):
            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
        else:
            suffix = grid_conf.conf['srs'].replace(':', '')
            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, self.conf['name'] + '_' + suffix)
        link_single_color_images = self.context.globals.get_value('link_single_color_images', self.conf,
                                                                  global_key='cache.link_single_color_images')

        if link_single_color_images and sys.platform == 'win32':
            log.warning('link_single_color_images not supported on windows')
            link_single_color_images = False

        return FileCache(
            cache_dir,
            file_ext=image_opts.format.ext,
            image_opts=image_opts,
            directory_layout=directory_layout,
            link_single_color_images=link_single_color_images,
            coverage=coverage,
            directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
            file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
        )

    def _mbtiles_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.mbtiles import MBTilesCache

        filename = self.conf['cache'].get('filename')
        if not filename:
            filename = self.conf['name'] + '.mbtiles'

        if filename.startswith('.' + os.sep):
            mbfile_path = self.context.globals.abspath(filename)
        else:
            mbfile_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir(), filename)

        sqlite_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_timeout', self.conf)
        wal = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_wal', self.conf)
        coverage = self.coverage()

        return MBTilesCache(
            mbfile_path,
            timeout=sqlite_timeout,
            wal=wal,
            coverage=coverage,
            directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
            file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
        )

    def _geopackage_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.geopackage import GeopackageCache, GeopackageLevelCache

        filename = self.conf['cache'].get('filename')
        table_name = self.conf['cache'].get('table_name') or \
            "{}_{}".format(self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
        levels = self.conf['cache'].get('levels')
        coverage = self.coverage()

        if not filename:
            filename = self.conf['name'] + '.gpkg'
        if filename.startswith('.' + os.sep):
            gpkg_file_path = self.context.globals.abspath(filename)
        else:
            gpkg_file_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir(), filename)

        cache_dir = self.conf['cache'].get('directory')
        if cache_dir:
            cache_dir = os.path.join(
                self.context.globals.abspath(cache_dir),
                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
            )
        else:
            cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
            cache_dir = os.path.join(
                cache_dir,
                self.conf['name'],
                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
            )

        if levels:
            return GeopackageLevelCache(
                cache_dir,
                grid_conf.tile_grid(),
                table_name,
                coverage=coverage,
                directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
                file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
            )
        else:
            return GeopackageCache(
                gpkg_file_path,
                grid_conf.tile_grid(),
                table_name,
                coverage=coverage,
                directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
                file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
            )

    def _azureblob_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.azureblob import AzureBlobCache

        container_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.container_name', self.conf,
                                                        global_key='cache.azureblob.container_name')
        coverage = self.coverage()

        if not container_name:
            raise ConfigurationError("no container_name configured for Azure Blob cache %s" % self.conf['name'])

        connection_string = os.getenv("AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING", self.context.globals.get_value(
            'cache.connection_string', self.conf, global_key='cache.azureblob.connection_string'))

        if not connection_string:
            raise ConfigurationError("no connection_string configured for Azure Blob cache %s" % self.conf['name'])

        directory_layout = self.conf['cache'].get('directory_layout', 'tms')

        base_path = self.conf['cache'].get('directory', None)
        if base_path is None:
            base_path = os.path.join(self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)

        return AzureBlobCache(
            base_path=base_path,
            file_ext=image_opts.format.ext,
            directory_layout=directory_layout,
            container_name=container_name,
            connection_string=connection_string,
            coverage=coverage
        )

    def _s3_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.s3 import S3Cache

        bucket_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.bucket_name', self.conf,
                                                     global_key='cache.s3.bucket_name')
        coverage = self.coverage()

        if not bucket_name:
            raise ConfigurationError("no bucket_name configured for s3 cache %s" % self.conf['name'])

        profile_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.profile_name', self.conf,
                                                      global_key='cache.s3.profile_name')

        region_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.region_name', self.conf,
                                                     global_key='cache.s3.region_name')

        endpoint_url = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.endpoint_url', self.conf,
                                                      global_key='cache.s3.endpoint_url')

        access_control_list = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.access_control_list', self.conf,
                                                             global_key='cache.s3.access_control_list')

        use_http_get = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.use_http_get', self.conf,
                                                      global_key='cache.s3.use_http_get'
                                                      )

        directory_layout = self.conf['cache'].get('directory_layout', 'tms')

        base_path = self.conf['cache'].get('directory', None)
        if base_path is None:
            base_path = os.path.join(self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)

        return S3Cache(
            base_path=base_path,
            file_ext=image_opts.format.ext,
            directory_layout=directory_layout,
            bucket_name=bucket_name,
            profile_name=profile_name,
            region_name=region_name,
            endpoint_url=endpoint_url,
            access_control_list=access_control_list,
            coverage=coverage,
            use_http_get=use_http_get
        )

    def _sqlite_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.mbtiles import MBTilesLevelCache

        cache_dir = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory')
        if cache_dir:
            cache_dir = os.path.join(
                self.context.globals.abspath(cache_dir),
                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
            )
        else:
            cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
            cache_dir = os.path.join(
                cache_dir,
                self.conf['name'],
                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
            )

        sqlite_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_timeout', self.conf)
        wal = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_wal', self.conf)
        coverage = self.coverage()

        return MBTilesLevelCache(
            cache_dir,
            timeout=sqlite_timeout,
            wal=wal,
            ttl=self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('ttl', 0),
            coverage=coverage,
            directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
            file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
        )

    def _couchdb_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.couchdb import CouchDBCache, CouchDBMDTemplate

        db_name = self.conf['cache'].get('db_name')
        if not db_name:
            suffix = grid_conf.conf['srs'].replace(':', '')
            db_name = self.conf['name'] + '_' + suffix

        url = self.conf['cache'].get('url')
        if not url:
            url = 'http://127.0.0.1:5984'

        md_template = CouchDBMDTemplate(self.conf['cache'].get('tile_metadata', {}))
        tile_id = self.conf['cache'].get('tile_id')
        coverage = self.coverage()

        return CouchDBCache(
            url=url,
            db_name=db_name,
            file_ext=image_opts.format.ext,
            tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
            md_template=md_template,
            tile_id_template=tile_id,
            coverage=coverage
        )

    def _redis_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.redis import RedisCache

        host = self.conf['cache'].get('host', '127.0.0.1')
        port = self.conf['cache'].get('port', 6379)
        db = self.conf['cache'].get('db', 0)
        ttl = self.conf['cache'].get('default_ttl', 3600)
        username = self.conf['cache'].get('username', None)
        password = self.conf['cache'].get('password', None)
        coverage = self.coverage()
        ssl_certfile = self.conf['cache'].get('ssl_certfile', None)
        ssl_keyfile = self.conf['cache'].get('ssl_keyfile', None)
        ssl_ca_certs = self.conf['cache'].get('ssl_ca_certs', None)
        prefix = self.conf['cache'].get('prefix')
        if not prefix:
            prefix = self.conf['name'] + '_' + grid_conf.tile_grid().name

        return RedisCache(
            host=host,
            port=port,
            db=db,
            username=username,
            password=password,
            prefix=prefix,
            ttl=ttl,
            coverage=coverage,
            ssl_certfile=ssl_certfile,
            ssl_keyfile=ssl_keyfile,
            ssl_ca_certs=ssl_ca_certs
        )

    def _compact_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        from mapproxy.cache.compact import CompactCacheV1, CompactCacheV2

        coverage = self.coverage()
        cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
        if self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory'):
            if self.has_multiple_grids():
                raise ConfigurationError(
                    "using single directory for cache with multiple grids in %s" %
                    (self.conf['name']),
                )
            pass
        else:
            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)

        version = self.conf['cache']['version']
        if version == 1:
            return CompactCacheV1(
                cache_dir=cache_dir,
                coverage=coverage,
                directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
                file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
            )
        elif version == 2:
            return CompactCacheV2(
                cache_dir=cache_dir,
                coverage=coverage,
                directory_permissions=self.directory_permissions(),
                file_permissions=self.file_permissions()
            )

        raise ConfigurationError("compact cache only supports version 1 or 2")

    def _tile_cache(self, grid_conf, image_opts):
        if self.conf.get('disable_storage', False):
            from mapproxy.cache.dummy import DummyCache
            return DummyCache()

        grid_conf.tile_grid()  # create to resolve `base` in grid_conf.conf
        cache_type = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('type', 'file')
        return getattr(self, '_%s_cache' % cache_type)(grid_conf, image_opts)

    def _tile_filter(self):
        filters = []
        if 'watermark' in self.conf:
            from mapproxy.tilefilter import create_watermark_filter
            if self.conf['watermark'].get('color'):
                self.conf['watermark']['color'] = parse_color(self.conf['watermark']['color'])
            f = create_watermark_filter(self.conf, self.context)
            if f:
                filters.append(f)
        return filters

    @memoize
    def image_opts(self):
        from mapproxy.image.opts import ImageFormat

        format = None
        if 'format' not in self.conf.get('image', {}):
            format = self.conf.get('format') or self.conf.get('request_format')
        image_opts = self.context.globals.image_options.image_opts(self.conf.get('image', {}), format)
        if image_opts.format is None:
            if format is not None and format.startswith('image/'):
                image_opts.format = ImageFormat(format)
            else:
                image_opts.format = ImageFormat('image/png')
        return image_opts

    def supports_tiled_only_access(self, params=None, tile_grid=None):
        caches = self.caches()
        if len(caches) > 1:
            return False

        cache_grid, extent, tile_manager = caches[0]
        image_opts = self.image_opts()

        if (tile_grid.is_subset_of(cache_grid)
                and params.get('format') == image_opts.format):
            return True

        return False

    def source(self, params=None, tile_grid=None, tiled_only=False):
        from mapproxy.source.tile import CacheSource
        from mapproxy.layer import map_extent_from_grid

        caches = self.caches()
        if len(caches) > 1:
            # cache with multiple grids/sources
            source = self.map_layer()
            source.supports_meta_tiles = True
            return source

        cache_grid, extent, tile_manager = caches[0]
        image_opts = self.image_opts()

        cache_extent = map_extent_from_grid(tile_grid)
        cache_extent = extent.intersection(cache_extent)

        source = CacheSource(tile_manager, extent=cache_extent,
                             image_opts=image_opts, tiled_only=tiled_only)
        return source

    def _sources_for_grid(self, source_names, grid_conf, request_format):
        sources = []
        source_image_opts = []

        # a cache can directly access source tiles when _all_ sources are caches too
        # and when they have compatible grids by using tiled_only on the CacheSource
        # check if all sources support tiled_only
        tiled_only = True
        for source_name in source_names:
            if source_name in self.context.sources:
                tiled_only = False
                break
            elif source_name in self.context.caches:
                cache_conf = self.context.caches[source_name]
                tiled_only = cache_conf.supports_tiled_only_access(
                    params={'format': request_format},
                    tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
                )
                if not tiled_only:
                    break

        for source_name in source_names:
            if source_name in self.context.sources:
                source_conf = self.context.sources[source_name]
                source = source_conf.source({'format': request_format})
            elif source_name in self.context.caches:
                cache_conf = self.context.caches[source_name]
                source = cache_conf.source(
                    params={'format': request_format},
                    tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
                    tiled_only=tiled_only,
                )
            else:
                raise ConfigurationError('unknown source %s' % source_name)
            if source:
                sources.append(source)
                source_image_opts.append(source.image_opts)

        return sources, source_image_opts

    def _sources_for_band_merge(self, sources_conf, grid_conf, request_format):
        from mapproxy.image.merge import BandMerger

        source_names = []

        for band, band_sources in sources_conf.items():
            for source in band_sources:
                name = source['source']
                if name in source_names:
                    idx = source_names.index(name)
                else:
                    source_names.append(name)
                    idx = len(source_names) - 1

                source["src_idx"] = idx

        sources, source_image_opts = self._sources_for_grid(
            source_names=source_names,
            grid_conf=grid_conf,
            request_format=request_format,
        )

        if 'l' in sources_conf:
            mode = 'L'
        elif 'a' in sources_conf:
            mode = 'RGBA'
        else:
            mode = 'RGB'

        band_merger = BandMerger(mode=mode)
        available_bands = {'r': 0, 'g': 1, 'b': 2, 'a': 3, 'l': 0}
        for band, band_sources in sources_conf.items():
            band_idx = available_bands.get(band)
            if band_idx is None:
                raise ConfigurationError("unsupported band '%s' for cache %s"
                                         % (band, self.conf['name']))
            for source in band_sources:
                band_merger.add_ops(
                    dst_band=band_idx,
                    src_img=source['src_idx'],
                    src_band=source['band'],
                    factor=source.get('factor', 1.0),
                )

        return band_merger, sources, source_image_opts

    @memoize
    def caches(self):
        from mapproxy.cache.dummy import DummyCache, DummyLocker
        from mapproxy.cache.tile import TileManager
        from mapproxy.cache.base import TileLocker
        from mapproxy.image.opts import compatible_image_options
        from mapproxy.layer import map_extent_from_grid, merge_layer_extents

        base_image_opts = self.image_opts()
        if (self.conf.get('format') == 'mixed' and
                self.conf.get('request_format') not in ['image/png', 'image/vnd.jpeg-png']):
            raise ConfigurationError(
                'request_format must be set to image/png or image/vnd.jpeg-png if mixed mode is enabled')
        request_format = self.conf.get('request_format') or self.conf.get('format')
        if '/' in request_format:
            request_format_ext = request_format.split('/', 1)[1]
        else:
            request_format_ext = request_format

        caches = []

        meta_buffer = self.context.globals.get_value('meta_buffer', self.conf,
                                                     global_key='cache.meta_buffer')
        meta_size = self.context.globals.get_value('meta_size', self.conf,
                                                   global_key='cache.meta_size')
        bulk_meta_tiles = self.context.globals.get_value('bulk_meta_tiles', self.conf,
                                                         global_key='cache.bulk_meta_tiles')
        minimize_meta_requests = self.context.globals.get_value('minimize_meta_requests', self.conf,
                                                                global_key='cache.minimize_meta_requests')
        concurrent_tile_creators = self.context.globals.get_value('concurrent_tile_creators', self.conf,
                                                                  global_key='cache.concurrent_tile_creators')

        cache_rescaled_tiles = self.conf.get('cache_rescaled_tiles')
        upscale_tiles = self.conf.get('upscale_tiles', 0)
        if upscale_tiles < 0:
            raise ConfigurationError("upscale_tiles must be positive")
        downscale_tiles = self.conf.get('downscale_tiles', 0)
        if downscale_tiles < 0:
            raise ConfigurationError("downscale_tiles must be positive")
        if upscale_tiles and downscale_tiles:
            raise ConfigurationError("cannot use both upscale_tiles and downscale_tiles")

        rescale_tiles = 0
        if upscale_tiles:
            rescale_tiles = -upscale_tiles
        if downscale_tiles:
            rescale_tiles = downscale_tiles

        renderd_address = self.context.globals.get_value('renderd.address', self.conf)

        band_merger = None
        for grid_name, grid_conf in self.grid_confs():
            if isinstance(self.conf['sources'], dict):
                band_merger, sources, source_image_opts = self._sources_for_band_merge(
                    self.conf['sources'],
                    grid_conf=grid_conf,
                    request_format=request_format,
                )
            else:
                sources, source_image_opts = self._sources_for_grid(
                    self.conf['sources'],
                    grid_conf=grid_conf,
                    request_format=request_format,
                )

            if not sources:
                from mapproxy.source import DummySource
                sources = [DummySource()]
                source_image_opts.append(sources[0].image_opts)
            tile_grid = grid_conf.tile_grid()
            tile_filter = self._tile_filter()
            image_opts = compatible_image_options(source_image_opts, base_opts=base_image_opts)
            cache = self._tile_cache(grid_conf, image_opts)
            identifier = self.conf['name'] + '_' + tile_grid.name

            tile_creator_class = None

            use_renderd = bool(renderd_address)
            if self.context.renderd:
                # we _are_ renderd
                use_renderd = False
            if self.conf.get('disable_storage', False):
                # can't ask renderd to create tiles that shouldn't be cached
                use_renderd = False

            if use_renderd:
                from mapproxy.cache.renderd import RenderdTileCreator, has_renderd_support
                if not has_renderd_support():
                    raise ConfigurationError("renderd requires requests library")
                if self.context.seed:
                    priority = 10
                else:
                    priority = 100

                cache_dir = self.cache_dir()

                lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.tile_lock_dir')
                if not lock_dir:
                    lock_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, 'tile_locks')

                global_directory_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                         global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
                if global_directory_permissions:
                    log.info(f'Using global directory permission configuration for tile locks:'
                             f' {global_directory_permissions}')

                global_file_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('file_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                         global_key='cache.file_permissions')
                if global_file_permissions:
                    log.info(f'Using global file permission configuration for tile locks:'
                             f' {global_file_permissions}')

                lock_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', {})
                locker = TileLocker(lock_dir, lock_timeout, identifier + '_renderd',
                                    directory_permissions=global_directory_permissions,
                                    file_permissions=global_file_permissions)
                # TODO band_merger
                tile_creator_class = partial(RenderdTileCreator, renderd_address,
                                             priority=priority, tile_locker=locker)

            else:
                from mapproxy.cache.tile import TileCreator
                tile_creator_class = partial(TileCreator, image_merger=band_merger)

            if isinstance(cache, DummyCache):
                locker = DummyLocker()
            else:
                global_directory_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('directory_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                              global_key='cache.directory_permissions')
                if global_directory_permissions:
                    log.info(f'Using global directory permission configuration for tile locks:'
                             f' {global_directory_permissions}')

                global_file_permissions = self.context.globals.get_value('file_permissions', self.conf,
                                                                         global_key='cache.file_permissions')
                if global_file_permissions:
                    log.info(f'Using global file permission configuration for tile locks:'
                             f' {global_file_permissions}')

                locker = TileLocker(
                    lock_dir=self.lock_dir(),
                    lock_timeout=self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', {}),
                    lock_cache_id=cache.lock_cache_id,
                    directory_permissions=global_directory_permissions,
                    file_permissions=global_file_permissions
                )

            mgr = TileManager(tile_grid, cache, sources, image_opts.format.ext,
                              locker=locker,
                              image_opts=image_opts, identifier=identifier,
                              request_format=request_format_ext,
                              meta_size=meta_size, meta_buffer=meta_buffer,
                              minimize_meta_requests=minimize_meta_requests,
                              concurrent_tile_creators=concurrent_tile_creators,
                              pre_store_filter=tile_filter,
                              tile_creator_class=tile_creator_class,
                              bulk_meta_tiles=bulk_meta_tiles,
                              cache_rescaled_tiles=cache_rescaled_tiles,
                              rescale_tiles=rescale_tiles,
                              )
            if self.conf['name'] in self.context.caches:
                mgr._refresh_before = self.context.caches[self.conf['name']].conf.get('refresh_before', {})
            extent = merge_layer_extents(sources)
            # If the cache has a defined coverage prefer it's extent over source extent
            if cache.coverage:
                extent = cache.coverage.extent
            elif extent.is_default:
                extent = map_extent_from_grid(tile_grid)
            caches.append((tile_grid, extent, mgr))
        return caches

    @memoize
    def grid_confs(self):
        grid_names = self.conf.get('grids')
        if grid_names is None:
            log.warning(
                'cache %s does not have any grids. default will change from [GLOBAL_MERCATOR] to [GLOBAL_WEBMERCATOR]'
                ' with MapProxy 2.0', self.conf['name'])
            grid_names = ['GLOBAL_MERCATOR']
        return [(g, self.context.grids[g]) for g in grid_names]

    @memoize
    def map_layer(self):
        from mapproxy.layer import CacheMapLayer, SRSConditional, ResolutionConditional

        image_opts = self.image_opts()
        max_tile_limit = self.context.globals.get_value('max_tile_limit', self.conf,
                                                        global_key='cache.max_tile_limit')
        caches = []
        main_grid = None
        for grid, extent, tile_manager in self.caches():
            if main_grid is None:
                main_grid = grid
            caches.append((CacheMapLayer(tile_manager, extent=extent, image_opts=image_opts,
                                         max_tile_limit=max_tile_limit),
                          grid.srs))

        if len(caches) == 1:
            layer = caches[0][0]
        else:
            layer = SRSConditional(caches, caches[0][0].extent, opacity=image_opts.opacity,
                                   preferred_srs=self.context.globals.preferred_srs)

        if 'use_direct_from_level' in self.conf:
            self.conf['use_direct_from_res'] = main_grid.resolution(self.conf['use_direct_from_level'])
        if 'use_direct_from_res' in self.conf:
            if len(self.conf['sources']) != 1:
                raise ValueError('use_direct_from_level/res only supports single sources')
            source_conf = self.context.sources[self.conf['sources'][0]]
            layer = ResolutionConditional(layer, source_conf.source(), self.conf['use_direct_from_res'],
                                          main_grid.srs, layer.extent, opacity=image_opts.opacity)
        return layer


class WMSLayerConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    @memoize
    def wms_layer(self):
        from mapproxy.service.wms import WMSGroupLayer

        layers = []
        this_layer = None

        if 'layers' in self.conf:
            layers_conf = self.conf['layers']
            for layer_conf in layers_conf:
                lyr = WMSLayerConfiguration(layer_conf, self.context).wms_layer()
                if lyr:
                    layers.append(lyr)

        if 'sources' in self.conf or 'legendurl' in self.conf:
            this_layer = LayerConfiguration(self.conf, self.context).wms_layer()

        if not layers and not this_layer:
            return None

        if not layers:
            layer = this_layer
        else:
            layer = WMSGroupLayer(name=self.conf.get('name'), title=self.conf.get('title'),
                                  this=this_layer, layers=layers, md=self.conf.get('md'))
        return layer


def cache_source_names(context, cache):
    """
    Return all sources for a cache, even if a caches uses another cache.
    """
    source_names = []
    for src in context.caches[cache].conf['sources']:
        if src in context.caches and src not in context.sources:
            source_names.extend(cache_source_names(context, src))
        else:
            source_names.append(src)

    return source_names


class LayerConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    @memoize
    def wms_layer(self):
        from mapproxy.service.wms import WMSLayer

        sources = []
        fi_sources = []
        lg_sources = []

        lg_sources_configured = False
        if self.conf.get('legendurl'):
            legend_url = self.conf['legendurl']
            lg_sources.append(WMSSourceConfiguration.static_legend_source(legend_url, self.context))
            lg_sources_configured = True

        for source_name in self.conf.get('sources', []):
            fi_source_names = []
            lg_source_names = []
            if source_name in self.context.caches:
                map_layer = self.context.caches[source_name].map_layer()
                fi_source_names = cache_source_names(self.context, source_name)
                lg_source_names = cache_source_names(self.context, source_name)
            elif source_name in self.context.sources:
                source_conf = self.context.sources[source_name]
                if not source_conf.supports_meta_tiles:
                    raise ConfigurationError('source "%s" of layer "%s" does not support un-tiled access'
                                             % (source_name, self.conf.get('name')))
                map_layer = source_conf.source()
                fi_source_names = [source_name]
                lg_source_names = [source_name]
            else:
                raise ConfigurationError('source/cache "%s" not found' % source_name)

            if map_layer:
                sources.append(map_layer)

            for fi_source_name in fi_source_names:
                if fi_source_name not in self.context.sources:
                    continue
                if not hasattr(self.context.sources[fi_source_name], 'fi_source'):
                    continue
                fi_source = self.context.sources[fi_source_name].fi_source()
                if fi_source:
                    fi_sources.append(fi_source)
            if not lg_sources_configured:
                for lg_source_name in lg_source_names:
                    if lg_source_name not in self.context.sources:
                        continue
                    if not hasattr(self.context.sources[lg_source_name], 'lg_source'):
                        continue
                    lg_source = self.context.sources[lg_source_name].lg_source()
                    if lg_source:
                        lg_sources.append(lg_source)

        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)
        dimensions = None
        if 'dimensions' in self.conf.keys():
            dimensions = self.dimensions()

        layer = WMSLayer(
            self.conf.get('name'), self.conf.get('title'), sources, fi_sources, lg_sources, res_range=res_range,
            md=self.conf.get('md'), dimensions=dimensions)
        return layer

    @memoize
    def dimensions(self):
        from mapproxy.layer import Dimension
        from mapproxy.util.ext.wmsparse.util import parse_datetime_range
        dimensions = {}
        for dimension, conf in self.conf.get('dimensions', {}).items():
            raw_values = conf.get('values')
            if len(raw_values) == 1:
                # look for time or dim_reference_time
                if 'time' in dimension.lower():
                    log.debug('Determining values as datetime strings')
                    values = parse_datetime_range(raw_values[0])
                else:
                    log.debug('Determining values as plain strings')
                    values = raw_values[0].strip().split('/')
            else:
                values = [str(val) for val in conf.get('values', ['default'])]

            default = conf.get('default', values[-1])
            dimensions[dimension.lower()] = Dimension(dimension, values, default=default)
        return dimensions

    @memoize
    def tile_layers(self, grid_name_as_path=False):
        from mapproxy.service.tile import TileLayer
        from mapproxy.cache.dummy import DummyCache
        sources = []
        fi_only_sources = []
        if 'tile_sources' in self.conf:
            sources = self.conf['tile_sources']
        else:
            for source_name in self.conf.get('sources', []):
                # we only support caches for tiled access...
                if source_name not in self.context.caches:
                    if source_name in self.context.sources:
                        src_conf = self.context.sources[source_name].conf
                        # but we ignore debug layers for convenience
                        if src_conf['type'] == 'debug':
                            continue
                        # and WMS layers with map: False (i.e. FeatureInfo only sources)
                        if src_conf['type'] == 'wms' and src_conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('map', True) is False:
                            fi_only_sources.append(source_name)
                            continue

                    return []
                sources.append(source_name)

            if len(sources) > 1:
                # skip layers with more then one source
                return []

        dimensions = self.dimensions()

        tile_layers = []
        for cache_name in sources:
            fi_sources = []
            fi_source_names = cache_source_names(self.context, cache_name)

            for fi_source_name in fi_source_names + fi_only_sources:
                if fi_source_name not in self.context.sources:
                    continue
                if not hasattr(self.context.sources[fi_source_name], 'fi_source'):
                    continue
                fi_source = self.context.sources[fi_source_name].fi_source()
                if fi_source:
                    fi_sources.append(fi_source)

            for grid, extent, cache_source in self.context.caches[cache_name].caches():
                disable_storage = self.context.configuration['caches'][cache_name].get('disable_storage', False)
                if disable_storage:
                    supports_dimensions = isinstance(cache_source.cache, DummyCache)
                else:
                    supports_dimensions = cache_source.cache.supports_dimensions
                if dimensions and not supports_dimensions:
                    # caching of dimension layers is not supported yet
                    raise ConfigurationError(
                        "caching of dimension layer (%s) is not supported yet."
                        " need to `disable_storage: true` on %s cache" % (self.conf['name'], cache_name)
                    )

                md = {}
                md['title'] = self.conf['title']
                md['name'] = self.conf['name']
                md['grid_name'] = grid.name
                if grid_name_as_path:
                    md['name_path'] = (md['name'], md['grid_name'])
                else:
                    md['name_path'] = (md['name'], grid.srs.srs_code.replace(':', '').upper())
                md['name_internal'] = md['name_path'][0] + '_' + md['name_path'][1]
                md['format'] = self.context.caches[cache_name].image_opts().format
                md['cache_name'] = cache_name
                md['extent'] = extent
                md['wmts_kvp_legendurl'] = self.conf.get('wmts_kvp_legendurl')
                md['wmts_rest_legendurl'] = self.conf.get('wmts_rest_legendurl')
                if 'legendurl' in self.conf:
                    wms_conf = self.context.services.conf.get('wms')
                    if wms_conf is not None:
                        versions = wms_conf.get('versions', ['1.3.0'])
                        versions.sort(key=lambda s: [int(u) for u in s.split('.')])
                        legendurl = (f'{{base_url}}/service?service=WMS&amp;request=GetLegendGraphic&amp;'
                                     f'version={versions[-1]}&amp;format=image%2Fpng&amp;layer={{layer_name}}')
                        if md['wmts_kvp_legendurl'] is None:
                            md['wmts_kvp_legendurl'] = legendurl
                        if md['wmts_rest_legendurl'] is None:
                            md['wmts_rest_legendurl'] = legendurl
                tile_layers.append(
                    TileLayer(
                        self.conf['name'], self.conf['title'],
                        info_sources=fi_sources,
                        md=md,
                        tile_manager=cache_source,
                        dimensions=dimensions
                    )
                )

        return tile_layers


def fi_xslt_transformers(conf, context):
    from mapproxy.featureinfo import XSLTransformer, has_xslt_support
    fi_transformers = {}
    fi_xslt = conf.get('featureinfo_xslt')
    if fi_xslt:
        if not has_xslt_support:
            raise ValueError('featureinfo_xslt requires lxml. Please install.')
        for info_type, fi_xslt in fi_xslt.items():
            fi_xslt = context.globals.abspath(fi_xslt)
            fi_transformers[info_type] = XSLTransformer(fi_xslt)
    return fi_transformers


def extents_for_srs(bbox_srs):
    from mapproxy.layer import DefaultMapExtent, MapExtent
    from mapproxy.srs import SRS
    extents = {}
    for srs in bbox_srs:
        if isinstance(srs, str):
            bbox = DefaultMapExtent()
        else:
            srs, bbox = srs['srs'], srs['bbox']
            bbox = MapExtent(bbox, SRS(srs))

        extents[srs] = bbox

    return extents


plugin_services = {}


def register_service_configuration(service_name, service_creator,
                                   yaml_spec_service_name=None, yaml_spec_service_def=None):
    """ Method used by plugins to register a new service.

        :param service_name: Name of the service
        :type service_name: str
        :param service_creator: Creator method of the service
        :type service_creator: method of type (serviceConfiguration: ServiceConfiguration, conf: dict) -> Server
        :param yaml_spec_service_name: Name of the service in the YAML configuration file
        :type yaml_spec_service_name: str
        :param yaml_spec_service_def: Definition of the service in the YAML configuration file
        :type yaml_spec_service_def: dict
    """

    log.info('Registering configuration for plugin service %s' % service_name)
    plugin_services[service_name] = service_creator
    if yaml_spec_service_name is not None and yaml_spec_service_def is not None:
        add_service_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec(yaml_spec_service_name, yaml_spec_service_def)


class ServiceConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
    def __init__(self, conf, context):
        if 'wms' in conf:
            if conf['wms'] is None:
                conf['wms'] = {}
            if 'md' not in conf['wms']:
                conf['wms']['md'] = {'title': 'MapProxy WMS'}

        ConfigurationBase.__init__(self, conf, context)

    def services(self):
        services = []
        ows_services = []
        for service_name, service_conf in self.conf.items():
            creator = getattr(self, service_name + '_service', None)
            if not creator:
                # If not a known service, try to use the plugin mechanism
                global plugin_services
                creator = plugin_services.get(service_name, None)
                if not creator:
                    raise ValueError('unknown service: %s' % service_name)
                new_services = creator(self, service_conf or {})
            else:
                new_services = creator(service_conf or {})

            # a creator can return a list of services...
            if not isinstance(new_services, (list, tuple)):
                new_services = [new_services]

            for new_service in new_services:
                if getattr(new_service, 'service', None):
                    ows_services.append(new_service)
                else:
                    services.append(new_service)

        services.append(OWSServer(ows_services))
        return services

    def tile_layers(self, conf, use_grid_names=False):
        layers = odict()
        for layer_name, layer_conf in self.context.layers.items():
            for tile_layer in layer_conf.tile_layers(grid_name_as_path=use_grid_names):
                if not tile_layer:
                    continue
                if use_grid_names:
                    layers[tile_layer.md['name_path']] = tile_layer
                else:
                    layers[tile_layer.md['name_internal']] = tile_layer
        return layers

    def kml_service(self, conf):
        from mapproxy.service.kml import KMLServer

        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60  # seconds
        use_grid_names = conf.get('use_grid_names', False)
        layers = self.tile_layers(conf, use_grid_names=use_grid_names)
        return KMLServer(layers, md, max_tile_age=max_tile_age, use_dimension_layers=use_grid_names)

    def tms_service(self, conf):
        from mapproxy.service.tile import TileServer

        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60  # seconds

        origin = conf.get('origin')
        use_grid_names = conf.get('use_grid_names', False)
        layers = self.tile_layers(conf, use_grid_names=use_grid_names)
        return TileServer(layers, md, max_tile_age=max_tile_age, use_dimension_layers=use_grid_names,
                          origin=origin)

    def wmts_service(self, conf):
        from mapproxy.service.wmts import WMTSServer, WMTSRestServer

        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
        layers = self.tile_layers(conf, use_grid_names=True)

        kvp = conf.get('kvp')
        restful = conf.get('restful')

        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60  # seconds

        info_formats = conf.get('featureinfo_formats', [])
        info_formats = odict((f['suffix'], f['mimetype']) for f in info_formats)

        if kvp is None and restful is None:
            kvp = restful = True

        services = []
        if kvp:
            services.append(
                WMTSServer(
                    layers, md, max_tile_age=max_tile_age,
                    info_formats=info_formats,
                )
            )

        if restful:
            template = conf.get('restful_template')
            fi_template = conf.get('restful_featureinfo_template')
            if template and '{{' in template:
                # TODO remove warning in 1.6
                log.warning("double braces in WMTS restful_template are deprecated {{x}} -> {x}")
            services.append(
                WMTSRestServer(
                    layers, md, template=template,
                    fi_template=fi_template,
                    max_tile_age=max_tile_age,
                    info_formats=info_formats,
                )
            )

        return services

    def wms_service(self, conf):
        from mapproxy.service.wms import WMSServer
        from mapproxy.request.wms import Version

        md = conf.get('md', {})
        inspire_md = conf.get('inspire_md', {})
        tile_layers = self.tile_layers(conf)
        attribution = conf.get('attribution')
        strict = self.context.globals.get_value('strict', conf, global_key='wms.strict')
        on_source_errors = self.context.globals.get_value('on_source_errors',
                                                          conf, global_key='wms.on_source_errors')
        root_layer = self.context.wms_root_layer.wms_layer()
        if not root_layer:
            raise ConfigurationError("found no WMS layer")
        if not root_layer.title:
            # set title of root layer to WMS title
            root_layer.title = md.get('title')
        concurrent_layer_renderer = self.context.globals.get_value(
            'concurrent_layer_renderer', conf,
            global_key='wms.concurrent_layer_renderer')
        image_formats_names = self.context.globals.get_value('image_formats', conf,
                                                             global_key='wms.image_formats')
        image_formats = odict()
        for format in image_formats_names:
            opts = self.context.globals.image_options.image_opts({}, format)
            if opts.format in image_formats:
                log.warning('duplicate mime-type for WMS image_formats: "%s" already configured, will use last format',
                            opts.format)
            image_formats[opts.format] = opts
        info_types = conf.get('featureinfo_types')
        srs = self.context.globals.get_value('srs', conf, global_key='wms.srs')
        self.context.globals.base_config.wms.srs = srs
        srs_extents = extents_for_srs(conf.get('bbox_srs', []))

        versions = conf.get('versions')
        if versions:
            versions = sorted([Version(v) for v in versions])

        max_output_pixels = self.context.globals.get_value('max_output_pixels', conf,
                                                           global_key='wms.max_output_pixels')
        if isinstance(max_output_pixels, list):
            max_output_pixels = max_output_pixels[0] * max_output_pixels[1]

        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60  # seconds

        server = WMSServer(root_layer, md, attribution=attribution,
                           image_formats=image_formats, info_types=info_types,
                           srs=srs, tile_layers=tile_layers, strict=strict, on_error=on_source_errors,
                           concurrent_layer_renderer=concurrent_layer_renderer,
                           max_output_pixels=max_output_pixels, srs_extents=srs_extents,
                           max_tile_age=max_tile_age, versions=versions,
                           inspire_md=inspire_md,
                           )

        server.fi_transformers = fi_xslt_transformers(conf, self.context)

        return server

    def demo_service(self, conf):
        from mapproxy.service.demo import DemoServer
        services = list(self.context.services.conf.keys())
        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
        layers = odict()
        for layer_name, layer_conf in self.context.layers.items():
            lyr = layer_conf.wms_layer()
            if lyr:
                layers[layer_name] = lyr
        image_formats = self.context.globals.get_value('image_formats', conf, global_key='wms.image_formats')
        srs = self.context.globals.get_value('srs', conf, global_key='wms.srs')
        tms_conf = self.context.services.conf.get('tms', {}) or {}
        use_grid_names = tms_conf.get('use_grid_names', False)
        tile_layers = self.tile_layers(tms_conf, use_grid_names=use_grid_names)

        # WMTS restful template
        wmts_conf = self.context.services.conf.get('wmts', {}) or {}
        from mapproxy.service.wmts import WMTSRestServer
        if wmts_conf:
            restful_template = wmts_conf.get('restful_template', WMTSRestServer.default_template)
        else:
            restful_template = WMTSRestServer.default_template

        if 'wmts' in self.context.services.conf:
            kvp = wmts_conf.get('kvp')
            restful = wmts_conf.get('restful')

            if kvp is None and restful is None:
                kvp = restful = True

            if kvp:
                services.append('wmts_kvp')
            if restful:
                services.append('wmts_restful')

        if 'wms' in self.context.services.conf:
            versions = self.context.services.conf['wms'].get('versions', ['1.1.1'])
            if '1.1.1' in versions:
                # demo service only supports 1.1.1, use wms_111 as an indicator
                services.append('wms_111')

        layers = odict(sorted(layers.items(), key=lambda x: x[1].name))
        background = self.context.globals.get_value('background', conf)

        return DemoServer(
            layers, md, tile_layers=tile_layers, image_formats=image_formats, srs=srs, services=services,
            restful_template=restful_template, background=background)


def load_plugins():
    """ Locate plugins that belong to the 'mapproxy' group and load them """
    try:
        import importlib.metadata
    except ImportError:
        return

    for dist in importlib.metadata.distributions():
        for ep in dist.entry_points:
            if ep.group == 'mapproxy':
                log.info('Loading plugin from package %s' % dist.metadata['name'])
                ep.load().plugin_entrypoint()


def load_configuration(mapproxy_conf, seed=False, ignore_warnings=True, renderd=False):

    load_plugins()

    conf_base_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(mapproxy_conf))

    # A configuration is checked/validated four times, each step has a different
    # focus and returns different errors. The steps are:
    # 1. YAML loading: checks YAML syntax like tabs vs. space, indention errors, etc.
    # 2. Options: checks all options agains the spec and validates their types,
    #             e.g is disable_storage a bool, is layers a list, etc.
    # 3. References: checks if all referenced caches, sources and grids exist
    # 4. Initialization: creates all MapProxy objects, returns on first error

    try:
        conf_dict = load_configuration_file([os.path.basename(mapproxy_conf)], conf_base_dir)
    except YAMLError as ex:
        raise ConfigurationError(ex)
    errors, informal_only = validate_options(conf_dict)
    for error in errors:
        log.warning(error)
    if not informal_only or (errors and not ignore_warnings):
        raise ConfigurationError('invalid configuration')
    errors = validate(conf_dict)
    for error in errors:
        log.warning(error)

    return ProxyConfiguration(conf_dict, conf_base_dir=conf_base_dir, seed=seed,
                              renderd=renderd)


def load_configuration_file(files, working_dir):
    """
    Return configuration dict from imported files
    """
    # record all config files with timestamp for reloading
    conf_dict = {'__config_files__': {}}
    for conf_file in files:
        conf_file = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(working_dir, conf_file))
        log.info('reading: %s' % conf_file)
        current_dict = load_yaml_file(conf_file)
        conf_dict['__config_files__'][os.path.abspath(conf_file)] = os.path.getmtime(conf_file)
        if 'base' in current_dict:
            current_working_dir = os.path.dirname(conf_file)
            base_files = current_dict.pop('base')
            if isinstance(base_files, str):
                base_files = [base_files]
            imported_dict = load_configuration_file(base_files, current_working_dir)
            current_dict = merge_dict(current_dict, imported_dict)
        conf_dict = merge_dict(conf_dict, current_dict)

    return conf_dict


def merge_dict(conf, base):
    """
    Return `base` dict with values from `conf` merged in.
    """
    for k, v in conf.items():
        if k not in base:
            base[k] = v
        else:
            if isinstance(base[k], dict):
                if v is not None:
                    base[k] = merge_dict(v, base[k])
            elif isinstance(base[k], list):
                if v is not None:
                    if k in ['bbox', 'tile_size', 'max_output_pixels', 'sources', 'grids']:
                        base[k] = v
                    elif k in ['layers']:
                        base[k] = merge_layers(v, base[k])
                    elif len(v) == 0:  # delete
                        base[k] = None
                    else:
                        base[k] = base[k] + v
            else:
                base[k] = v
    return base


def merge_layers(conf, base):
    """
    Return `base` dict with values from `conf` merged in.
    """
    out = []
    remaining_conf = []
    for conf_layer in conf:
        remaining_conf.append(conf_layer['name'])

    for base_layer in base:
        found = False
        for conf_layer in conf:
            if conf_layer['name'] in remaining_conf and base_layer['name'] == conf_layer['name']:
                new_layer = merge_dict(conf_layer, base_layer)
                out.append(new_layer)
                remaining_conf.remove(conf_layer['name'])
                found = True
                break

        if not found:
            out.append(base_layer)

    for conf_layer in conf:
        if conf_layer['name'] in remaining_conf:
            out.append(conf_layer)

    return out


def parse_color(color):
    """
    >>> parse_color((100, 12, 55))
    (100, 12, 55)
    >>> parse_color('0xff0530')
    (255, 5, 48)
    >>> parse_color('#FF0530')
    (255, 5, 48)
    >>> parse_color('#FF053080')
    (255, 5, 48, 128)
    """
    if isinstance(color, (list, tuple)) and 3 <= len(color) <= 4:
        return tuple(color)
    if not isinstance(color, str):
        raise ValueError('color needs to be a tuple/list or 0xrrggbb/#rrggbb(aa) string, got %r' % color)

    if color.startswith('0x'):
        color = color[2:]
    if color.startswith('#'):
        color = color[1:]

    r, g, b = map(lambda x: int(x, 16), [color[:2], color[2:4], color[4:6]])

    if len(color) == 8:
        a = int(color[6:8], 16)
        return r, g, b, a

    return r, g, b
