---
title: Configuration Options - turbo.json
description: Learn how to configure Turborepo through `turbo.json`.
---

import Callout from "../../../../components/Callout";
import OutputModeTable from "../../../../components/output-mode-table.mdx";

# Configuration Options (`turbo.json`)

You can configure the behavior of `turbo` by adding a `turbo.json` file in your monorepo's root (i.e. the same one you specify your `workspaces` key is set for Yarn and npm users).

## `globalDependencies`

`type: string[]`

A list of file globs for implicit global hash dependencies. The contents of these files will be included in the global hashing algorithm and affect the hashes of all tasks.
This is useful for busting the cache based on `.env` files (not in Git) or any root level file that impacts workspace tasks (but are not represented in the traditional dependency graph (e.g. a root `tsconfig.json`, `jest.config.js`, `.eslintrc`, etc.)).

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    // ... omitted for brevity
  },

  "globalDependencies": [
    ".env", // contents will impact hashes of all tasks
    "tsconfig.json" // contents will impact hashes of all tasks
  ]
}
```

## `globalEnv`

`type: string[]`

A list of environment variables for implicit global hash dependencies. The contents of these environment variables will be included in the global hashing algorithm and affect the hashes of all tasks.

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    // ... omitted for brevity
  },

  "globalEnv": ["GITHUB_TOKEN"] // value will impact the hashes of all tasks
}
```

## `pipeline`

An object representing the task dependency graph of your project. `turbo` interprets these conventions to properly schedule, execute, and cache the outputs of tasks in your project.

Each key in the `pipeline` object is the name of a task that can be executed by `turbo run`. If `turbo` finds a workspace with a `package.json` `scripts` object with a matching key, it will apply the pipeline task configuration to that npm script during execution. This allows you to use `pipeline` to set conventions across your entire Turborepo.

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"]
    },
    "test": {
      "outputs": ["coverage/**"],
      "dependsOn": ["build"],
      "inputs": ["src/**/*.tsx", "src/**/*.ts", "test/**/*.ts"],
      "outputMode": "full"
    },
    "dev": {
      "cache": false,
      "persistent": true
    }
  }
}
```

### `dependsOn`

`type: string[]`

The list of tasks this task depends on.

Prefixing an item in `dependsOn` with a `^` tells `turbo` that this pipeline task depends on the workspace's topological dependencies completing the task with the `^` prefix first (e.g. "a workspace's `build` tasks should only run once all of its `dependencies` and `devDependencies` have completed their own `build` commands").

Items in `dependsOn` without `^` prefix, express the relationships between tasks at the workspace level (e.g. "a workspace's `test` and `lint` commands depend on `build` being completed first").

Prefixing an item in `dependsOn` with a `$` tells `turbo` that this pipeline task depends on the value of that environment variable.

<Callout type="info">
  Using `$` to declare environment variables in the `dependsOn` config is
  deprecated. Use the `env` key instead.
</Callout>

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      // "A workspace's `build` command depends on its dependencies'
      // or devDependencies' `build` command being completed first"
      "dependsOn": ["^build"]
    },
    "test": {
      // "A workspace's `test` command depends on its own `lint` and
      // `build` commands first being completed"
      "dependsOn": ["lint", "build"]
    },
    "deploy": {
      // "A workspace's `deploy` command, depends on its own `build`
      // and `test` commands first being completed"
      "dependsOn": ["build", "test"]
    },
    // A workspace's `lint` command has no dependencies
    "lint": {}
  }
}
```

### `env`

`type: string[]`

The list of environment variables a task depends on.

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"],
      "env": ["SOMETHING_ELSE"], // value will impact the hashes of all build tasks
      "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**"]
    },
    "web#build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"],
      "env": ["STRIPE_SECRET_KEY"], // value will impact hash of only web's build task
      "outputs": [".next/**"]
    }
  },
  "globalEnv": [
    "GITHUB_TOKEN" // value will impact the hashes of all tasks
  ]
}
```

<Callout type="info">
  When Turborepo detects a common frontend framework in a workspace, it will
  automatically depend on environment variables that are going to be inlined in
  your build. For example, if the `web` workspace contains a Next.js project,
  you do not need to specify any environment variables that [start with
  `NEXT_PUBLIC_`](https://nextjs.org/docs/basic-features/environment-variables#exposing-environment-variables-to-the-browser)
  in the `dependsOn` config. Turborepo already knows that the build output will
  change when the value of these environment variables change, so it will depend
  on them automatically. See more in the [docs on
  caching](/repo/docs/core-concepts/caching#automatic-environment-variable-inclusion).
</Callout>

### `outputs`

`type: string[]`

The set of glob patterns of a task's cacheable filesystem outputs.

Note: `turbo` automatically logs `stderr`/`stdout` to `.turbo/run-<task>.log`. This file is _always_
treated as a cacheable artifact and never needs to be specified.

Omitting this key or passing an empty array can be used to tell `turbo` that a task is a side-effect
and thus doesn't emit any filesystem artifacts (e.g. like a linter), but you still want to cache its
logs (and treat them like an artifact).

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      // "Cache all files emitted to workspace's dist/** or .next
      // directories by a `build` task"
      "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**"],
      "dependsOn": ["^build"]
    },
    "test": {
      // "Don't cache any artifacts of `test` tasks (aside from
      // logs)"
      "dependsOn": ["build"]
    },
    "test:ci": {
      // "Cache the coverage report of a `test:ci` command"
      "outputs": ["coverage/**"],
      "dependsOn": ["build"]
    },
    "dev": {
      // Never cache anything (including logs) emitted by a
      // `dev` task
      "cache": false,
      "persistent": true
    }
  }
}
```

### `cache`

`type: boolean`

Defaults to `true`. Whether or not to cache the task [`outputs`](#outputs). Setting `cache` to false is useful for daemon or long-running "watch" or development mode tasks you don't want to cache.

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"]
    },
    "test": {
      "dependsOn": ["build"]
    },
    "dev": {
      "cache": false,
      "persistent": true
    }
  }
}
```

### `inputs`

`type: string[]`

Defaults to `[]`. Tells `turbo` the set of files to consider when determining if a workspace has changed for a particular task.
Setting this to a list of globs will cause the task to only be rerun when files matching those globs have
changed. This can be helpful if you want to, for example, skip running tests unless a source file changed.

Specifying `[]` will cause the task to be rerun when any file in the workspace changes.

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    // ... omitted for brevity

    "test": {
      // A workspace's `test` task depends on that workspace's
      // own `build` task being completed first.
      "dependsOn": ["build"],
      "outputs": [""],
      // A workspace's `test` task should only be rerun when
      // either a `.tsx` or `.ts` file has changed.
      "inputs": ["src/**/*.tsx", "src/**/*.ts", "test/**/*.ts"]
    }
  }
}
```

<Callout type="info">
  Note: `turbo.json` is *always* considered an input. If you modify
  `turbo.json`, all caches are invalidated.
</Callout>

### `outputMode`

`type: "full" | "hash-only" | "new-only" | "none"`

Set type of output logging.

<OutputModeTable />

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"],
      "outputMode": "new-only"
    },
    "test": {
      "dependsOn": ["build"]
    }
  }
}
```

### `persistent`

`type: boolean`

Label a task as `persistent` if it is a long-running process, such as a dev server or `--watch` mode.
Turbo will prevent other tasks from depending on persistent tasks. Without setting this
config, if any other task depends on `dev`, it will never run, because `dev` never exits. With this
option, `turbo` can warn you about an invalid configuration.

**Example**

```jsonc
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "dev": {
      "persistent": true
    }
  }
}
```
