diff --git a/bootstrap.sh b/bootstrap.sh
index 2988895841c..39a1c40385a 100755
--- a/bootstrap.sh
+++ b/bootstrap.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ ensure-environment() {
     echo "Preparing to install $DOKKU_TAG from $DOKKU_REPO..."
   fi
 
-  hostname -f >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+  hostname -f &>/dev/null || {
     log-fail "This installation script requires that you have a hostname set for the instance. Please set a hostname for 127.0.0.1 in your /etc/hosts"
   }
 
diff --git a/contrib/dokku_client.sh b/contrib/dokku_client.sh
index e0b3ffd4c4e..590d3d0dc8c 100755
--- a/contrib/dokku_client.sh
+++ b/contrib/dokku_client.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn-dokku-host() {
   declare DOKKU_GIT_REMOTE="$1" DOKKU_HOST="$2"
 
   if [[ -z "$DOKKU_HOST" ]]; then
-    if [[ -d .git ]] || git rev-parse --git-dir >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    if [[ -d .git ]] || git rev-parse --git-dir &>/dev/null; then
       DOKKU_HOST=$(git remote -v 2>/dev/null | grep -Ei "^${DOKKU_GIT_REMOTE}\s" | head -n 1 | cut -f1 -d' ' | cut -f2 -d '@' | cut -f1 -d':' 2>/dev/null || true)
     fi
   fi
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ main() {
   fi
 
   if [[ -z "$APP" ]]; then
-    if [[ -d .git ]] || git rev-parse --git-dir >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    if [[ -d .git ]] || git rev-parse --git-dir &>/dev/null; then
       set +e
       APP=$(git remote -v 2>/dev/null | grep -Ei "^${DOKKU_GIT_REMOTE}\s" | grep -Ei "dokku@$DOKKU_REMOTE_HOST" | head -n 1 | cut -f2 -d'@' | cut -f1 -d' ' | cut -f2 -d':' 2>/dev/null)
       set -e
diff --git a/docs/development/plugin-creation.md b/docs/development/plugin-creation.md
index 6cbd9b6274e..edebfc64974 100644
--- a/docs/development/plugin-creation.md
+++ b/docs/development/plugin-creation.md
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ if ! command -v "nginx" &>/dev/null; then
 fi
 
 # `which` example
-if ! which nginx >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+if ! which nginx &>/dev/null; then
   dokku_log_fail "Missing nginx, install it"
 fi
 ```
diff --git a/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md b/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md
index 796dcae93ba..a141b115f71 100644
--- a/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md
+++ b/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md
@@ -1715,7 +1715,7 @@ APP="$1"; IMAGE_TAG="$2"; IMAGE=$(get_app_image_name $APP $IMAGE_TAG)
 dokku_log_info1 "Installing GraphicsMagick..."
 
 CMD="cat > gm && \
-  dpkg -s graphicsmagick >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
+  dpkg -s graphicsmagick &>/dev/null || \
   (apt-get update -qq && apt-get -qq -y --no-install-recommends install graphicsmagick && apt-get clean)"
 
 CID=$(docker run $DOKKU_GLOBAL_RUN_ARGS -i -a stdin $IMAGE /bin/bash -c "$CMD")
diff --git a/dokku b/dokku
index 7e37af297a0..0a208647175 100755
--- a/dokku
+++ b/dokku
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export DOKKU_HOST_ROOT=${DOKKU_HOST_ROOT:=$DOKKU_ROOT}
 
 export DOKKU_DISTRO
 DOKKU_DISTRO=$(
-  . /etc/os-release >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  . /etc/os-release &>/dev/null || true
   echo "$ID"
 )
 
diff --git a/plugins/20_events/install b/plugins/20_events/install
index 003a1e89dc5..9a352e198a9 100755
--- a/plugins/20_events/install
+++ b/plugins/20_events/install
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ $DOKKU_LOGS_DIR/*.log {
         compress
         delaycompress
         postrotate
-                reload rsyslog >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+                reload rsyslog &>/dev/null || true
         endscript
         create 664 syslog dokku
 }
diff --git a/plugins/builder-herokuish/builder-build b/plugins/builder-herokuish/builder-build
index 7505a992dfc..8ebc672bfe8 100755
--- a/plugins/builder-herokuish/builder-build
+++ b/plugins/builder-herokuish/builder-build
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn-builder-herokuish-ensure-cache() {
 
   existing_cache="$("$DOCKER_BIN" volume ls --quiet --filter label=com.dokku.app-name=test --filter label=com.dokku.builder-type=herokuish)"
   if [[ "$existing_cache" != "cache-$APP" ]]; then
-    "$DOCKER_BIN" volume rm "cache-$APP" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    "$DOCKER_BIN" volume rm "cache-$APP" &>/dev/null || true
     "$DOCKER_BIN" volume create "--label=org.label-schema.schema-version=1.0" "--label=org.label-schema.vendor=dokku" "--label=com.dokku.app-name=$APP" "--label=com.dokku.builder-type=herokuish" "cache-$APP" >/dev/null
   fi
 }
diff --git a/plugins/builder-herokuish/post-app-rename-setup b/plugins/builder-herokuish/post-app-rename-setup
index 2c96153a84c..26c5a6dbb00 100755
--- a/plugins/builder-herokuish/post-app-rename-setup
+++ b/plugins/builder-herokuish/post-app-rename-setup
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ trigger-builder-herokuish-post-app-clone-setup() {
   local OLD_CACHE_DIR="$DOKKU_ROOT/$OLD_APP/cache"
   local OLD_CACHE_HOST_DIR="$DOKKU_HOST_ROOT/$OLD_APP/cache"
 
-  if [[ -d "$OLD_CACHE_DIR" ]] && ! rmdir "$OLD_CACHE_DIR" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  if [[ -d "$OLD_CACHE_DIR" ]] && ! rmdir "$OLD_CACHE_DIR" &>/dev/null; then
     local DOCKER_RUN_LABEL_ARGS="--label=com.dokku.app-name=$NEW_APP"
     "$DOCKER_BIN" container run "${DOCKER_RUN_LABEL_ARGS[@]}" $DOKKU_GLOBAL_RUN_ARGS --rm --volume "$OLD_CACHE_HOST_DIR:/cache" "dokku/$OLD_APP" chmod 777 -R /cache
   fi
diff --git a/plugins/common/functions b/plugins/common/functions
index e3887fc487b..f1f49bc8378 100755
--- a/plugins/common/functions
+++ b/plugins/common/functions
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ copy_from_image() {
     fi
 
     TMP_FILE_COMMAND_OUTPUT=$(mktemp "/tmp/dokku-${DOKKU_PID}-${FUNCNAME[0]}.XXXXXX")
-    trap "rm -rf '$TMP_FILE_COMMAND_OUTPUT' >/dev/null 2>&1 || true" RETURN
+    trap "rm -rf '$TMP_FILE_COMMAND_OUTPUT' &>/dev/null || true" RETURN
 
     local CID=$("$DOCKER_BIN" container create "${DOCKER_CREATE_LABEL_ARGS[@]}" $DOKKU_GLOBAL_RUN_ARGS "$IMAGE")
     "$DOCKER_BIN" container cp "$CID:$SRC_FILE" "$TMP_FILE_COMMAND_OUTPUT" 2>/dev/null || true
diff --git a/plugins/git/functions b/plugins/git/functions
index 6773e320f30..c19c8397e44 100755
--- a/plugins/git/functions
+++ b/plugins/git/functions
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ git_build_app_repo() {
   chmod 755 "$GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR"
   unset GIT_DIR GIT_QUARANTINE_PATH GIT_WORK_TREE
 
-  ! plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" >/dev/null 2>&1 && plugn trigger app-maybe-create "$APP"
+  ! plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" &>/dev/null && plugn trigger app-maybe-create "$APP"
 
   fn-git-setup-build-dir "$APP" "$GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR" "$REV"
   pushd "$GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ cmd-git-hook() {
   plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" 2>/dev/null || is_valid_app_name "$APP"
 
   DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH="$(fn-git-deploy-branch "$APP")"
-  if ! git check-ref-format --branch "$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  if ! git check-ref-format --branch "$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH" &>/dev/null; then
     echo $'\e[1G\e[K'"-----> WARNING: Invalid branch name '$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH' specified via deploy-branch setting."
     echo $'\e[1G\e[K'"-----> For more details, please see the man page for 'git-check-ref-format.'"
     return
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ cmd-git-upload-pack() {
 
   APP="$(echo "$APP" | perl -pe 's/(?<!\\)'\''//g' | sed 's/\\'\''/'\''/g' | sed 's/^\///g')"
   is_valid_app_name "$APP"
-  ! plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" >/dev/null 2>&1 && plugn trigger app-maybe-create "$APP"
+  ! plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" &>/dev/null && plugn trigger app-maybe-create "$APP"
 
   plugn trigger git-pre-pull "$APP"
   cat | git-upload-pack "$DOKKU_ROOT/$APP"
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ cmd-git-glob() {
 
   plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" 2>/dev/null || is_valid_app_name "$APP"
   if [[ $1 == "git-receive-pack" && ! -d "$APP_PATH/refs" ]]; then
-    ! plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" >/dev/null 2>&1 && plugn trigger app-maybe-create "$APP"
+    ! plugn trigger app-exists "$APP" &>/dev/null && plugn trigger app-maybe-create "$APP"
 
     fn-git-create-hook "$APP"
   fi
diff --git a/plugins/git/internal-functions b/plugins/git/internal-functions
index 531eb66ddb9..b84d070a845 100755
--- a/plugins/git/internal-functions
+++ b/plugins/git/internal-functions
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn-git-clone() {
     fn-git-cmd "$APP_CLONE_ROOT" checkout -qq "$GIT_REF"
   else
     GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0 suppress_output git clone -n --branch "$GIT_REF" "$GIT_REMOTE" "$APP_CLONE_ROOT"
-    if fn-git-cmd "$APP_CLONE_ROOT" show-ref --verify "refs/heads/$GIT_REF" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    if fn-git-cmd "$APP_CLONE_ROOT" show-ref --verify "refs/heads/$GIT_REF" &>/dev/null; then
       dokku_log_verbose "Detected branch, setting deploy-branch to $GIT_REF"
       fn-plugin-property-write "git" "$APP" "deploy-branch" "$GIT_REF"
     fi
@@ -450,13 +450,13 @@ fn-git-fetch() {
   fi
 
   DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH="$(fn-git-deploy-branch "$APP")"
-  if ! fn-git-cmd "$APP_ROOT" check-ref-format --branch "$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  if ! fn-git-cmd "$APP_ROOT" check-ref-format --branch "$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH" &>/dev/null; then
     dokku_log_warn "Invalid branch name '$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH' specified via deploy-branch setting."
     dokku_log_warn "For more details, please see the man page for 'git-check-ref-format.'"
     return
   fi
 
-  fn-git-cmd "$APP_ROOT" remote rm remote >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  fn-git-cmd "$APP_ROOT" remote rm remote &>/dev/null || true
   fn-git-cmd "$APP_ROOT" remote add --mirror=fetch --no-tags remote "$GIT_REMOTE"
   if [[ -z "$GIT_REF" ]]; then
     GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0 fn-git-cmd "$APP_ROOT" fetch --update-head-ok remote "$DOKKU_DEPLOY_BRANCH"
diff --git a/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions b/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions
index 299e84aabca..1e3d2f1e27a 100755
--- a/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions
+++ b/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ validate_nginx() {
   fi
 
   set +e
-  sudo "$NGINX_LOCATION" -t >/dev/null 2>&1
+  sudo "$NGINX_LOCATION" -t &>/dev/null
   EXIT_CODE=$?
   set -e
   if [[ "$EXIT_CODE" -eq "0" ]]; then
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ validate_nginx() {
   fi
 
   set +e
-  sudo "$NGINX_LOCATION" -t >/dev/null 2>&1
+  sudo "$NGINX_LOCATION" -t &>/dev/null
   EXIT_CODE=$?
   set -e
   if [[ "$EXIT_CODE" -eq "0" ]]; then
diff --git a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/core-post-deploy b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/core-post-deploy
index 8f7924ff1ff..bd02b2d4421 100755
--- a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/core-post-deploy
+++ b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/core-post-deploy
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ trigger-scheduler-docker-local-core-post-deploy() {
         if [[ "$PREVIOUS_CONTAINER_STATUS" != "dead" ]]; then
           local CONTAINER_DATE_NAME="$NAME.$(date +%s)"
           dokku_log_verbose_quiet "Renaming container ($cid) ${NAME} to $CONTAINER_DATE_NAME"
-          "$DOCKER_BIN" container rename "$NAME" "$CONTAINER_DATE_NAME" >/dev/null 2>&1 || dokku_log_warn "Unable to rename container"
+          "$DOCKER_BIN" container rename "$NAME" "$CONTAINER_DATE_NAME" &>/dev/null || dokku_log_warn "Unable to rename container"
         fi
       done
     fi
diff --git a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/internal-functions b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/internal-functions
index de854b4f971..a8985eef21e 100755
--- a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/internal-functions
+++ b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/internal-functions
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ fn-scheduler-docker-local-retire-container() {
   [[ $DOKKU_DOCKER_STOP_TIMEOUT ]] && DOCKER_STOP_TIME_ARG="--time=${DOKKU_DOCKER_STOP_TIMEOUT}"
 
   if [[ "$STATE" == "restarting" ]]; then
-    "$DOCKER_BIN" container update --restart=no "$CID" >/dev/null 2>&1
+    "$DOCKER_BIN" container update --restart=no "$CID" &>/dev/null
   fi
 
   if [[ "$STATE" != "dead" ]] && [[ "$STATE" != "exited" ]]; then
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ fn-scheduler-docker-local-retire-containers() {
       continue
     fi
 
-    "$DOCKER_BIN" container rm --force "$CID" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-    if "$DOCKER_BIN" container inspect "${CID}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    "$DOCKER_BIN" container rm --force "$CID" &>/dev/null || true
+    if "$DOCKER_BIN" container inspect "${CID}" &>/dev/null; then
       dokku_log_warn "Container ${CID} still running"
       continue
     fi
diff --git a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-deploy b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-deploy
index 3f742a01b31..0372bf13979 100755
--- a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-deploy
+++ b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-deploy
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ trigger-scheduler-docker-local-scheduler-deploy() {
       trap '' INT HUP
       sleep "$DOKKU_WAIT_TO_RETIRE"
       for oldid in $oldids; do
-        if ! docker container inspect "$oldid" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        if ! docker container inspect "$oldid" &>/dev/null; then
           continue
         fi
         # Disable the container restart policy
diff --git a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-logs-failed b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-logs-failed
index ed0d453496c..d3cc93346d2 100755
--- a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-logs-failed
+++ b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-logs-failed
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ trigger-scheduler-docker-local-scheduler-logs-failed() {
   while read -r LINE || [[ -n "$LINE" ]]; do
     CID="$(echo "$LINE" | cut -d ' ' -f1)"
     PREFIX="$(echo "$LINE" | cut -d ' ' -f2)"
-    if "$DOCKER_BIN" container inspect "${CID}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    if "$DOCKER_BIN" container inspect "${CID}" &>/dev/null; then
       RUNNING_CONTAINERS+=("$CID")
     else
       DEAD_CONTAINERS+=("$CID")
diff --git a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-stop b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-stop
index a6f2bafd939..88dd4309175 100755
--- a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-stop
+++ b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-stop
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ trigger-scheduler-docker-local-scheduler-stop() {
         plugn trigger scheduler-register-retired "$APP" "$CID"
       done
 
-      "$DOCKER_BIN" container rm --force $DOKKU_APP_CIDS >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+      "$DOCKER_BIN" container rm --force $DOKKU_APP_CIDS &>/dev/null || true
     fi
   fi
 }
diff --git a/tests.mk b/tests.mk
index a1cd915d387..2b57677e59a 100644
--- a/tests.mk
+++ b/tests.mk
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ else
 endif
 
 shellcheck:
-ifneq ($(shell shellcheck --version >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell shellcheck --version >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?),0)
 ifeq ($(SYSTEM),Darwin)
 	brew install shellcheck
 else
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ endif
 endif
 
 shfmt:
-ifneq ($(shell shfmt --version >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell shfmt --version >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?),0)
 ifeq ($(shfmt),Darwin)
 	brew install shfmt
 else
diff --git a/tests/ci/setup.sh b/tests/ci/setup.sh
index b99abf9fc20..87d6e7fa8ce 100755
--- a/tests/ci/setup.sh
+++ b/tests/ci/setup.sh
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ check_container() {
   while true; do
     echo "$(date) [count: $cnt]: waiting for dokku startup"
     is_up=$(
-      docker exec dokku ps -ef | grep "/usr/sbin/sshd -D" >/dev/null 2>&1
+      docker exec dokku ps -ef | grep "/usr/sbin/sshd -D" &>/dev/null
       echo $?
     )
     if [[ $is_up -eq 0 ]]; then
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_helper.bash b/tests/unit/test_helper.bash
index c3c242807b3..657567b018c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_helper.bash
+++ b/tests/unit/test_helper.bash
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ setup_test_tls() {
   local TLS_TYPE="$1"
   local TLS="/home/dokku/$TEST_APP/tls"
 
-  if ! dokku apps:exists "$TEST_APP" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  if ! dokku apps:exists "$TEST_APP" &>/dev/null; then
     create_app "$TEST_APP"
   fi
   mkdir -p "$TLS"