d3.scale.ordinal = function() {
  return d3_scale_ordinal([], {t: "range", x: []});
};

function d3_scale_ordinal(domain, ranger) {
  var index,
      range,
      rangeBand;

  function scale(x) {
    return range[((index[x] || (index[x] = domain.push(x))) - 1) % range.length];
  }

  function steps(start, step) {
    return d3.range(domain.length).map(function(i) { return start + step * i; });
  }

  scale.domain = function(x) {
    if (!arguments.length) return domain;
    domain = [];
    index = {};
    var i = -1, n = x.length, xi;
    while (++i < n) if (!index[xi = x[i]]) index[xi] = domain.push(xi);
    return scale[ranger.t](ranger.x, ranger.p);
  };

  scale.range = function(x) {
    if (!arguments.length) return range;
    range = x;
    rangeBand = 0;
    ranger = {t: "range", x: x};
    return scale;
  };

  scale.rangePoints = function(x, padding) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) padding = 0;
    var start = x[0],
        stop = x[1],
        step = (stop - start) / (domain.length - 1 + padding);
    range = steps(domain.length < 2 ? (start + stop) / 2 : start + step * padding / 2, step);
    rangeBand = 0;
    ranger = {t: "rangePoints", x: x, p: padding};
    return scale;
  };

  scale.rangeBands = function(x, padding) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) padding = 0;
    var start = x[0],
        stop = x[1],
        step = (stop - start) / (domain.length + padding);
    range = steps(start + step * padding, step);
    rangeBand = step * (1 - padding);
    ranger = {t: "rangeBands", x: x, p: padding};
    return scale;
  };

  scale.rangeRoundBands = function(x, padding) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) padding = 0;
    var start = x[0],
        stop = x[1],
        step = Math.floor((stop - start) / (domain.length + padding));
    range = steps(start + Math.round((stop - start - (domain.length - padding) * step) / 2), step);
    rangeBand = Math.round(step * (1 - padding));
    ranger = {t: "rangeRoundBands", x: x, p: padding};
    return scale;
  };

  scale.rangeBand = function() {
    return rangeBand;
  };

  scale.rangeExtent = function() {
    return ranger.t === "range" ? d3_scaleExtent(ranger.x) : ranger.x;
  };

  scale.copy = function() {
    return d3_scale_ordinal(domain, ranger);
  };

  return scale.domain(domain);
};
